Engineering Mathematics II

(SPPU)(107008)

Unit 1: Differential Equations

In semester Exam:15Marks
Definitions:
 Differential equation:

An equation involving differential coefficient, dependant variable(s) and independent

variable(s) is called Differential Equation.

 Order of DE:

The order of differential equation is the order of highest derivative appearing in equation

 Degree:

The degree of D E is degree of highest derivative appearing in DE when differential coefficient

are free from radical and fractions.
 Differential Equation Order Degree

(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0 1 1

𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3)/(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1) 1 1

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 2 1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

dy 2 𝑑2𝑦
1+ + =0 2 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

3 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
+ 3𝑦 = 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
3
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 2 2
1+ =𝜌 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution of DE:
Solution of DE is any relation between dependent and independent variables which is free from
derivative and which satisfies DE.

1] General solution:

The solution of DE which contains arbitrary constant equal order of DE is called General Solution.

2] Particular Solution:

Solution obtained by assigning particular values to arbitrary constant in General solution of DE is

called particular solution.
Examples:
1. Find the order of DE whose general solution is y = c1 + c2 e−2x + c3 e3x + c4 e−3x where
c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are arbitrary constants
Answer: 4
Reason: In General solution, order of DE = Number of arbitrary constant
2. Find the order of DE whose general solution is y = ex (Ax 2 + Bx + c) where A, B, C are
arbitrary constants
Answer: 3
Reason: In General solution, order of DE = Number of arbitrary constant
3. Find the order of DE whose general solution is y = cx − c 2 where c is arbitrary constant.
Answer: 1
Reason: In General solution, order of DE = Number of arbitrary constant
4. Find the order of DE whose general solution is y 2 = 4ax where a is arbitrary constant.
Answer:1
Reason: In General solution, order of DE = Number of arbitrary constant
Formation of Differential Equation:
Step 1: Find number of arbitrary constant in given solution

Step 2: Suppose number of arbitrary constant=𝑛 then differentiate solution n times

Step 3: eliminate the arbitrary constant from obtained equations.

Example 1: Form the DE whose general solution is ex + e−y = c

Solution: general solution is

ex + e−y = c … (1)

Here number of arbitrary constant = 1

So differentiate equation (1) wrt x once

dy
ex − e−y = 0 … (2)
dx
as equation (2) does not have any arbitrary constant

equation (2) is DE for solution ex + e−y = c

Example 2: Form the DE whose general solution is y 2 = 4ax
Solution: general solution is
y 2 = 4ax … (1)
Here number of arbitrary constant = 1
So differentiate equation (1) wrt x once
dy
2y = 4a … (2)
dx
equation (2) have an arbitrary constant so we have to remove it using equation (1)
So from equation (1)
y2
∴ 4a = … (3)
x
y2
Put 4a = in equation (2)
x
dy y 2
2y =
dx x
dy y
= …This is required DE
dx 2x
Example 3: Form the DE whose general solution is x 2 + cy 2 = 1
Solution: general solution is
x 2 + cy 2 = 1 … (1)
Here number of arbitrary constant = 1
So differentiate equation (1) wrt x once
dy
2x + 2cy = 0 … (2)
dx
equation (2) have an arbitrary constant so we have to remove it using equation (1)
So from equation (1)
1 − x2
∴c= … (3)
y2
1−x2
Putc = in equation (2)
y2
1 − x 2 dy
2x + 2 y =0
y2 dx
1−x2 dy
x+ = 0 …This is required DE
y dx
Note
d2 y
 If solution is y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax ,then Differential equation is of the form 2 + a2 y =0
dx
d2 y
 If solution is y = c1 eax + c2 ebx ,then Differential equation is of the form 2 − a + b y1 + aby = 0
dx

Practice Questions:
Form the Differential Equation whose general solution is given as follows:
1. ex − e−y = c
2. y = mx
3. 2x 2 + y 2 = cx
4. xy = c
5. x 2 + 2y 2 = c 2
First order first degree differential equation:
The differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is known as first order first degree
differential equation.

 Method to find solution of First order First degree Differential Equation:

There are different methods to find solution of first order first degree differential equation which are
given as follows
1. Variable Separable form [not in syllabus 2019 pattern]
2. Reducible to Variable form [not in syllabus 2019 pattern]
3. Homogeneous DE [not in syllabus 2019 pattern]
4. Non Homogeneous DE [not in syllabus 2019 pattern]
5. Exact DE
6. Reducible to Exact DE
7. Linear DE
8. Reducible to Linear DE
Type I :Variable Separable form
The differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 can be expressed in the type f x dx =
g y dy or f x dx + g y dy = 0 is known as variable separable form

It’s Solution is given as, f x dx = g y dy + c or f x dx + g y dy = c

Example 1: Solve DE xdy − ydx = 0

Solution: The given DE is

xdy − ydx = 0 … (1)

Dividing by xy to both sides of equation (1) , we get

dy dx
− =0
y x
This is variable separable form .
So the general solution is
 dy dx
∴ − =c
y x
∴ log y − log x = c
y
∴ log = c
x
y
∴ = ec
x
y
∴ = k …This is required solution
x
dy
Example 2 : Solve DE = x2y + y
dx
Solution: The given DE is
dy
= x 2 y + y … (1)
dx
Rewriting equation (1), we get
dy
= x2 + 1 y
dx
dy
= x 2 + 1 dx … (2)
y
This is variable separable form.
The general solution is
dy
∴ = x 2 + 1 dx + c
y
x3
∴ log y = + x + c …This is required solution
3
Example 3 : Solve DE ex cos y dx + 1 + ex siny dy = 0
Solution: The given DE is
ex cos y dx + 1 + ex siny dy = 0 … (1)
Dividing by cos y 1 + ex to both sides of equation (1) , we get
ex sin y
x
dx + dy = 0
1+e cos y
ex
dx + tan y dy = 0 … (2)
1 + ex
This is variable separable form .
So the general solution is
ex
∴ dx + tan y dy = c
1 + ex
 ∴ log 1 + ex − log cos y = c
1 + ex
∴ log =c
cos 𝑦
1 + ex
∴ = ec
cos y
1 + ex
∴ =k
cos y
∴ 1 + ex = k cos y …This is required solution
dy
Example 4 : Solve DE = ex−y + 3x 2 e−y
dx

Solution: The given DE is

dy
= ex−y + 3x 2 e−y … (1)
dx

Rewriting equation (1), we get

dy
= ex e−y + 3x 2 e−y
dx
dy
= e−y ex + 3x 2
dx
 dy
∴ −y = ex + 3x 2 dx
e
∴ ey dy = ex + 3x 2 dx … (2)
This is variable separable form .
So the general solution is
∴ ey dy = ex + 3x 2 dx + c

3
3 x
∴ ey = ex + +c
3
∴ ey = ex + x 3 + c …This is required solution
Practice Questions:
Solve the following differential equations

1. y dx + x dy = 0
dy
2. dx
+ tan x = 0
dy 1+y2
3. dx
+
1+x2
=0
dy
4. x =y
dx
dy 1+y
5. dx
=
1+x
dy
6. 4 + e2x = ye2x
dx
Type II :Exact Differential Equation:
Consider the differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0. If there exist a function u x, y
such that M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = du, then differential equation is called exact differential equation.

Condition of Exactness:
The necessary and sufficient condition that M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 to be exact is
𝜕M 𝜕N
=
𝜕y 𝜕x
When condition of exactness is satisfied , The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

Notes:
 Sometimes we may write general solution by using following rule

Ndy + Terms of M not containing y dx = c

x=constant
 dy a1 x+b1 y+c1
 The differential equation of form = become exact if b1 = −a2
dx a2 x+b2 y+c2

Example 1: solve x + y − 2 dx + x − y + 4 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation is
x + y − 2 dx + x − y + 4 dy = 0 … (1)
Which can be written in the standard form as
Mdx + Ndy = 0
Here M = x + y − 2 and N = x − y + 4
𝜕M 𝜕N
=1=
𝜕y 𝜕x

This shows the given D.E. is Exact

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

x + y − 2 dx + −y + 4 dy = c
 x2 y2
+ xy − 2x − + 4y = c
2 2

This is required solution.

dy tany−2xy−y
Example 2: solve =
dx x2 −x tan2 y+sec2 y

Solution:
The given D.E. can be written as
tany − 2xy − y dx + (x tan2 y − x 2 − sec 2 y)dy = 0 … (1)
Which can be written in the standard form as
Mdx + Ndy = 0
Here M = tany − 2xy − y and N = xtan2 y − x 2 − sec 2 y
𝜕M
∴ = sec 2 y − 2x − 1 = tan2 y − 2x … (2)
𝜕y
𝜕N
∴ = tan2 y − 2x … 3
𝜕x
𝜕M 𝜕N
= …from (2) & (3)
𝜕y 𝜕x

This shows the given D.E. is Exact

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

(tan y − 2xy − y)dx + − sec 2 y dy = c

x2
tan y x − 2 y − xy − tan y = c
2
x tan y − x 2 y − xy − tan y = c
This is required solution.
2 2
Example 3: solve y 2 exy + 4x 3 dx + 2xyexy − 3y 2 dy = 0
Solution:The given equation is
2 2
y 2 exy + 4x 3 dx + 2xyexy − 3y 2 dy = 0 … (1)
Which can be written in the standard form as
Mdx + Ndy = 0
2 xy2 3 xy2
Here M = y e + 4x and N = 2xye − 3y 2
 2 2
Here M = y 2 exy + 4x 3 and N = 2xyexy − 3y 2
𝜕M 2 2
= 2y exy + y 2 2xy exy … (2)
𝜕y
𝜕N 2 2
∴ = 2y exy + y 2 2xy exy … 3
𝜕x
𝜕M 𝜕N
= …from (2) & (3)
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Exact
The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

2
(y 2 exy + 4x 3 )dx + −3y 2 dy = c
2
y 2 exy 4x 4 3y 3
+ − =c
y2 4 3
2
e + x4 − y3 = c
xy

This is required solution.

Example 4: Find the value λ for which the differential equation
xy 2 + λx 2 y dx + x 3 + x 2 y dy = 0 is exact.
Solution: The given equation
xy 2 + λx 2 y dx + x 3 + x 2 y dy = 0 is exact
Here,
M = xy 2 + λx 2 y & N = x 3 + x 2 y
𝜕M
= 2xy + λx 2 … (1)
𝜕y
𝜕N
= 3x 2 + 2xy … (2)
𝜕x
By condition of exactness
𝜕M 𝜕N
=
𝜕y 𝜕x
∴ 2xy + λx 2 = 3x 2 + 2xy
∴ λx 2 = 3x 2
∴λ=3
Example 5: Find the value a & b for which the differential equation
ay 2 + x + x 8 dx + y 8 − y + bxy dy = 0 is exact.
Solution: The given equation
ay 2 + x + x 8 dx + y 8 − y + bxy dy = 0 is exact
Here,
M = ay 2 + x + x 8 & N = y 8 − y + bxy
𝜕M
= 2ay … (1)
𝜕y
𝜕N
= by … (2)
𝜕x
By condition of exactness
𝜕M 𝜕N
=
𝜕y 𝜕x
∴ 2ay = by
∴ 2a = b
Example 6: Find the value a for which the differential equation
tan y − ax 2 y − y dx + x tan2 y − x 3 − sec 2 y dy = 0 is exact.
Solution: The given equation
tan y − ax 2 y − y dx + x tan2 y − x 3 − sec 2 y dy = 0 is exact
Here,
M = tan y − ax 2 y − y & N = x tan2 y − x 3 − sec 2 y
𝜕M
= sec 2 y − ax 2 − 1 … (1)
𝜕y
𝜕N
= tan2 y − 3x 2 … (2)
𝜕x
By condition of exactness
𝜕M 𝜕N
=
𝜕y 𝜕x
∴ sec 2 y − ax 2 − 1 = tan2 y − 3x 2
∴ tan2 y − ax 2 = tan2 y − 3x 2
∴ −ax 2 = −3x 2
∴a=3
Example 7: Find the value b for which the differential equation
3 + by cos x dx + 2 sin x − 4y 3 dy = 0 is exact.
Solution: The given equation
3 + by cos x dx + 2 sin x − 4y 3 dy = 0 is exact
Here,
M = 3 + by cos x & N = 2 sin x − 4y 3
𝜕M
= b cos x … (1)
𝜕y
𝜕N
= 2 cos x … (2)
𝜕x
By condition of exactness
𝜕M 𝜕N
=
𝜕y 𝜕x
∴ b cos x = 2 cos x
∴b=2
Type III :Reducible To Exact Differential Equation:
A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be an integrating factor [ I.F ] for equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0, if by
multiplying this factor equation becomes an exact.
Rules for finding an Integration Factor of an equation 𝐌(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 + 𝐍(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎 :
Rule Rule is applicable if…… I. F.

𝟏
Rule-1 Given equation is Homogeneous DE & M𝑥 + N𝑦 ≠ 0 𝐈𝐅 =
𝑴𝐱 + 𝑵𝒚
𝟏
Rule-2 Given equation is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 & M𝑥 − N𝑦 ≠ 0 𝐈𝐅 =
𝑴𝐱 − 𝑵𝒚
If Rule-1 & Rule-2 fails &
Rule-3 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝐟 𝒙 𝐝𝐱
− 𝐈. 𝐅 = 𝒆
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑁
If Rule-1 , Rule-2 & Rule-3 fails &
Rule-4 𝐟 𝒚 𝐝𝐲
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐈. 𝐅 = 𝒆
= 𝑓(𝑦)
𝑀

Rule-5 Given equation is of the form 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝑑 𝑝𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝐈. 𝐅 = 𝒙𝒉 𝒚𝒌
Where m, n, p, q are nonzero & 𝑚𝑞 − 𝑛𝑝 ≠ 0
Method To Find Exact D. E. From Non Exact D. E. :
Step-1: Write given D.E. in the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Step-2: Find &
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Step-3: If ≠ then given D. E. is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Step-4: Find an Integrating Factor by using Rules given in the table

Step-5: Multiply the given D. E. by an Integrating Factor. So, we obtained an D. E. of the form
𝑀1 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁1 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 which will be an exact.
Step-6: Find the solution of an exact D. E. using the formula

𝑀1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁1 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑦=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Note: A D.E. in the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said to be homogeneous D. E. if 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
both are homogenous functions of same degree
Example 1: Solve xy − 2y 2 dx + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
xy − 2y 2 dx + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 dy = 0 … … . (1)
Here,
M = xy − 2y 2 & N = 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2
𝜕M
= 𝑥 − 4𝑦
𝜕y
𝜕N
= 3𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact

Given equation (1) is homogeneous D. E. & 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 = x 2 y − 2xy 2 + 3xy 2 − x 2 y = xy 2 ≠ 0

1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = = 2
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 𝑥𝑦
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 2
1 2
xy − 2y dx + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 dy = 0
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 2
1 2 3 𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥 + − dy = 0 … … (2)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦2
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.
The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 2 3
− 𝑑𝑥 + dy = 𝑐
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
x
−2 log 𝑥 + 3 log 𝑦 = 𝑐
y

This is required solution of given D. E.

Example 2: Solve 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 dx + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 dx + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 dy = 0 … … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 & N = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕M 𝜕N
= −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 & = 6𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact

Given equation (1) is homogeneous D. E. & 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = x 3 ≠ 0

1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = =
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 𝑥 3
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 2 2
1 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 dx + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 dy = 0
𝑥3 𝑥3
1 3𝑦 2𝑦 2 3 2𝑦
− + 3 𝑑𝑥 + − dy = 0 … … (2)
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 3𝑦 2𝑦 2
− + 3 𝑑𝑥 + 0 dy = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
3𝑦 𝑦 2
log 𝑥 + − 2 =𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 3: Solve 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 dx + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 dx + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 dy = 0 … … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 & N = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦
𝜕M 𝜕N
= 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 & = 4𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact

Given equation (1) is homogeneous D. E. & 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑦 2 ≠ 0

1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = =
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 4𝑥𝑦 2
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 2
1 2
𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 dx + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 dy = 0
4𝑥𝑦 2 4𝑥𝑦 2
1 1 𝑥 3
− 𝑑𝑥 + + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
4𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑦 2 4𝑦
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 1 3
− 𝑑𝑥 + dy = 𝑐
4𝑥 2𝑦 4𝑦
1 𝑥 3
log 𝑥 − + log 𝑦 = 𝑐
4 2𝑦 4
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 4: Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 dx − 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 dx − 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 & N = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 & = −3x 2 + 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact

Given equation (1) is homogeneous D. E. & 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ≠ 0

1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = = 2 2
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 2 2
1 3 2
𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 dx − 𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑦 dy = 0
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2
1 2 𝑥 3
− 𝑑𝑥 − − 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦2 𝑦
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 2 3
− 𝑑𝑥 + dy = 𝑐
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥
− 2 log 𝑥 + 3 log 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 5: Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑦dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 xdy = 0
Solution: The given equation
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑦dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 xdy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + y & N = 𝑥3𝑦2 − 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑥
𝜕M 𝜕N
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 & = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 1
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact

Given equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 &

𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 = x 3 y 3 + x 2 y 2 + xy − x 3 y 3 + x 2 y 2 − xy = 2x 2 y 2 ≠ 0
1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = = 2 2
𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 2x y
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 2 2
1 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑦dx + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 xdy = 0
2x 2 y 2 2x 2 y 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 + + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
1 1 1 1
𝑦 + + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.
The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 1 1
𝑦+ + 2 𝑑𝑥 − dy = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
1
𝑥𝑦 + log 𝑥 − − log 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 6: Solve 1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 1 − 𝑥𝑦 x dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 1 − 𝑥𝑦 x dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 & N = 𝑥 − 𝑥2𝑦

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 1 + 2𝑥𝑦 & = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 &
𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 = xy + x 2 y 2 − xy + x 2 y 2 = 2x 2 y 2 ≠ 0
1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = = 2 2
𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 2x y
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 1
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 2 2 1 − 𝑥𝑦 x dy = 0
2x 2 y 2 2x y
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 𝑑𝑥 + − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥2𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦
1 1 1 1
2
+ 𝑑𝑥 + 2
− 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑦
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.
The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 1 1
2
+ 𝑑𝑥 − dy = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
1
− + log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 7: Solve 1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 x dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 x dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 & N = 𝑥3𝑦2 + 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑥
𝜕M 𝜕N
= 1 + 2𝑥𝑦 & = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 &
𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥 3 𝑦 3 ≠ 0
1 −1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = =
𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
−1 1 2 2
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 x dy = 0
𝑥3𝑦3 𝑥3𝑦3
1 1 1 1 1
− − 𝑑𝑥 + − − − 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
𝑥3𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥2𝑦3

This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 1 1
− 3 2− 2 𝑑𝑥 − dy = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
1 1
+ − log 𝑦 = 𝑐
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 8: Solve (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥) dx + 𝑥𝑦 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 dx + 𝑥𝑦 dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥 & N = 𝑥𝑦
𝜕M 𝜕N
= 2𝑦 & =y
𝜕y 𝜕x
𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is not homogeneous & also not of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2y − y 1
= = = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑁 xy x
𝟏
𝒅𝒙
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = 𝒆 𝐟 𝒙 𝐝𝐱
=𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 = 𝒙
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 dx + 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 dy = 0
𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 dy = 0 … … (2)

This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 0dy = 𝑐

𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥3
+ + =c
4 2 3
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 9: Solve (2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦) d𝑦 + 2𝑦 dx = 0
Solution: The given equation
(2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦) d𝑦 + 2𝑦 dx = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 2y & N = 2x 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦
𝜕M 𝜕N
=2 & = 2 + 2log x − y
𝜕y 𝜕x
𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is not homogeneous & also not of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 − 2 − 2lox + y −2 log 𝑥 + 𝑦 1
= = = − = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑁 2x 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 −x(−2 log 𝑥 + 𝑦) x
𝟏
− 𝒅𝒙 𝟏
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = 𝒆 𝐟 𝒙 𝐝𝐱
=𝒆 𝒙 =𝒆 −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
=
𝒙
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 1
2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 d𝑦 + 2𝑦 dx = 0
x 𝑥
2𝑦
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑦 d𝑦 + dx = 0 … … (2)
𝑥

This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

(2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 0dy = 𝑐

2
− 𝑥𝑦 = c
𝑥
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 10: Solve (𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) d𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
(𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) d𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 & N = x − logy
𝜕M 𝜕N
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 1 & =1
𝜕y 𝜕x
𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is not homogeneous & also not of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1 − log𝑦 − 1 1
= = − = 𝑓(y)
𝑀 y 𝑙𝑜𝑔y y
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = 𝒆 𝐟 𝒚 𝐝𝐲
=𝒆 𝒚 =𝒆 −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚
=
𝒚
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 1
𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 d𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 dy = 0
y 𝑦
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 d𝑥 + − dy = 0 … … (2)
𝑦 𝑦

This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

logy
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − dy = 𝑐
y
xlogy − logy 2 =c
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 11: Solve (𝑦 4 + 2𝑦) d𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
(𝑦 4 + 2𝑦) d𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 & N = x𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥
𝜕M 𝜕N
= 4𝑦 3 + 2 & = y3 − 4
𝜕y 𝜕x
𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is not homogeneous & also not of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 y 3 − 4 − 4𝑦 3 − 2 3
= 4
= − = 𝑓(y)
𝑀 𝑦 + 2y y
𝟑 𝟏
− 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = 𝒆 𝐟 𝒚 𝐝𝐲
=𝒆 𝒚 =𝒆 −𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚
= 𝟑
𝒚
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 4 1 3 4
𝑦 + 2𝑦 d𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 dy = 0
y3 y3
2 4𝑥
𝑦 + 2 d𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 dy = 0 … … (2)
𝑦 𝑦

This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

2
𝑦+ 2
𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 dy = 𝑐
𝑦
2𝑥 2
𝑥𝑦 + 2
+ 𝑦 =𝑐
𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Type IV :Linear Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦
1. A differential equation of the form + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(x) is called as L. D. E. in 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥

The general solution of L. D. E. is given by 𝑦 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where IF=𝑒

𝑑𝑥
2. A differential equation of the form + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄(y) is called as L. D. E. in 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦

The general solution of L. D. E. is given by x 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶

𝑃 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
where IF=𝑒
Method To Find Solution of L. D. E. :

𝑑𝑦
Step-1: Write given D.E. in the form + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(x)
𝑑𝑥

Step-2: Find 𝑃 𝑥 & 𝑄(𝑥)

𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Step-3: Find Integrating Factor by using IF=𝑒

Step-4: Find general solution using 𝑦 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

 𝑑𝑦
Example 1: Solve + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
Solution: The given equation is linear differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3 … . (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Comparing equation (1) with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(x) , we get
𝑑𝑥
P=𝑥 & Q = x3
𝑥2
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒2
The general solution is given by
𝑦 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦𝑒 2 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 +𝐶

𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦𝑒 2 = 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 +C

𝑥2
Put, =𝑡 → 𝑥 2 = 2𝑡 → 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡 → 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑥2
𝑦𝑒 2 = 2𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + C

𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦𝑒 2 = 2 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡 +𝐶 =2 𝑒2 −𝑒2 +C
2
 −1 𝑑𝑦
Example 2: Solve 1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 −tan 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑𝑦
Solution: 1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 −tan 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥 −1
1+𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 −tan 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
−1
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒 −tan 𝑦
+ 𝑥= … (1)
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦2

𝑑𝑥
Comparing equation (1) with + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄(y) , we get
𝑑𝑦
−1
1 𝑒 −tan 𝑦
P= 2
& Q=
1+𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
1
𝑃 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −1
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 =𝑒 1+𝑦 2 = 𝑒 tan 𝑦

The general solution is given by

x 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
−1
−1 𝑒 −tan 𝑦 tan−1 𝑦
x 𝑒 tan 𝑦 = 2
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
1+𝑦
−1
x 𝑒 tan 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑦 + 𝐶
 𝑑𝑦
Example 3: Solve + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution: The given equation is linear differential equation

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 … (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Comparing equation (1) with + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(x) , we get
𝑑𝑥

P = cot 𝑥 & Q = sin 2x

𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 log(sin 𝑥) = sin 𝑥
The general solution is given by
y 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

y sin 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

This is required solution of given L. D. E.
Example 4: Find the value of α so that 𝑒 α 𝑥 2
is an integrating factor of linear
𝑑𝑦
differential equation − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution: The given equation is linear differential equation

𝑑𝑦
− 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 −−− −(1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Comparing equation (1) with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(x) , we get
𝑑𝑥

𝑃 = −𝑥 & 𝑄 = 𝑥
𝑥2
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑒 −𝑥𝑑𝑥
=𝑒 −2
=𝑒 α 𝑥2

1
∴α= −
2
Type V :Reducible To Linear Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦
1. A differential equation of the form + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 x y n is called as Bernoulli’s D. E.
𝑑𝑥

To find the general solution of Bernoulli’s D. E.

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 x y n … … … (1)
𝑑𝑥

We divide equation (1) by 𝑦 𝑛

𝑑𝑦
y −n + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄 x … … … (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Now, put 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑢 → 1−𝑛 𝑦 −𝑛
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Equation (2) becomes, +𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 =𝑄 x → + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄 x
1−𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Is linear D. E, which can be solved by finding an I.F. as discussed in the Type-IV

 𝑑𝑥
2. A differential equation of the form + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄 y 𝑥 𝑛 is also called as Bernoulli’s D. E.
𝑑𝑦

To find the general solution of Bernoulli’s D. E.

𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄 y 𝑥 𝑛 … … … (1)
𝑑𝑦

We divide equation (1) by 𝑥 𝑛

𝑑𝑥
x −n + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 1−𝑛 = 𝑄 y … … … (2)
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
Now, put 𝑥 1−𝑛 = 𝑢 → 1−𝑛 𝑥 −𝑛 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Equation (2) becomes, +𝑃 𝑦 𝑢 =𝑄 y → + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃 𝑦 𝑢 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄 y
1−𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Is linear D. E, which can be solved by finding an I.F. as discussed in the Type-IV

 𝑑𝑦
3. A differential equation of the form f ′ y + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑄(x) is to be reducible to
𝑑𝑥

Linear Differential Equation.

′ 𝑑𝑦
To find the general solution of f y + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑄 x … … … (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Put, 𝑓 𝑦 =𝑢 → 𝑓′ 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Equation (1) becomes, + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

is linear D. E, which can be solved by finding an I.F. as discussed in the Type-IV

 𝑑𝑥
4. A differential equation of the form f ′ x + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑄(y) is to be reducible to
𝑑𝑦

Linear Differential Equation.

𝑑𝑥
To find the general solution f′ x + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑄(y) … … … (1)
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
Put, 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑢 → 𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑢
Equation (1) becomes, + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑢 = 𝑄(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦

is linear D. E, which can be solved by finding an I.F. as discussed in the Type-IV

 𝑑𝑦
Example 1: Solve − 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑦 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution: The given D. E. is Bernoulli’s D. E.
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑦 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 −−−− − 1
𝑑𝑥
−4
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦 −3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−3 −4 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Put, 𝑦 = 𝑢 → −3𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
− − (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
+ 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑢 = −3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 −−−− −(2) is linear D. E. in u.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Comparing equation (2) with + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑄(x) , we get
𝑑𝑥

𝑃 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 & 𝑄 = −3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

𝑃𝑑𝑥 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 3log(sec 𝑥) = sec 3 𝑥
The general solution is given by
𝑢 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑢 sec 3 𝑥 = −3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑢 sec 3 𝑥 = −3 𝑆𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑢 sec 3 𝑥 = −3 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑢 sec 3 𝑥 = −3 (1 + tan2 𝑥)𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

Put, tan 𝑥 = 𝑡 → sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑢 sec 3 𝑥 = −3 1 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
 3
𝑡
𝑢 sec 3 𝑥 = −3 𝑡 + +𝐶
3

3
tan 𝑥
𝑦 −3 3
sec 𝑥 = −3 tan 𝑥 + +𝐶
3

This is required solution of given Bernoulli’s D. E.

𝑑𝑦 3 −𝑥 2
Example 2: Solve − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Solution: The given D. E. is Bernoulli’s D. E.
𝑑𝑦 3 −𝑥 2
− 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑒 −−−− − 1
𝑑𝑥
−3
𝑑𝑦 −2 −𝑥 2
𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 = −𝑒
𝑑𝑥
−2 −3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Put, 𝑦 = 𝑢 → −2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 −𝑥 2
− − 𝑥 𝑢 = −𝑒
2 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑢 −𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥 𝑢 = 2𝑒 −−−− − 2 is linear D. E.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Comparing equation (2) with + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑄(x) , we get
𝑑𝑥
−𝑥 2
𝑃 = 2𝑥 & 𝑄 = 2𝑒
𝑃𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒
The general solution is given by
𝑢 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝑢 𝑒 = 2𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥 2
𝑢 𝑒 = 2𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑦 −2 𝑒 𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 𝐶
This is required solution of given Bernoulli’s D. E.
 𝑑𝑦
Example 3: Solve sin y − 2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution: The given D. E. is

𝑑𝑦
sin y − 2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 −−−− − 1
𝑑𝑥
′ 𝑑𝑦
Comparing equation (1) with f y + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑄(x), we get
𝑑𝑥

𝑓 𝑦 = − cos 𝑦 & 𝑓 ′ 𝑦 = sin 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Put,− cos 𝑦 = 𝑢 → sin 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
+ (2 cos 𝑥) 𝑢 = − cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 is Linear D. E.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Comparing equation (2) with + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑄(x) , we get
𝑑𝑥

𝑃 = 2 cos 𝑥 & 𝑄 = − cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥

 𝑃 = 2 cos 𝑥 & 𝑄 = − cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 2 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥
The general solution is given by
𝑢 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑢 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

Put, sin 𝑥 = 𝑡 → cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑢 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 = − 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶

𝑒 2𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑢 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 = − 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 +2 +𝐶
2 4 8
𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥
− cos 𝑦 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 = − sin2 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 +2 +𝐶
2 4 8
This is required solution of given Bernoulli’s D. E.