FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Engineering Math.II
Second level
Department of Computer Engineering
Jumana Abdullah

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 ‫ جمانة عبدهللا‬: ‫المحاضرة االولى‬

What is the :
Is an equation that contain one or more derivative of differential function
We can place all differential equation into two types:
ordinary differential equation and partial differential equations.

O.D.E. is a function of one variable Y= f(x)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ = 3 x sin y
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

A partial differential equation:

P.D.E. is a function of two or more than one variable
y= f(x, y)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑡
+𝑥 = (y is a function of the two variables x and t and
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑡
partial derivatives are present.

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Order
Another way of classifying differential equations is by order. Any ordinary
differential equation can be written in the form
F=(x,y’,y′′,...,y(0))= 0
The order of a differential equation is the highest derivative that appears
in the following equations:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 +3 +4y =𝑒 3𝑥 (second order DE)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
+ 3𝑦 = 5𝑥 (first order DE)
𝑑𝑥

Degree

𝑑2 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) +3 (𝑑𝑥 )5 +4y =𝑒 3𝑥 (second order fourth degree DE)

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Homogeneous:
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+3 2 +4 =0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Nonhomogeneous :

𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+3 2 +4 = 𝑒 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Linearity :
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛 (x) + 𝑎𝑛−1 (x) 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 (x) +----------+ 𝑎1 (x) + 𝑎0 (x) y = F(x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑥

This is a formula for any linear function

Ex:
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+x =0 is a linear function
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 ′′+5𝑦 ′ +y= 0 is a linear function

𝑦 ′′+5𝑦 ′ y + 5y = sin x ………………………….is a non linear function

𝑑3𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
( 3 ) +( )3 …………………………………....is a non linear function
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 First order differential equation

General First-Order Differential Equations and Solutions

A first-order differential equation is an equation
𝑑𝑦
y = f(x,y) ………………. (1)
𝑑𝑥
in which ƒ(x, y) is a function of two variables defined on a region in the xy-plane.
The equation is of first order because it involves only the first derivative dy/dx
We point out that the equations
y ′ = ƒ(x, y) and
𝑑𝑦
= ƒ(x, y)
𝑑𝑥
are equivalent to Equation (1) so these forms will be used .
A solution of Equation (1) is a differentiable function y = y(x) defined on an interval
𝑑𝑦
I of x-values (perhaps infinite) such that 𝑑𝑥 y (x)= ƒ(x, y(x))
on that interval. That is, when y(x) and its derivative y′(x) are substituted into
Equation (1),
the resulting equation is true for all x over the interval I. The general solution to a
first-order differential equation is a solution that contains all possible solutions. The
general solution always contains an arbitrary constant, but having this property
doesn’t mean a solution is the general solution. That is, a solution may contain an
arbitrary constant without being the general solution. Establishing that a solution is
the general solution may require deeper results from the theory of differential
equations and is best studied in a more advanced course.
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Solution of the First-Order Linear Differential Equations
1. A first-order linear differential equation (standard
method)
2. Separable Differential Equation.

3. Homogeneous Differential Equation.

4. Exact Differential Equation.

5. Non linear first order Differential Equation.

6
FIRST Order Differential Equation Standard Form
Steps for solving linear differential equation (integrating
factor):
1- put the given equation in standard form

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑝 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3- find integrating factor 𝑣(𝑥) = 𝑒

4- use the eq. below to find the general solution:

1
𝑦= 𝑣 𝑥 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑣(𝑥)

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8
9
10
1- linear Differential Equation (standard method)

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 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑝 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥 =𝑒 …… = 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑒 −3 ln 𝑥 ,𝑣 𝑥 = then
𝑥3
1
y= 𝑣 𝑥 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑣(𝑥)

1 1
y= 1 . x dx ,y= 𝑥 3 𝑥 −3 . x dx
𝑥3
𝑥3
y =𝑥 3 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
3 −1
y=𝑥 ( + C )
𝑥
𝑦+𝑥 2
y= -𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 C ……….. C=
𝑥3
Solve for initial condition y(1)=1

1+1
C= C= 2
1
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14
Ex2: solve the following linear differential equation by standard form
(1+𝑥 2 )(𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑦(0) = 1.
𝑑𝑦
Sol: + P(x)y=Q(x)
𝑑𝑥
1
The standard form is: 𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑥 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣(𝑥)

(1+𝑥 2 )(𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 % (1+𝑥 2 ) dx

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−1 = 1+𝑥 2
y ………….. 𝑑𝑥
− 1+𝑥 2
y=1 p x = 1+𝑥 2

−2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2) 1
v(x)=𝑒 1+𝑥2 v(x)=𝑒 − ln(1+𝑥 v(x)=
1+𝑥 2
1
y= (1+𝑥 2 ) 1+𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )(tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶)

𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶(1 + 𝑥 2 ) for y(0)=1

1 = (1+0) tan−1 (0)+ C(1+0)

C=1 …y=(1+0) tan−1 (0)+(1+0) …y=1

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 ‫‪Separable ODE’s‬‬
‫المحاضرة الثانية‪ :‬جمانة عبدهللا‬

‫طريقة فصل‬
‫المتغيرات‬
‫‪-1‬توضع‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫متغيرات ‪ y‬و‬
‫)‪g(y‬‬ ‫)𝑥(𝑓 =‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪dy‬في طرف‬
‫ومتغيرات ‪x‬و‬
‫‪ dx‬في الطرف‬
‫االخر‬

‫‪17‬‬
 Separable ODE’s

Steps for solving a separable first order DE.

1- write the equation in the form 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2- integrate ((M with respect to x )) and ((N with respect to y)) to obtainan
equation that relates y and x.

The first order de. Is separable if it can be put in the form :

𝑑𝑦
𝑀 𝑥 +𝑁 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =0

Then we can solve this equation by integrating both sides with respect
to x to get:
𝑑𝑦
𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

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 Example(1):

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 1 + 𝑦2 multiplying two sides by then
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑦 2 )

𝑑𝑦
= dx integrating two sides
(1 + 𝑦 2 )

1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑦 2 )

( tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 )

y = tan(𝑥 + 𝑐) solve for initial value y(0)=1

i.e. y(𝑥𝑜 )= 𝑦𝑜 note:: y= 𝑦𝑜 at t = 0.

1 = tan (0 +C) …… 1 = tan C

C= tan−1 𝑦 …….. tan−1 (1)=45 C= 45
y= tan (0+45)
y=1
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 Example(2): solve the following de by separable variables .
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Multiply by
𝒚𝟐
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 then integrating two sides we get:
𝒚𝟐

𝒚−𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒚−𝟏
= − 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑪 derivative integrate
−𝟏
+ x 𝑒 −𝑥
−𝟏
= −𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑪 … .∗ (−𝟏)
𝒚 - 1 −𝑒 −𝑥

𝟏 + 0 𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝑪
𝒚 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝟏
𝒚=
𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝑪

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 Homogeneous FODE:
𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 𝑓( ) ………………(1)
𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒖 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 substitution this term in the eq.(1) we get:

𝒅𝒖 𝒚
𝒖 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒖 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒖 = 𝒙

𝒅𝒖
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐟 𝐮 − 𝐮 then 𝒙𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒇 𝒖 − 𝒖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 % 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒇 𝒖 −𝒖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖
= this is the formula for homogeneous D.E.
𝒙 𝒇 𝒖 −𝒖
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 See example 8: in page 18 (Erwin Kreyszig 10th edition)

Example(1): solve the FODE. By homogeneous method

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1+ 2 − =0 let u = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓 𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑢2
1 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 = 0 %𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 =
𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
The formula of homo. =
𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑢2 then = udu integrating it we get:
𝑥 −𝑢
𝑥
𝑢

𝑢2 𝑦2
Ln (x)= +𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ln 𝑥 − 𝐶 = multiplying by 2𝑥 2
2 2𝑥 2

𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝐶

𝑦= 2𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥 − 𝑐)
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 Example2: solve the FODE.by homogeneous method
𝒚
𝒙. 𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙
𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Divided by xdx 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙
+ 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒔𝒆𝒄 + = let u= and 𝑭 𝒖 =
𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖
𝑭 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝒖 remember the formula =
𝒙 𝒇 𝒖 −𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖
=
𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 + 𝒖 − 𝒖

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
= = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙

𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝒚 𝒚
Ln (x)= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝑪 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧( )
𝒙 𝒙
𝒚
𝒙
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐥𝐧
𝒙 − 𝑪) *x we get
𝒚 = 𝒙. 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝑪)
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 Exact differential equation
‫جمانة عبدهللا‬:‫المحاضرة الثالثة‬
𝒅𝒚
If 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 =0 then in differential form
M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 then
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
𝝏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 =0
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑪
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
The equation is exact on domain D if and only if, =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
Steps for solving exact D.E.

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
1- check if 𝝏𝒚 = 𝝏𝒙
then the equation is exact,

𝝏𝒇
2-integrate with respect to x and write the constant of integration as k(y)
𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒇
3- Differentiate with respect to y and set the result equal to 𝒊. 𝒆. (𝑵) to find 𝒌′ (y)
𝝏𝒚

4- intrgrate to find k(y) and determine 𝒇

5-Write the solution of the exact equation as24𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑪

 Exact differential equation
section (1.4) Erwin Kreyszig
Example1:
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝑴
𝟏) 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝑵
𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚
𝒅𝒙

∴ 𝛛𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 /𝝏𝒚 = 𝛛𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 /𝝏𝒙=2y then the equation is exact

𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝟐) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒌 𝒚 = + 𝒙 𝒚𝟐 + 𝐤 𝐲 …(1) where k(y) a function of y
𝟑
Y=constant
𝒅𝒇𝒙𝟑
3) + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝐤 𝐲 = 0+2xy+𝒌′ (𝒚)
𝒅𝒚 𝟑

2xy+𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚

4) 𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 ⇒ 𝒌 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝑪 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒌 𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝟏

𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟑
5) 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝑪 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑
Note that the solution of exact D.E. is always 25equal to constant
Example:2
𝟏 + 𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝐝𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 + 𝐱𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒇 𝒙𝒚
𝝏𝑴
= 𝟏 + 𝒚𝒆 = 𝑴 ⇒ = 𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚 . 𝐱 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝑵
= 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 = 𝑵 ⇒ = 𝟎 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 . 𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
The equation is exact because =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = (𝟏 + 𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒌(𝒚) ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 + + 𝒌 𝒚 … … . . 𝟏)
𝒚
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
= 𝟎 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 + 𝒌′ 𝒚 ⇒ =𝑵
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚

𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 + 𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 ⇒ 𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚

𝒌 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 ⇒ 𝒌 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪 … … … … 𝟐) substitute eq.2 in eq.1

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 the exact solution 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑪

𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚 +26𝒚𝟐 = C
Ex.3
𝒚
(𝒙 + )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒚𝟐 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟑
𝒙
𝒚
1) M= (𝒙𝟑 + )𝒅𝒙 N= (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙)𝒅𝒚
𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝟏 𝝏𝑵 𝟏
= =
𝝏𝒚 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
The eq. is exact because =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝒚
2)𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟑 + )𝒅𝒙+k(y)
𝒙
𝒙𝟒
= + 𝒚 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒌(𝒚)……1)
𝟒
𝝏𝒇
= 𝟎 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒌′ (y)
𝝏𝒚

𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒌′ (y)=N ⇒ 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 ⇒ 𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐

′ 𝟐
𝒚𝟑
𝒌 𝒚 = 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 ⇒ 𝒌 𝒚 = … … 𝟐)
𝟑
Substitute eq.2 in eq.1
𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = + 𝒚 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + ….𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑪
𝟒 𝟑

𝐱𝟒 𝐲𝟑
+ 𝐲 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 + =C 27
𝟒 𝟑
Where M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
The equation is said to be exact if = and the solution of f(x,y)=C
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
If ≠ then the equation is not exact, therefore we find an integrating factor to
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
make it exact and solve to find the general solution of it.
Let I(x,y) be an integrating factor then
𝑰 𝒙, 𝒚 ∗ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑰 𝒙, 𝒚 ∗ 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

1) First method find the integ. Factor according to (x)

𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑰 𝒙 =𝒆 𝑵

2) Second method find the integ. Factor according to (y)

𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝑰 𝒚 =𝒆 −𝑴

28
Ex:4)
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
M(x,y)= 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 and N(x,y)= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑴
1) = 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ =𝟏
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 ⇒ =𝟐 since ≠ then the eq. is not exact
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝑿

𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2) 𝑰 𝒚 = 𝒆 −𝑴

𝟏−𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝑰 𝒚 =𝒆 −(𝒚+𝟐) = 𝑰 𝒚 =𝒆 −(𝒚+𝟐)

= 𝒆𝐥𝐧(𝒚+𝟐) 𝑰 𝒚 =𝒚 + 𝟐………..integrating factor

𝒚 + 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙=0
𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝏𝑴
=𝟐 𝒚+𝟐 ⇒ 2y+4
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 =
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
29
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒌(𝒚)

=(𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒌 𝒚 … … … 𝟏)
𝝏𝒇
= 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟐 + 𝒌′ (𝒚)
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒇
= 𝑵 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒌′ (𝒚)=𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐 (where N =I*N)
𝝏𝒚
𝒌′ 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟐

𝒌′ 𝒚 = (𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟐)𝒅𝒚

𝟕
𝒌 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝑪 …….2) substitute eq.2 in eq.1
𝟐
𝟕
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟐
Or
𝟐 𝟑
𝟕 𝟐
(𝒚 + 𝟐) 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝑪
𝟐

30
Example:5
(2x-2y-1) dx - (x+1) dy = 0
𝝏𝑴
M(x,y)=(2x-2y-1 ) dx = −𝟐
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
N(x,y)=(-x-1) dy = −1 because ≠ the eq. is not exact
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
We find Integrating factor to make it exact:
𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑰 𝒙 =𝒆 𝑵

−𝟐+𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑰 𝒙 =𝒆 −(𝒙+𝟏) =𝒆 (𝒙+𝟏) 𝑰 𝒙 = 𝒆𝐥𝐧(𝒙+𝟏) = (𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝑰 𝒙 =x+1 integ. factor

(x+1)*(2x-2y-1) dx – (x+1)*(x+1) dy = 0

𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 dy=0

1)M(x,y)= 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝑴
= −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝑵
𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = −(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 = −𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= now the eq. is exact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

31
2) 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = − 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒌(𝒙)
=−(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒌(𝒙) ………1)

𝝏𝒇
3) = −𝟐𝒚 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒌′(x)
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒇
= −𝟐𝒚𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒌′ 𝒙 ⇒ =𝑴
𝝏𝒙
= −𝟐𝒚𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒌′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏

𝒌′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏

𝒌′ 𝒙 = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 )𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒌 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + − 𝒙 + 𝑪 ……….2) substitute eq.(2) in eq.(1)
𝟑 𝟐

𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = −(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟑 + −𝒙+𝑪 or
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑪
𝟐 𝟑 𝒙𝟐
−𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒙 + −𝒙=𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
32