Reviewer for Analytic Geometry

Analytic Geometry Division of Line Segment

It is the study of geometric properties by means of A line segment may be divided by a point P(x, y) either
algebraic operations upon symbols defined in terms of a internally or within the line segment, or externally, which is
coordinate system. by a point on its extension through any one endpoint.
Cartesian Coordinate System 𝑟 𝑥 +𝑟 𝑥
2 1 1 2
● Cartesian Coordinate System - consist of two 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) =
perpendicular lines 𝑟1+ 𝑟2
● Vertical Line = y - axis
Where:
● Horizontal line = x - axis
→𝑃1𝑃 𝑟1
Coordinate Plane (xy plane) also called Cartesian plane
named after French mathematician René Descartes. →𝑃𝑃2
= 𝑟2
Quadrants - The coordinate axes divide the plane into four
equal parts called quadrants.
Slope and Inclination of a Straight Line
QII: (-, +) QI: (+, +)
● Slope of a straight line - The slope (m) of a
QIII: (-, -) QIV: (+, -)
straight line is the ratio of the vertical change to
Points - each point P on the xy-plane is associated with a
the horizontal change between any two points on
unique ordered pair of number (x, y) called coordinates
the straight line.
Where: x = abscissa
● Whereas the slope of a straight line is Vertical
y = ordinate
Change over Horizontal Change
Directed Line Segment
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2−𝑦1
● A straight-line segment is the part of a straight
line between two of its points, including the two
𝑚= 𝑟𝑢𝑛
= 𝑥2−𝑥1
points
In fact, the greater the numerical value of the
● A line segment with endpoints A and B may be
slope, the steeper the straight line.
designated as 𝐴𝐵 The slope of a horizontal line is 0.
● A line segment in definite sense of direction is While the slope of a vertical line is
called Directed Line Segment undefined.
Directed Distance Inclination
Directed distance between points A (𝑥1, 𝑦2) and B ( θ is the angle that the straight line L
𝑥2,, 𝑦2) is computed as follow: makes with the positive x-axis
θ is the called the inclination of L
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑥1 − 𝑦2
Note: if directed distance is negative, it’s either to the left or downward Note: For 0° < θ < 180°, when
Formula: θincreases, the steepness of L also increases.
2 2
d = |AB| = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Parallel Lines
Midpoint of a Line Segment Two lines are parallel, denoted by l₁ and l₂, if only m₁=m₂
Is the point midway between two endpoints of the line Perpendicular Lines
segment. Given with the formula: 1
Two lines are perpendicular, denoted l₁⊥l₂ if m₁= - 𝑚₂
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
𝑥 = 1 2 2 and, 𝑦 = 2 2 2 M = (x, y)
Angle Between Two Lines
One way to show that the given vertices form a
Derivation of Formula
parallelogram is by showing that the midpoints of the
𝑡𝑎𝑛β − 𝑡𝑎𝑛α 𝑚2−𝑚1
diagonals of this quadrilateral coincide. Tanθ₁ = tanθ₁ =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛α𝑡𝑎𝑛β 1+𝑚1𝑚2

−1 𝑚 −𝑚
θ₁ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 1+2𝑚 𝑚1 ]
1 2

Note: m₁ is the line of where the angle starts,

counter-clockwise to it is m₂
Lines
●A first-degree equation is graphically represented
by a straight line.
● Conversely, any straight line may be represented
by an equation of the first degree
General Equation of the line
Ax + By + C = 0
Equation of a Line Parallel to a Coordinate Axis
If the line is parallel to the x-axis: equation is y = y₁
If the line is parallel to the y-axis: equation is x = x₁
From General Form
If A = 0; horizontal line
If B = 0; vertical line
If C = 0: line passes through origin
Standard Forms of Equation of the Line
a. Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + b
Where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept
b. Point-Slope Form: y-y₁ = m(x-x₁)
Where m is the slope and P₁(x₁,y₁) is a point on
the line
𝑥 𝑦
c. Intercept Form:
𝑎
+ 𝑏
=1
Where a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept

Directed Distance from a line to Point

The directed distance d from the line Ax +By +C = 0 to
the point P(x₁, y₁) is
𝐴𝑥₁+𝐵𝑦₁+𝐶
𝑑 = 2 2
± 𝐴 +𝐵
Where the sign of the denominator follows the sign of B.
Distance Between Parallel Lines
The distance d between parallel lines Ax + By + C₁ = 0
and Ax + By + C₂ = 0 may be obtained by using the formula
|𝐶₁ − 𝐶₂|
𝑑 = 2 2
𝐴 +𝐵

Family of Lines
The set of all lines sharing the same properties is called
family of lines. This equation of a line contains the
variables x and/or y, and some constant called parameters.