11/1/2019

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

EIGHTH EDITION IN SI UNITS

R. C. HIBBELER

Module Leader: Aryanfar Haji

2018-2019

CHAPTER 6:
INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES

1
 11/1/2019

Chapter Outline

6.1 Influence Lines

6.2 Influence Lines for Beams
6.3 Qualitative Influence Lines
6.4 Influence Lines for Floor Girders
6.5 Influence Lines for Trusses
6.6 Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of Concentrated Loads
6.7 Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

3 Structural Analysis Eighth Edition l © 2012 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

6.1
INFLUENCE LINES

2
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines

 If a structure is subjected to a moving load, the variation of shear & bending

moment is best described using the influence line

 One can tell at a glance, where the moving load should be placed on the
structure so that it creates the greatest influence at a specified point

 The magnitude of the associated shear, moment or deflection at the point

can then be calculated using the ordinates of the influence-line diagram

Influence Lines

 One should be clear of the difference between Influence Lines & shear or
moment diagram

 Influence line represent the effect of a moving load only at a specific point

 Shear or moment diagrams represent the effect of fixed loads at all points
along the axis of the member

 Procedure for Analysis

- Tabulate Values
- Influence-Line equations

3
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines

 Tabulate Values
- Place a unit load at various locations, x, along the member
- At each location use statics to determine the value of function at the
specified point
- If the influence line for a vertical force reaction at a point on a beam is to
be constructed, consider the reaction to be +ve at the point when it acts
upward on the beam
- If a shear or moment influence line is to be drawn for a point, take the
shear or moment at the point as +ve according to the same sign
convention used for drawing shear & moment diagram

Influence Lines

 Influence-Line Eqns
- The influence line can also be constructed by placing the unit load at a
variable position, x, on the member & then computing the value of R, V or
M at the point as a function of x
- The eqns of the various line segments composing the influence line can be
determined & plotted

4
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines

Example 6.1
Construct the influence line for the vertical reaction at A of the beam.

Influence Lines

Example 6.1 (Solution)

Tabulate Values
A unit load is placed on the beam at each selected point x & the value of Ay is
calculated by summing moments about B.

10

5
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines

Example 6.1 (Solution)

Tabulate Values

11

Influence Lines

Example 6.1 (Solution)

Influence-Line Equation
The reaction as a function of x can be determined from

M B  0
 Ay (10)  (10  x )(1)  0
1
Ay  1  x
10

12

6
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines

Example 6.5
Construct the influence line for the moment at C of the beam.

13

Influence Lines

Example 6.5 (Solution)

Tabulate Values
At each selected position of the unit load, the value of MC is calculated using
the method of sections.

14

7
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines

Example 6.5 (Solution)

Influence-Line Equations

M C  0
1
M C  1(5  x )  (1  x )5  0
10
1
MC  x for 0  x  5 m
2

M C  0
1
M C  (1  x)5  0
10
1
M C  5  x for 5 m  x  10 m
2
15

6.2
INFLUENCE LINES FOR BEAMS

16

8
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Beams

 Once the influence line for a function has been constructed, it will be
possible to position live loads on the beam which will produce the max value
of the function

 2 types of loadings will be considered:

- Concentrated force
- Uniform load

17

Influence Lines for Beams

 Concentrated force
- For any concentrated force, F acting on the beam, the value of the function
can be found by multiplying the ordinate of the influence line at position x
by magnitude of F
- Consider Fig 6.7, influence line for Ay
- For unit load, Ay = ½
- For a force of F, Ay = (½) F

18

9
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Beams

 Uniform load
- Each dx segment of this load creates a concentrated force of dF = w0dx
- If dF is located at x, where the influence-line ordinate is y, the value of the
function is (dF)(y) = (w0dx)y
- The effect of all concentrated forces is determined by integrating over the
entire length of the beam

19

Influence Lines for Beams

 Uniform load

 w ydx  w  ydx
o o

- Since
 ydx is equivalent to the area under the influence line, in general:

- value of the function caused by a uniform load = the area under the
influence line x intensity of the uniform load

20

10
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Beams

Example 6.7
Determine the max +ve shear that can be developed at point C in the beam
due to:
A concentrated moving load of 4 kN, and
A uniform moving load of 2 kN/m

21

Influence Lines for Beams

Example 6.7 (Solution)

Concentrated force
The max +ve positive shear at C will occur when the 4 kN force is located at
x = 2.5 m.
The ordinate at this peak is +0.75, hence:

VC  0.75(4kN )  3kN

22

11
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Beams

Example 6.7 (Solution)

Uniform load
The uniform moving load creates the max +ve influence for VC when the load
acts on the beam between x = 2.5 m and x = 10 m
The magnitude of VC due to this loading is:

1 
VC   (10 m  2.5 m)(0.75)  ( 2 kN/m)
2 
 5.625 kN
Total max shear at C:

(VC ) max  3 kN  5.625 kN  8.625 kN

23

6.3
QUALITATIVE INFLUENCE LINES

24

12
 11/1/2019

Qualitative Influence Lines

 The Müller-Breslau Principle states that the influence line for a function is to
the same scale as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted
upon by the function
 If the shape of the influence line for the vertical reaction at A is to be
determined, the pin is first replaced by a roller guide

25

Qualitative Influence Lines

 When the +ve force Ay is applied at A, the beam deflects to the dashed
position which rep the general shape of the influence line

26

13
 11/1/2019

Qualitative Influence Lines

 If the shape of the influence line for shear at C is to be determined, the

connection at C may be symbolized by a roller guide
 Applying a +ve shear force Vc to the beam at C & allowing the beam to
deflect to the dashed position

27

Qualitative Influence Lines

 If the shape of influence line for the moment at C is to be determined, an

internal hinge or pin is placed at C
 Applying +ve moment Mc to the beam, the beam deflects to the dashed line

28

14
 11/1/2019

Qualitative Influence Lines

 The proof of the Müller-Breslau Principal can be established using the

principle of virtual work
 Work = a linear disp x force in the direction of disp
 Or work = rotational disp x moment if the direction of the disp
 If a rigid body is in equilibrium, the sum of all the forces & moments on it
must be equal to zero
 If the body is given an imaginary or virtual disp, work done by all these
forces & couple moments must also be equal to zero
 If the beam shown is given a virtual disp y at the support A, then only Ay &
unit load do virtual work
 Ay does +ve work = Ay y
 The unit load does –ve work = -1 y’

29

Qualitative Influence Lines

30

15
 11/1/2019

Qualitative Influence Lines

 Since the beam is in equilibrium, the virtual work sums to zero

Ayy  1y '  0

If y  1, then  Ay  y '
 The value of Ay represents the ordinate of the influence line at the position of
the unit load

31

Qualitative Influence Lines

 If the beam is sectioned at C, the beam undergoes a virtual disp y then

only the internal shear at C and the unit load do work
 The virtual work eqn is:

VC y  1y '  0
If y  1, then  VC  y '
 The shape of the influence line for shear at C has been established
 If a virtual rotation  is introduced at the pin, virtual work will be done
only by the internal moment & unit load

M C   1y '  0
If y  1, then  M C  y '

32

16
 11/1/2019

Qualitative Influence Lines

Example 6.9
For each beam sketch the influence line for the vertical reaction at A.

33

Qualitative Influence Lines

Example 6.9
For each beam sketch the influence line for the vertical reaction at A.

34

17
 11/1/2019

6.4
INFLUENCE LINES FOR FLOOR GIRDERS

35

Influence Lines for Floor Girders

 Floor loads are transmitted from slabs to floor beams then to side girders &
finally supporting columns

36

18
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Floor Girders

 The influence line for a specified point on the girder can be determined using
the same statics procedure
 In particular, the value for the internal moment in a girder panel will depend
upon where point P is chosen for the influence line
 Magnitude of MP depends upon the point’s location from end of the girder
 Influence lines for shear in floor girders are specified for panels in the girder
and not specific points along the girder
 This shear is known as girder shear

37

Influence Lines for Floor Girders

Example 6.13
Draw the influence line for the shear in panel CD of the floor girder.

38

19
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Floor Girders

Example 6.13 (solution)

The unit load is placed at each floor beam location & the shear in panel CD is
calculated. Finally a segment of the girder is considered & the internal panel
shear VCD is calculated.

39

6.5
INFLUENCE LINES FOR TRUSSES

40

20
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Trusses

 The loading on the bridge deck is transmitted to stringers which in turn

transmit the loading to floor beams and then to joints along the bottom cord
 We can obtain the ordinate values of the influence line for a member by
loading each joint along the deck with a unit load and then use the method
of joints or method of sections to calculate the force in the member

41

Influence Lines for Trusses

Example 6.15
Draw the influence line for the force in member GB of the bridge truss.

42

21
 11/1/2019

Influence Lines for Trusses

Example 6.15 (solution)

Each successive joint at the bottom cord is loaded with a unit load and the
force in member GB is calculated using the method of sections.

Since the influence line extends over the entire span of truss, member GB is
referred to as a primary member.

43

Influence Lines for Trusses

Example 6.15 (solution)

This means that GB is subjected to a force regardless of where the bridge

deck is loaded.

The point of zero force is determined by similar triangles.

44

22
 11/1/2019

6.6
MAXIMUM INFLUENCE AT A POINT DUE TO A SERIES OF
CONCENTRATED LOADS

45

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads

 The max effect caused by a live concentrated force is determined by

multiplying the peak ordinate of the influence line by the magnitude of the
force
 In some cases, e.g. wheel loadings, several concentrated loadings must be
placed on structure
 Trial-and-error procedure can be used.

46

23
 11/1/2019

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads

 Shear
- Consider the simply supported beam with associated influence line for
shear at point C
- The max +ve shear at C is to be determined due to the series of
concentrated loads moving from right to left
- Critical loading occurs when one of the loads is placed just to the right of C

47

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads

 Shear
- Case 2 yields the largest value for VC and therefore rep the critical loading
- Investigation of Case 3 is unnecessary since by inspection such an
arrangement of loads would yield (VC)3 < (VC)2

Case 1 : (VC )1  4.5(0.75)  18(0.625)  18(0.5)  23.63kN

Case 2 : (VC ) 2  4.5(0.125)  18(0.75)  18(0.625)  24.19kN

Case 3 : (VC ) 3  4.5(0)  18(0.125)  18(0.75)  11.25kN

48

24
 11/1/2019

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads

49

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads

 Moment

- Consider the beam, loading & influence line for the moment at point C

50

25
 11/1/2019

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads

 Moment
- When the loads of Case 1
are moved to Case 2, it is
observed that the 9 kN load
decreases  M1-2
- Likewise, the 18 kN and
13.5 kN forces cause an
increase of  M1-2

51

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads

 Moment
- The max moment at C is therefore,

( M C ) max  9(1.35)  18(2.25)  13.5(18)  77.0 kN • m

52

26
 11/1/2019

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads
Example 6.18

Determine the maximum positive shear created at point B in the beam due to
the wheel loads of the moving truck.

53

Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of

Concentrated Loads
Example 6.18 (solution)

 1.8 m movement of the 67.5 kN load (cont’d)

Since VB is -ve, the correct position of the loads occur when 67.5 kN is just
to the right of B.

(VB ) max  18(0.05)  40.5(0.2)  67.5(0.5)  45(0.2)

 33.8 kN
In practice, one also has to consider motion of the truck from left to right &
then choose the max value between these 2 situations.

54

27
 11/1/2019

6.7
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR AND MOMENT

55

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

 A more general problem involves the determination of both the location of

the point in beam & the position of the loading on the beam so that one can
obtain the absolute max shear & moment caused by the loads

 Shear
- For cantilevered beam, the absolute max shear will occur at a point just
next to the fixed support
- For simply supported beams the absolute max shear will occur just next to
one of the supports

56

28
 11/1/2019

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

 Moment
- The absolute max moment for a cantilevered beam occurs at a point where
absolute max shear occurs
- The concentrated loads should be positioned at the far end of the beam

- For a simply supported beam, the critical position of the loads & the
associated absolute max moment cannot, in general, be determined by
inspection
- The position can be determined analytically

57

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

 Moment
- Consider a beam subjected to forces, F1, F2 & F3
- The moment diagram for a series of concentrated forces consists of straight
line segments having peaks at each force
- Assume the absolute max moment occurs under F2
- The position of the 3 loads on the beam will be specified by the dist x
measured from F2 to the beam’s centerline

58

29
 11/1/2019

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

 Moment
- To determine a specific value of x, first obtain the resultant force of the
system FR & its distance measured from F2
- Moments are summed about B, yielding the beam’s left reaction Ay

MB  0
1 L 
Ay  ( FR )   ( x' x)
L 2 

59

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

 Moment
- If the beam is sectioned just to the left of F2, M2 under F2 is:

M  0
L 
M 2  ( Ay )  x   F1d1
2 
1 L  L 
 ( FR )   ( x '  x)  x   F1d1
L 2  2 
FR L FR x' FR x 2 FR x x'
     F1d1
4 2 L L

60

30
 11/1/2019

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

 Moment
- For max M2, we require:

dM 2  2 FR x FR x ' x'
  0 or x
dx L L 2

61

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

 Moment
- Hence, we may conclude that the absolute max moment in a simply
supported beam occurs under one of the concentrated forces such that this
force is positioned on the beam so that it & the resultant force of the
system are equidistant from the beam’s centerline

62

31
 11/1/2019

Thank
you

32