History of

Philippine Art
 I. Pre-conquest
- In art historical terms,
“pre-conquest”
- In stylistic terms,
“indigenious”
- In cultural terms, “pre-
colonial”
 ART BEFORE
Are everday expressions
and were all integrated
within rituals
 Art before Colonization
Earliest forms of Theater/Rituals

1. Mayvanuvanua (Batanes)
- ritual that opens the fishing season of
dibang (flying fish)
Dibang
(Flying Fish)
 Art before Colonization
2. Cañao or Kanyaw (Cordillera
Administrative Region)
- officiated by a shaman or mumbaki. It
involves animal sacrifice where the entrails
are read through a process of divination
 Art before Colonization
3. Kashawing (Lake Lanao of Mindanao)
- ritual to ensure abundance during rice
planting and harvesting.
4. Tagbanwa (Palawan)
-shamans go into a trance amidst ritual
chanting and dancing and are believed to be
taken over the goddesses themselves.
 Art before Colonization
Ethnic Musical Instruments

1. Kudyapi- a three stringed guitar

2. Kulintang- an array of bossed gongs
3. Gansa- flat gong
4. Agong- a large bossed gong
Kudyapi
Kulintang
Gansa
Agong
 Art before Colonization
Native dance forms

1. Pangalay (Sulu)
- mimetic dance of seabirds
2. Kinabua of Mandaya
- performs swooping movements
imitating the movements of eagle
 Art before Colonization
3. Banog-banog of the Higaonon and
B'laan
- courtship dance that portrays the flight
of the birds
4. Man-manok (Bagobos)
- imitate the movements of predatory
birds
 Art before Colonization
5. Talip (Ifugaos)
- courtship dance mimetic of the
movements of wild fowls
6. Inamong of Matigsalugs and
Kadaliwas (T’boli)
- represent the comedic movements of
monkey
 Art before Colonization
7. Tinikling (Tagalog)
- evocative of the movements of the
crane balancing itself on stilt-like legs or
flitting away from the clutches of bamboo
traps
 Art before Colonization
Carving
1. Bulul (Cordillera)
-granary god that plays
important role in rituals
-anthromorphic bulul
appears in containers bowls
and spoons
 Art before Colonization
2. Hagabi (Ifugao)

-wooden bench
that marks the
socio-economic
status of the owner
On the other hand, Christianized communities
in Paete Laguna and Betis Pampanga are
known for carving santos. In the Southern
Philippines curvilienar decorations called the
okir are employed in woodcarving
 Sarimanok is the
stylized design of a
bird holding a fish in
its beak and/or
standing on a base
in the shape of a
fish.
Naga has the form of
an elaborate mythical
serpent or dragon
with a vigorous S-
curve and numerous
curvilinear motifs to
suggest its scales.
Pako rabong is a
stylized growing fern
with a broad base
gracefully tapering
upwards.
 The sarimanok and
naga are found in the
panolong, the
extended floor beam,
and the interior
beams and posts of
the large sultan’s
house called
torogan.
 Art before Colonization
The Manunggul Jar,
excavated in Manunggul
Cave Lipunan Point
Palawan is dated to the late
Neolithic Period (890-
710).It has two
anthromorphic or human
forms atop the lid.
 Art before Colonization
During the Metal Age (5 BC-
225 AD) another type of
anthromorphic jars was
produced the human figure
is more pronounced with lid
as the head and base as the
body.
In later years pottery would become more and
more associated with objects for daily use,
such as the palayok (clay pot) for cooking, and
the banga and tapayan (clay pot) for storing
liquids. In Vigan Ilocos the making of burnay
pottery continues as a lively tradition.
 Art before Colonization
According to Respicio “textile weaving
has a long history, Philippine
ethnolinguistic groups have a rich
textile weaving tradition”
Art before Colonization
Textiles are not only functional they
also impart knowledge about people's
belief systems: the reverence for spirits
and nature criteria for beautiful and the
society's sociopolitical structure
 Art before Colonization
Woven Textiles
1. Pis syabit
- a headpiece woven by Tausug of Sulu
2. Malong
-it has exquisite tapestry panels called
langkit woven by the Maranao of Lanao Del
Sur
 Art before Colonization
Pis syabit
 Art before Colonization
Weaving
1. Tepo Mat
- a colorful double
layered mat of Sama
of Tawi-Tawi made of
pandan leaves.
 Art before Colonization
2. Ovaloid Baskets
-made of nito and bamboo are used
as a head sling to carry harvest
3. Bubo
- fish traps made of sturdy bamboo
strips in the Ilocos region.
 Art before Colonization
1. Tattoos
-Visayas “Islas de los Pintados”
-shared by Southeast Asia and New
Zealand other ethnolinguistic groups
that practices tattooing are Kalinga,
Kankanay, Ibaloy and Ifugao
 Art before Colonization
2. Jewelry
-the T'boli in particular are
known for wearing brass chains bells
and colorful beads
 Art before Colonization

1. Lotoans
-betel nut boxes of various shapes
 Art before Colonization
2. Functional Containers
-textured design of rhombuses,
spirals, cricles, and tendrils swarm over
the exteriors
 Art before Colonization
3. Brass Kendi and Gadur
-used in ceremonies and are
cherished as status symbols or as
heirloom pieces
Art before Colonization
Brass
Kendi
and
Gadur
 II. Islamic Colonial
(13th Century to the
Present)
Islam was already well
entrenched in Southern
Philippine where it
continues to be
culturally dominant.
 Islam
Gained significant grounding
in Sulu as early as 13th
century.
 Sayyid Abubakar of Arabia
married Princess Piramisuli,
daughter of Rajah Baguinda.
Abubakar succeeded the throne
and established the Sultanate of
Sulu
  Quran
 Madrasa
  Tausug
 Maranao
 Maguindanao
 Yakan
 Samal
 Badjao
 Some areas in Palawan
 How art is influenced by
Islam
Notion of Tawhid or Unity with God
emphasizes the impermanence of nature
and the incomprehensible greatness of the
divine Being.
1. Interior of mosques are
covered with elaborate
patterning in the form of
reliefs.
2. Abstract forms and
patterns
 3. Parts of the Mosque like
the mihrab or niche and the
Qibla wall are oriented
toward the west
4. Bulbous Dome expresses
all levels of comic existence
Octagonal base symbolizes the spirit
while the four sided main base refers to
the earth or material world
6. The courtyard or Ka'bah a
black shrine believed to be
built by Prophet Muhammad
himself
7. The area of water supply
serves as the function of
ablution or cleansing
 8. The gardens within the
Mosque compound or even
outside homes
9. Islamic forms are incline
to project, grow or have an
upward orientation
 Panolong an
elaborateoly
carved protusion
akin to a wing
attached to the
torogan
Luhul or canopy that takes
inspiration from the tree of
life
10. Burraq, a horse with the
head of a woman, is also an
important figure
III.Spanish Colonial
(1521-1898)
Style and Culture
Religious Art, Lowland
Christian Art or Folk art
Lowland Christian
Architecture
Art
Sculpting Engraving
Music
Literature
Theater
Visual Art
 Architecture
1. Plaza Complex
The complex was designed as the
town center and consisted of the
municipio or local government
office and church
 Architecture
2. Cruciform Churches
Following the shape of the Latin
cross churches were built
Cruciform Churches
 Architecture
3. Baroque Style
Characterized by grandeur, drama,
elaborate details that purposely
appealed to the emotions
 Architecture
Seen in San Agustin Church in
Manila, Morong Church in Rizal,
Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte and
Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church
in Miag-ao Ilo-Ilo
Baroque Style
 Architecture
3. Colonial Baroque or Philippine or
Tropical Baroque
Fusion of both native and
European elements
 Architecture
To suit the native's sensibilities local
intervention was made. The facade of Miag-
ao Church features St. Christopher
surrounded by reliefs or relleves having
tropical motifs life palm fronds and papaya
trees
 Architecture
The use of adobe, limestone or brick and the
construction of thick buttresses or wing-like
projections reinforce the church structure to
make it more resistant to Earthquakes
Sculpting Engraving
1. Santos
From Western model to
Chinese features and
techniques with Greek
and Roman classical
influence
 Santos
Greek and Roman classical influence is seen in
the proportion and formality of expression of a
santo and baroque style in the expressive and
emotional characteristics of the santo.
Sculpting Engraving
2. Retablo
Integrates architecture and sculpture and is often
embellisehed with rosettes, scrolls, pediments and
solomonic columns which may be gilded or
polychromed
Retablo
Sculpting Engraving
1. Via Crucis
series of 14 paintings or relief
structures depicting Christ's
crucifixion resurrection
 Sculpting Engraving
2. Trompe l'oeil
a French word meaning “fooling
the eye” it refers to painting that
give a heightened illusion of three-
dimensionality
Trompe L'oeil
Sculpting Engraving
3. Relleves
Carved figurative
protusions
Relleves
Sculpting Engraving
4. Plateria
organic designs of
hammered silver
 Music
1. Western Musical
Instruments
Pipe organ violin guitar
piano
 Music
2. Catholic Lithurgical
Music
Introduced in 1742 by
the then Archbishop of
Manila Juan Rodriguez
Angel
 Music
The Santo Domingo and
San Agustin convents taught
choral music to young boys
including Filipino composers
like Marcelo Ardonay (1848-
1928)
 Music
3. Pasyon or Pabasa
Biblical narration of
Christ's passion
chanted in improvised
melody
 Music
4. Awit and Corrido
Musical forms were
chanted stories based
on European Literature
and history
 Music
5. Balitao
Sentimental love songs
 Music
5. Kundiman
usually spoke of
resignation and fatalism
became a vehicle for
resistance
 Music
Kundiman ni Abdon, a
kundiman which
became a feature of
protests actions against
Martial Law and Bayan
Ko
 Literature
Among Mangyans of Mindoro bamboo
poles are turn into smaller nodes and are
etched with Baybayin used to compose
short poems of courtship and emotional
concerns
 Literature
In Ticao Leyte a huge stone was
discovered that contained baybayin writing
believed to be an invocation for a safe
journey by sea.
 Literature
1. Cathecism and
Prayer books
 Theater
1. Religious Processions
Zarzuela or Sarsuwela
Senakulo
Komedya
Moro-moro
 Processions
Earliest forms of theater were replaced by the
pomp and pageantry of religious processions
complete with embellished carrozas containing
religious tableaus of Catholic saints and
scenes from the Bible
 Zarzuela
A popular form of musical theater from Spain
imported during the 19th century it is an opera
which feautes singing and dancing
interspersed with prose dialogue which allowed
the story to be carried out in song
 Zarzuela
Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan
arethe most distinguished playwrights of their
day and Honorata “Atang” dela Rama (National
Artist for Theater and Music,awarded 1987) as
their most celebrated leading actress
 Senakulo
Written in 1704 by Gaspar Aquino de Belen its
narrative was culled entirely from the Biblical
account of Christ's passion and death on the
cross adapted into verse form and translated
into local language.
 Komedya
Depicts the conflict between the Muslims and
Christians.
1. Komedya de Santo or Religious Komedya
2. Secular Komedya
-Moro-moro
Folk Music and Dance
cariñosa
pandango
polka
dansa
riodon
 Secular Art
1.Carta Hydrographica y
Chorographica de las Yslas
Filipinas
The first scientific map of the
Philippines
In 1734 the Jesuit Priest Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde
collaboarated with artists Francisco Suarez and
engraver Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay to make Carta
Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas
Filipinas they were the first to acknowledge their
role as artist.
Other known engravers include Laureano Atlas and
Felipe Sevilla who produced religious images
Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas
Filipinas
 2.Flora de Filipinas
an extensive compilation of
Philippine plants by Augustinian
botanist Fr. Manuel Blanco
 Visual Arts
1. Heaven, Earth, and Hell (1850)
a mural by Jose Dans in Paete Church
Laguna
2. Two versions of San Cristobal
3. Basi Revolt Esteban Villanueva
 The opening of Manila to
international trade and the Suez
Canal in1869 gained economic
benefits for the native elites
 Religious art persisted like:
1. Music
development inside the church
through Marcelo Adonay and his
compositions based on the Western
tradition.
Religious art persisted like:

2. Viriña
a bell shaped glass where santos
are placed
 Religious art persisted like:

3. Urna
a humble domestic version of
retablo often attributed to the artists
of Visayan region
The rise of new elite in art
1. Bahay na bato
2. Paintings
 Paintings
1. Miniaturist Style
meticulous details that signify the
wealth and refinement of the sitter
 Paintings
Portrait of the Quiazon Family 1800
documents the family's affluence: the
magnificent interior of the family's house,
the mother's jewelry the delicate fabric
and embroidery of their clothing and their
dignified poses
 Painting
Other known painters of the same style
are Antonio Malantic, Isidro Arceo,
Dionisio De Castro, and Justiniano
Asuncion
 Paintings
2. Letras y Figuras
combining names of individuals
and vignettes of everyday life
 Paintings
Jose Honorato
Lozano
 Paintings
3. Academic Paintings
championed European academic
styles
 Paintings
In 1821 Damian Domingo established the
first art school in the country right at his
studio in Binondo Manila,Academia de
Dibujo, which eventually became absorbed
by Real Sociedad Economica Filipina de
Amigos del Pais where he serve as director
 Paintings
Features chiaroscuro or the play of light and
the dark and the contrast between them to
heighten the compositon's sense of drama
 Paintings
Juan Luna won gold for Spoliarium and Felix
Hidalgo won silver for Virgenes Christianas
Expuestas Al Populacho in Madrid Exposition.
 Paintings
Virgenes Christianas
Expuestas Al
Populacho currently on
long-term loan to
National Art Gallery in
Singapore is a part of
the Metropolitan
Museum of Manila or
MET Collection
 Paintings
Spoliarium may be
viewed at the National
Art Gallery of the
Philippines
 Paintings
España y Filipinas
is at the Lopez
Museum
 Paintings
3. Genre Paintings
Painting of scenes from everyday
life, of ordinary people in work or
recreation, depicted in a generally
realistic manner.
 Paintings
Simon Flores' Primeras Letras
1890
 IV. American
Colonial to the
Postwar Republic
Sedition law which
banned the writing,
printing and publication
of materials advocating
Philippine Independence
 Literature
1. Drama Simbolico
are one-act play came to
represent a deep and
profound yearning from
freedom
 Drama Simbolico
Tanikalang Guinto or Golden
Chain Juan Abad
1902 Hindi Ako Patay or I am not
Dead Juan Matapang Cruz
1903 Kahapon Ngayon at Bukas
Aurelio Tolentino
 Literature
2. A Modern Filipina
the first English play written in 1915
by Liastillejo and Jesus Araullo
 Literature
3. Vaudeville
is a motley collection of slapstick,
songs, dances, acrobatics, comedy
skits, chorus girls, magic acts, and
stand-up comic acts
 Architecture
1. New Urban Design
employed Neoclassic architecture for
governement edifices and integrated
parks and lawns to make the city
attractive by making its buildings
impressive and places more inviting for
leisure amid urban light
Legislative Building
National Art Gallery
Post Office
 Architecture
Tomas Mapua, Juan Arellano,
Andres Luna de San Pedro, and
Antonio Toledo
 Paintings
1. Landscape
became cherished travel souvenirs
 Fabian Dela Rosa
Known for his naturalist painting
characterized by restraint and
formality in brushwork, choice of
somber colors, and subject matter
Planting Rice 1921
El Kundiman 1930
Fernando Amorsolo
1972 National Artist known for his
romantic paintings that captured
the warm glow of the Philippine
sunlight
Ginebra Logo Design
Amorsolo School
Irineo Miranda, Toribio Herrera,
Cesar Buenavantura and
Dominador Castaneda
Victorio Edades
National Artist Victorio Edades
influenced by United States'
modern art movement
The Builders
Guillermo Tolentino
National Artist (1973) Guillermo
Tolentino is sculptor
studied Fine Arts in Rom and was
influenced by classical tradition
 Oblation

1958
1935 original
Bonifacio Monument 1933
 Napoleon Abueva
National Artist Napoleon Abueva is
a modern artist who has worked
with a variety of mediums from
hardwood to precious alabaster
 Japanese
Occupation (1941-
1945)
Modern Art project slow
downed in pace
 1. KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod ng
Bagong Pilipinas) sponsored art
competitions
2. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere is
a propaganda movement that sought to
create a Pan-Asia identity that rejected
Western traditions.
Slogans like “Asia for Asia” made its way
to the public through posters, ephemera,
comics, and Japanese sponsored
publications such as Shin-Seki, Liwayway
and Tribune
Amorsolo Paintings
Harvest Scene 1942 and Rice Planting 1942
continued to flourish because his arts
showed little or no indication of war's
atrocities which is continued to be favored.
Amorsolo Paintings
Evocative of Semblance of peace, idealized
work in the countryside and promoted values
of docile industriousness
 Sa Kabukiran
Is Sylvia La Torre's hit song written
in tagalog in the 1940'by the
acclaimedcomposer Levi Celerion
National Artist for Music and
Literature awarded 1997
His Excellency, Jorge B. Vargas, Chairman of
the Philippine Executive Commission 1943
“Independence this Year” said His
Excellency, Premier Tojo 1943
 Paintings
1. Genre Paintings
2. Showed indigenous and pre-colonial
traditions
3. Portraits of ethnolonguistoc groups
(Crispin Lopez's Study of An Aeta 1943)
 4. Scenes of war that remained neutral
focusing on the aesthetic qualites of ruin and
disaster (Amorsolo's Bombing of the
Intendencia 1942 and Ruins of the Manila
Cathedral 1945)
 After 1945 works which depicted the horrors
of war such as Diosdado Lorenzo's Atrocities
in Paco and Dominador Castaneda's Doomed
family were painted
 IV. 70's
Contemporary

Many cultural projects

ensued during the helm
of the Marcoses
Under Martial Marcos envisioned a New Society or
Bagong Lipunan
1. Rebirth of a long lost civilization
2. Aspiration to modernization and development
CCP Shrine for the Arts
Cultural Center of the Philippines is the premier
bureaucratic entity through which art acquisition,
exhibition making, workshops, grants and awards
were implemented
 CCP Complex
Folk Arts Theater (1974 Miss Universe Pageant)
Philippine International Concention Center (1976
IMF-World Bank Conference)
Tahanang Filipino or Coconut Palace (Papal Visit)
Manila Film Center (Manila International Film
Festival)
Reviving Filipino Tradition

National Arts Center in Mt. Makiling

Coconut Palace A
 National Arts Center
in Mt. Makiling was designed by
Architect Leandro Locsin is
appropriated the style of vernacular
houses like the Ifugao fale
Coconut Palace
was designed by Architect
Francisco Manosca utilized
indigenous building
materials and fashioned the
roof to look like a salakot
 Reviving Filipino Tradition
National Arts Center in Mt. Makiling designed by
Architect Leandro Locsin is appropriated the style of
vernacular houses like the Ifugao fale
Coconut Palace Architect Francisco Manosca
utilized indigenous building materials and fashoined
the roof to look like a salakot
NCTXOET
 the

CONTEXT
of ART
CONTEXT
setting,conditions, circumstances,
and occurences affecting production
and reception or audience response
to an artwork
 CONTEXT
a set of background information.
by recognizing context, we
acknowledge art’s interaction with
active forces in the society: social,
political, economic, religious, and
historical to name a few.
Example:

“Bulul”
contains elements of sculpture but is not
regarded as such by its maker.
IMPORTANT FACTS:
a remarkable bulul collection can be viewed in storage
at Hiwang Village;Banaue, Ifugao. Locals can see the
said collection at H.Otley Beyer Museum located in the
Vicinity.

The Bencab Museum in Baguio City also has a big

collection of bululs.
Thus, we can see the bulul, though
ancient in origin continues to be
contemporary…
 Gaston Damag
CONTEXT: Exhibition system
DOMAIN: Contemporary Art in Fine Arts
What happens to an object
(art) when it is removed from
its original context and
changes in function?
What are the different
contexts of art?
a. Artist’s background
age, gender, culture, economic
conditions, social environment, and
disposition.
Betis Pampanga
sculpture is learned through “apprenticeship”
with a

matekanan mandukit/
master sculptor
Red paper MÂCHÉ
sculpture of horse/ “Taka”
Paete Laguna
is for
EXPORT or LOCAL SALE
 In
the Gallery and Museum
setting, the
UNIQUESNESS and
INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSION
is given much IMPORTANCE
Some artists deliberately
foreground their
CULTURAL IDENTITY
in their works
 The Tausug National Artist
ABDULMARI ASIA IMAO
(awarded 2006)
integrate culture of Mindanao like
the mythical SARIMANOK
SARIMANOK
The “Talaandig” artists from
BUKIDNON on the other hand, express
their affinities with the land by using
soil instead of pigments and painting
about their present concerns
JULIE LLUCH
from ILIGAN CITY

emphasize her female identity and personal

experiences in many of her TERRACOTTA WORKS.
in “CUTTING ONIONS ALWAYS MAKES ME CRY”, 1988,
her self-portrait presents cooking--- a role associated
with women in the home--- as oppresive and
unpleasant.
“CUTTING ONIONS ALWAYS MAKES ME CRY 1988”
Travels, training, and professional
development broadens the artist’s
horizons.

Migration provides the artist with a

different set of material conditions
b.Nature
source of inspiration and a
wellspring of materials for art
production.
T’nalak
uses abaca fibers
producing forms inspired by nature:
kleng(crab), gmayaw (bird in fight) tofi
(frog), and sawo( snake skin).
T’nalak
T’nalak
is evocative of the people’s belief that
spirits reside with people in the natural
environment
NELFA QUERUBIN-TOMPKINS

has expiremented with iron-rich San

Dionisio Clay sourced from her native
Iloilo.
BLACK POTTERY by Nelfa Querubin
 NATURE
is also the
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.
 The traditional Ivatan houses in Batanes are built
using stones and fango for its walls, a kind of mortar
formed by combining cogon and mud bits.
Fango, cogon, and the traditional Ivatan House
JUNYEE
made an ephemeral installation at the
grounds of the CCP titled
“Angud, a forest once(2000)”.
“Angud, a forest once(2007)”
VEEJAY VILLAFRANCA
one of the photographers who warned the
public about the alarming effects of climate
change, and how it forces people to become
“refugees in their own land”.
Photos by Veejay Villafranca
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
painted land scapes as a romantic picture
RICARTE PURUGANAN
depicted nature as an “uncontrollable force” in his TOILERS OF THE SEA, 1980
(photo not available in google)
c. Everyday Life

Philippine traditional art has always been an

integral part of daily life.
Its significance lies not only in its aesthetic
appearance but also in its functionality and
value to the society where it’s produce
Pabalat of the Bulacan
Lirio Salvador
a Cavite-based artist
fuses easily accessible objects like
machine discards, bicycle parts, and
implements to form an assemblage.
Lirio Salvador’s “Sandata ni Shiva”
MM YU
(photographer)

captured interesting patterns and forms

often overlooked in the city.
Photos by MM YU
d. Society, Politics,Economy, and History
Although art is a form of expression, we
discern that thoughout its history, the works
are not always created out of the artist’s
own volition
“changes in the society, politics, and
economy affects the artists, the work
that they do, and the structures that
support their production…”
“Technological innovations engender
shifts in artistic production…”
20th Century
PHOTOGRAPHY became accessible to local
photographers as “Kodak” set up shop in the
Philippines in 1928.
PHOTOGRAPHY fulfilled documentary and
artistic functions.
DALAGANG BUKID
by Hermogenes Ilagan and Leon
Ignacio, Directed by Jose
Nepomuceno (1919)

is the basis of the first film to be directed by a

Filipino
DID YOU KNOW?

During Nepomuceno’s time, technology

integrating music was not yet available, so
the latter would be produced through “a
capella” while the movie ran.

ATANG DE LA RAMA (NATIONAL ARTIST) is a

singer-actress who would sing in such movies
BENEDICTO CABRERA’S
“Brown Brother’s Burden” 1970
 APPROPRIATION
the technique of transforming existing
materials through the juxtaposition of
elements taken from context and replacing
these in another to present alternative
meanings, structure, and composition.
 e. Mode of Reception

WHEN, WHERE, and HOW art is encountered.

 “MUSEUM’s power lies
in its ability to
construct knowledge for us…”
 “RECEPTION
is very much affected by our level of
exposure to art forms…”
MIDEO CRUZ’S “Poleteismo”
at the exhibit entitled “Kulo”

PROMINENT or NOTORIOUS?
“I never go out of my way to offend; but I do like to
provoke debates and critical thinking. Art is a way of
expressing one’s views about the world, culture and
history, and this is what I do in my work. The
audience is free to make their own conclusions and
interpretations about the images I create, but I must
confess I didn’t expect for anyone to react so
violently against ‘Poleteismo.’ The worse that I
would’ve expected is for no one to come to the CCP
and see my work or those of the my colleagues in
this exhibition,”
 “The artist’s AGE, GENDER, CULTURE,
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT, and DISPOSITION affect
PRODUCTION as well as RECEPTION…”