DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I (CENG 3102)

CHAPTER 5: EARTH WORK QUANTITY AND MASS HAUL DIAGRAM

At the end of this chapter,

5.1 Introduction to Earth work and MHD students will be able to
5.2 Area and volume calculation  Compute earthwork quantity
5.3 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)  Compute earthwork cost
5.4 Formation Level and Economy of MHD
 Balance earthwork in relation to
geometric design

By Haile G. May 2022

 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
2

 Earthwork
 Refers to excavation, embankments and moving these earth
materials for highway construction purposes
 Involves activities such as clearing, grubbing, excavation,
embankment, borrow, grading, etc.
 Earthwork highly influenced by the geometric design of the
road and type of soil.
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
3

 Earthwork
 Earthwork operation includes
1. Clearing and Grubbing
2. Excavation of drainage channels & trenches
3. Excavation of structures
4. Borrows
5. Haul & Overhaul
6. Grading
7. Preparation of Side Slopes
8. Reconditioning of roadway
9. Other operations for preparing the subgrade for highway or
runway pavement construction
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
4

Earthwork
1. Clearing and Grubbing
 It is the first operation to be undertaken on any project involving
earthwork.
 The removal of trees, stumps, roots, down timber, rotten wood,
rubbish and other objectionable material form an area marked
on the plans.
 Clearing refers to the removal of materials (top soil with grass, shrubs…)
above existing ground surface, and
 Grubbing means the removal of roots, stumps and similar objects to a nominal
depth below the surface.
 Clearing and grubbing constitute a single contact item that
includes the removal of topsoil to a shallow depth.
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Earthwork
2. Excavation
 The process of loosening and removing earth or rock from its original
position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to a waste deposit.
i. Classification of Excavation based on type of material to be excavated
 Hard Rock excavation: material that cannot be excavated without
blasting. Rocks excavation that requires Jack hammering and then
excavation by excavator for gathering & loading
 Soft rock Excavation: A rock that can be excavated easily by the
buckets of excavator. Such rocks may not require blasting or jack
hammering.
 Common or ordinary soil excavation: excavation and disposal of all
materials of whatever character encountered in the work, which are
not classified as rock, borrow
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Earthwork
2. Excavation
ii. Classification of Excavation based on the purpose of material to be
excavated
 Borrow excavation : excavation of approved material required for
construction of embankments taken from borrow pits.
 Unsuitable excavation : the removal and disposal of deposits of
saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soil and organic matter not
suitable for embankment material.
 Roadway and Drainage Excavation : the excavation and grading
of the roadway and ditches.
 Excavation for Structures : the excavation of material in order to
permit the construction of pipe culverts, concrete box culverts….
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Earthwork
3. Embankments
 Used in road construction when the vertical alignment of
the road has to be raised some distance above the
level of the existing ground surface in order to satisfy
design standards.
 In this stage keeping the side slopes stable is the major
task. Where necessary retaining structures such as
masonry or reinforced concrete wall also constructed to
make the embankment stable.
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Earthwork
4. Compaction
 Each layer is rolled to a satisfactory degree of density
before the next layer is placed, and the fill is thus built up to
the desired height by the formation of successive layers.
5. Finishing operations (grading) :
 Are the final activities necessary to complete the earthwork
like trimming of formation level, shoulders, ditches and side
slopes.
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Definition of Terms
 Excavation: is the quantity of material in cut
 Embankment: is the quantify of material in fill
 Haul: is the distance a cubic unit of material is transported
 Free-haul: is distance the contractor can haul a cubit unit of
material without extra cost above the cost of excavation.

 Overhaul: is all haul distance beyond the free haul.

 Waste: is excavated material which is not used for fill.
 Borrow: material needed for fill but not obtained from road
grading.
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Earthwork Quantity
 Quantity in m3 and Cost in birr/m3 are calculated either in
its original form or by allowing for shrinkage and swell

 The rate of payment generally includes full compensation

for excavation, formation of embankment, preparing of
side slopes, disposal or borrowing with in the free-haul
distance, and the preparation and completion of the
subgrade and the shoulders
 For borrowing or disposal involving more than the free haul
distance, additional payment is to be considered.
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Earthwork Quantity
Classification of Excavated Material
 Usually the classification is into three categories:
1. Solid Rock:

 Hard rock and boulders;

 Volume > 1m3; Best removed by blasting
2. Loose Rock:
 Detached masses or rock ;
 0.025 < V < 1m3; Could easily be removed
3. Common/Ordinary Excavation:
 All others includes soft and intermediate excavation
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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 Shrinkage & Swell Factors

 The process of excavation breaks up earth and makes it take up more space
afterwards –

 Swelling (e.g. excavated rock occupies a larger volume in fill).

 After placing the excavated earth in a fill and compacting, volume will become
less than the original.
 Difference b/n original volume in cut and final volume in fill –

 Shrinkage
 Shrinkage depends on:

 The material’s characteristics

 Moisture content;
 Climatic conditions; and
 Method of placing
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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Shrinkage & Swell Factors

 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
14

Shrinkage & Swell Factors

 Percent shrinkage = ( 1 – ( wt. bank measure / wt. compacted ) )*100
 P𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = ( (𝑤𝑡. 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 / 𝑤𝑡. 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) – 1 ) ∗ 100
𝛾𝐵 𝛾𝐵
% 𝑠ℎ. = 1– ∗ 100 , % 𝑠𝑤. = − 1 ∗ 100
𝛾𝐶 𝛾𝐿
where :
 𝛾𝐵 =bank state unit weight, 𝛾𝐶 =compacted state unit weight
 𝛾𝐿 =loose state unit weight
 If initial volume at bank state is V, then after excavation the final volume will be 𝑉 ∗ (1 + %𝑠𝑤)
 If initial volume at loose state is V, then after compaction the final volume will be 𝑉/(1 + %𝑠ℎ)
 Introduction to Earth work and MHD
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 Swell of Excavated rocks

15

Excavated Rock % Swell =5 – 25%

Shrinkage of compacted fills
Material % of shrinkage
Light excavated soil 10 – 20%
(on ordinary ground)
Light excavated soil 20 – 40%
(on swampy ground)
Heavy Excavated soil Up to 10%

• Amount of excavation at bank state (VB) required to make a given

fill volume after compaction (Vc) may be arrived at by:
(𝟏+𝒔𝒉%)
VB= 𝑽𝑪 ∗
(𝟏+𝒔𝒘%)
 Area and Volume Calculation
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Computation of cross-sectional area

 For the purpose of calculating the quantity of earth
work, the areas of cross-sections and the distance
between them must be known
 Area calculation Methods
 For regular/level ground  simple geometry
 For irregular ground, two methods
1. Graphical or planimeter method
2. Coordinate or other approximate method
 Area and Volume Calculation
17

Cross-sectional Elements
Cross-sectional elements show
 Location/station of original ground section and template section
 Elevation of proposed grade
 Areas of cut/fill
 Area and Volume Calculation
18

 Typical Sections

Fill

Cut
Cut & Fill
 Area and Volume Calculation
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 Areas of Simple geometric shapes

 Area of a trapezoid
sd sd

1 d 1
s s
b

Cut
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑠𝑑 2

b
s

sd sd
Fill
 Area and Volume Calculation
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 Area for (Regular) cut – fill sections

C
L
b/2
1 h2
A1=Area in cut
A2=Area in fill s1 d s2
c
h1 1

d1 d2

(b  2nd ) 2 (b  2nd ) 2
When c is to the right A1  and A2 
of the point of zero fill 8(n  s1 ) 8(n  s2 )
(b  2nd ) 2 (b  2nd ) 2
When c is to the left of A1  and A2 
the point of zero fill 8(n  s1 ) 8(n  s2 )
 Area and Volume Calculation
21

 Area by Coordinate method

 A simpler rule for area follows if we arrange in counterclockwise order the
coordinates (see fig. below) in the form of fractions, the initial fraction
(beginning at any corner) being repeated to give a closed boundary. Thus, we
have
x5,y5 x4,y4 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒚𝟒 𝒚𝟓 𝒚𝟏
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟏
x3,y3

x1,y1 x2,y2

 Multiply along the marked diagonals and add the products (all positive); multiply along
the unmarked diagonals and add the products (all negative). The difference gives the
double area.
𝟐𝑨 = (𝒚𝟏𝑿𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐𝑿𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑𝑿𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒𝑿𝟓 + 𝒚𝟓𝑿𝟏) − (𝒚𝟐𝑿𝟏 + 𝒚𝟑𝑿𝟐 + 𝒚𝟒𝑿𝟑 + 𝒚𝟓𝑿𝟒 + 𝒚𝟏𝑿𝟓)

 Similarly for any closed boundary with coordinate points

𝒚𝟏𝑿𝟐+𝒚𝟐𝑿𝟑+𝒚𝟑𝑿𝟒+⋯+𝒚𝒏 𝟏𝑿𝒏+𝒚𝒏𝑿𝟏 − 𝒚 𝑿 +𝒚 𝑿 +𝒚 𝑿 +⋯+𝒚𝒏𝑿𝒏 +𝒚 𝑿
𝑨= − 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
𝟐
 Area and Volume Calculation
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Area of irregular section

 Trapezoidal Rule
 Assumes the boundaries could be approximated by a
straight line, if the interval L between offset
measurements is very small

L L L
O1 A1 A2 A An On
3

O2 On-1
O3

A  A1  A2  ...  An
A  L / 2O1  On 1  2(O2  O3  ...  On )
 Area and Volume Calculation
23

Area of irregular section

 Simpson’s Rule
 Assumes, instead, that the boundaries consist of a
series of parabolic arcs
 For this rule to apply, N must be an odd number

L L L
O1 A1 A2 A An On
3

O2 On-1
O3

A1  A2  L / 3(O1  4O2  O3 )
A3  A4  L / 3(O3  4O4  O5 )
A  L / 3(O1  ON  4 even offsets  2 remaining odd offsets)
 Area and Volume Calculation
24

Computation of Volumes
 Two methods will be discussed here:
1. Average End Area Method
2. Prismodal Formula
 Area and Volume Calculation
25

1. Average End Area Method

 Volume of a right prism equals the average area multiplied by the length

A2

A1
A1  A2
V12  l
2
V  l / 2[( A1  An )  2( A2  A3  ...  An  2  An 1 )]
 Area and Volume Calculation
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2. Prismodal Formula
 A prismoid is a solid whose ends are parallel and whose sides are plane
or warped surfaces
 The Volume of a prismoid is:
Vab  l 6 ( A1  4 Am  A2 )
A2
V13  l 3 ( A1  4 A2  A3 )
V35  l 3 ( A3  4 A4  A5 )
 V15  l 3 ( A1  A5  2 A3  4( A2  A4 ))
 V  l 3 ( A1  AN  2( remaining odd areas)  4(even areas)) Am

A1

 A1 & A3 are parallel end areas a distance l apart and A2 the area at the
mid-length, found out by interpolating the linear dimensions.
 Area and Volume Calculation
27

Example 1:
Computing Volume (Average End Area Method)
Shrinkage = 10%, L = 20 m
Cut Area = 5 m2
Station 1:
Fill Area = 22 m2
Cut
Fill
Ground line

Station 2: Cut Area = 20 m2

Fill Area = 4 m2
Cut
Fill
Ground line
 Area and Volume Calculation
28

Solution:
𝐴1𝑐𝑢𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑐𝑢𝑡 5+20
 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 𝐿( )= 20*( )= 250 m3
2 2

𝐴1𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 + 𝐴2𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 22+4

 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿( )= 20*( ) =260 m3
2 2

for shrinkage = 260 * 0.1 = 26 m3

 Fill

 Total fill = 260 m3 + 26 m3 = 286 m3

 Total cut and fill between stations 1 and 2 = 286 m3 fill

– 250 m3 cut = 36 m3 fill
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
29

Mass Diagram
 Is a continuous curve showing the accumulated algebraic sum of the
cuts (+ve) and fills (-ve) from some initial station to any succeeding
station
 Ordinates of the mass curve are plotted with reference to a
horizontal scale of distances
 It is convenient to tabulate the cumulative sum of cuts and fills at a
station before drawing a Mass diagram
 Series of lines that shows net accumulation of cut or fill between any
2 stations
 Ordinate is the net accumulation of volume from an arbitrary
starting point
 First station is the starting point
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
30

Drawing a mass-haul diagram

Procedures
1. Calculate areas at cross-sections
2. Calculate the volume of fill and cut; cut is +ve and fill –ve.
3. Correct the volume calculated by shrinkage and swell factors
4. Tabulate the corrected aggregate volume
5. Plot the mass haul diagram
(scale: 1:2000 H and 1:500 or 1:1000 (cm:m3)V)
6. Join points by a straight line or curves

Sta Individual volume Bulking/ Shrinkage Corr. Indiv. volumes Aggregate Vol.
Cut Fill factors Cut Fill
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
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Mass-Haul Diagram - Characteristics

i. The Ordinate at any point represents the cumulative material
to that point on the profile
ii. Uphill line indicates cut,
iii. Downhill line indicates fill,
iv. Flat line indicates cut and fill are equal.
v. Any horizontal line cutting a loop of a mass curve, intersects
the curve at two points b/n which the cut is equal to the fill
(adjusted for shrinkage); such a line is called a BALANCE LINE
vi. The loop convex upward indicates that the haul from cut to fill
is to be in one direction
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
32

Mass-haul Diagram - Example

 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
33

Example 2:
Based on the given cross-sectional
areas,
a. Determine volume,
b. Draw the profile and Mass-haul
diagram of earthwork. Ignore swell
& shrinkage allowances
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
34

 Solution:
• Volume,

=0+126.67
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
10
12
16
18
20
22
24

-32
14

-8
-6
-2
0
2
4
6
8

-4
35
0+000

0+020

0+040

0+060

0+080

0+100

0+120

0+140

0+160

0+180

0+200

0+220

0+240

0+260

0+280
Volume of Earthwork

0+300
Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)

0+320

0+340

0+360

0+380

0+400

0+420

0+440

0+460

0+480

0+500
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95

-5
0
5
36
0+000

0+020

0+040

0+060

0+080

0+100

0+120

0+140

0+160

0+180

0+200

0+220
MHD

0+240

0+260

0+280
Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)

0+300

0+320

0+340

0+360

0+380

0+400

0+420

0+440

0+460

0+480

0+500
 37
Aggregate Volume(m3) Volume of earth work (m3)

-60
-40
-20
100

0
20
40
60
80
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
20
25
30

0
5
15
0 0

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

120 120

140 140

160 160

180 180

200 200

220 220
Station

240 240

260 260

Station
280 280
Profile of Earthwork
Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)

300 300
Mass haul Diagram of Earthwork

320 320

340 340
• Profile and Mass-haul diagram of earthwork.

360 360

380 380

400 400

420 420

440 440

460 460

480 480

500 500
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
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 Distribution Analysis of Earthwork

 Terminologies
 Haul Distance: distance from point of excavation to point where the material is to
be tipped
 Average Haul Distance: is the distance from the centre of gravity of the
excavation to the centre of gravity of the tip
 Free-haul Distance: is the distance (usually specified in the contract) over which a
charge is paid only for the volume of earth excavated and not for its movement
(300m).
 Free-haul is part of the haul which is contained within the free haul distance.
 Over-haul Distance: is the distance in excess of the free-haul distance, over which it
is necessary to transport material. An extra charge will be paid for transport.
 Over-haul is part of the haul which remains after the free haul has been removed.
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
39

 Distribution Analysis of Earthwork

 Terminologies
 Haul: is the sum of the product of each volume of material and
the distance through which it is moved. On the mass-haul
diagram, it is the area contained b/n the curve and the
balance line
 Free haul distance (FHD)- distance earth is moved without
additional compensation
 Limit of Economical Haul (LEH)
 Also known as Limit of Profitable Haul (LPH)
 Distance beyond which it is more economical to borrow or
waste than to haul from the project
 Borrow: material purchased outside of project
 Waste : excavated material not used in project
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
40

 Limit of Economical Haul (LEH)

 For long haul distances, it may be economical to waste and
borrow materials rather than pay for cost of overhauling
 Compare Cost of overhauling vs. Cost of waste + borrow
 Let:
 Ce=cost of excavation per unit volume (including free haul)

 Cb=cost to excavate borrow pit (including free haul)

 Coh=cost of overhaul per m3m

 Le=Economical Length of over-haul

 Cost to excavate 1m3 of material from cut and move to
fill
𝐶𝐸𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 + 𝐶𝑜ℎ ∗ 𝐿𝑜ℎ (1)
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
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 Limit of Economical Haul (LEH)

 Cost of excavate from cut, waste, borrow and place 1m3
material in fill
𝐶𝐵 = 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑒 (2)
 Equating (1) & (2):
𝐶𝑒 + 𝐶𝑜ℎ ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ = 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ = 𝐶𝑏 /𝐶𝑜ℎ

 Total economic haul distance,

𝐿𝑒ℎ = 𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
Where:
 FHD=free haul distance

 Economic overhaul limit (𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ ) = (cost of borrow/cost

of overhaul)
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
42

Example 3:
 If the unit cost of roadway excavation, Ce, is 80 birr/m3, unit cost of borrow, Cb, is
70birr/m3, and unit cost of overhaul, Coh, is 7 birr/m3-station, what is the economical
length of haul? The free haul distance is 1.5km and a station is 100m long.
Solution:
 Leoh= 10 station=10*100m=1000m (( payable economical distance to overhaul
within this range)
 𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 𝐹𝐻𝐷 + 𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ = 1500 + 1000 = 2500 𝑚 ( economical distance to haul
within this range)
 Average Haul Distance (AHD) is the distance from the centre of gravity of the
excavation to the centre of gravity of the tip (fill area).
 If the available AHD is less than LEH then it is economical to transport the excavated
material.
 For the above example if AHD=2400m, estimate overhauling distance that is to be
considered in payment estimation.
AOHD=AHD-FHD=2400-1500=900 m which payable haul distance
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
43

Quantities for Cost Estimation

 Quantity of excavation (Qe) for road grading purpose
If the material to be excavated for grading purpose is
of the same type, i.e. of same cost per
unit of excavation,
 Then the total cost of excavation for the road grading
purpose is
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑒 ∗ Σ𝑄𝑒 = 𝐶𝑒 ∗ Σ(𝑄𝑓ℎ + 𝑄𝑒𝑜ℎ + 𝑄𝑤 )
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
44

Quantities for Cost Estimation

 Quantity of economic over-haul (𝑸𝒆𝒐𝒉 ) which will be
moved with extra payment for the transportation
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 − 𝒉𝒂𝒖𝒍 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∗ 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒖𝒍 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 ∗ 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 − 𝐡𝐚𝐮𝐥 = 𝐂𝐨𝐡 ∗ ∑(𝐐𝐞𝐨𝐡 ∗ 𝐎𝐇𝐃𝐀𝐯𝐞 )
but available 𝑶𝑯𝑫𝑨𝒗𝒆 need to be less than 𝑳𝒆𝒐𝒉
 Quantity of borrow pit excavation (𝑸𝒃 ), for
embankment (fill) areas
 By assuming the borrow site is within free haul distance,
additional cost due to borrow pit excavation
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
= 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∗ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒑𝒊𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑪𝒃 ∗ ∑𝑸𝒃

 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
45
Area(m2)
Example 4: Station
0
cut
0
fill

100 0.8
 The tabulated data is the cross-sectional area of cut and fill for 200 0.9
a given road bed preparation. 300 0.6
400 0.4
 Given the unit costs are: 500 0.3
600 0.2
 cost of excavation is 140 birr/m3 and 633.3 0 0
700 0.6
 cost of borrow excavation is 150 birr/m3 and 800 0.9
 cost of overhaul=50birr/m3-station where 1station=100m and 900 0.8
1000 1.2
 Free-haul distance (FHD) =500m. 1100 1.4
1200 1.4
 Assume no swell and shrinkage factor is required. 1300 0.2
a) Determine the volume of earthwork by average end area method 1350 0 0
1400 0.2
b) Draw profile and mass-haul diagram 1500 1.1
1600 0.9
c) Determine total cost of earthwork of the project
1700 0.7
1800 0.3
 (N.B: Clearly show the direction of movement of material)
1850 0 0
1900 0.3
2000 0.5
2100 0.1
2200 0.1
2300 0.3
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
46

Example 4:
 Solution:
𝑽𝟏𝟐 = 𝑨𝟏+𝑨𝟐 ∗𝑳
𝟐

 V12= Volume of earthwork

between station 1 &station 2.
 L=Station2-Station1
 A1= x-sectional area at station 1
 A2= X-sectional area at station 2
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
47

Solution:
𝐶𝑏 150 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟/𝑚3
 𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ = = = 3 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑜ℎ 50𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟/𝑚3−𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Leoh =3 station=3*100=300m
 Since 𝐹𝐻𝐷 = 500𝑚,

𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 300 𝑚 + 500 𝑚 = 800 𝑚

 It is economical to haul an excavated material
during grading work (subgrade or bed
preparation) up to a total distance of 800m.
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
48

Solution:
 Therefore if the available haul distance (HD) is greater
than 800m, then it is economical to use borrow material
by doing borrow excavation rather than transporting an
excavated material during grading work.
 Draw the critical balance lines. These are lines with length
equals 𝐹𝐻𝐷 = 500 m and 𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 800 m.
 If the available haul distance (HD) is less than 𝐿𝐸𝐻 . Then
draw a balance line with length equals HD rather than
𝐿𝐸𝐻 .
 If the available haul distance(HD) is less than FHD, then no
need to consider it. because no cost implication.
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
49

End

BY Mubarek Z. 49
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
50

Analysis of LOOP-1 𝑴𝒊𝒏.𝑯𝑫+𝑴𝒂𝒙.𝑯𝑫 𝟓𝟎𝟎+𝟖𝟎𝟎

 𝑨𝑯𝑫 = = = 𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
 Thus 𝑨𝑶𝑯𝑫 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎
 𝑨𝑶𝑯𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝒐𝒉 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝟑

LOOP-1
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
51

Analysis of LOOP-2
𝟓𝟎𝟎+𝟕𝟓𝟎
 𝑨𝑯𝑫 = = 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒎 𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝑨𝑶𝑯𝑫 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎
𝟐
 𝑨𝑶𝑯𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝒐𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟑

LOOP-2
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
52

Analysis of end loop

 The mass diagram (curve) ends with fill. Thus borrow
excavation is necessary.
 To get borrow select material.
 Read 𝑸𝒃 from graph; 𝑸𝒃 = 𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝟑
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
53

 Earthwork Cost summary

Finally
 Cost of excavation:
Cost of excavation = 𝑄𝑒 ∗ 𝐶𝑒 = 620.833 𝑚3 ∗ 140 birr/m3 = 86,916.62 birr

 Cost of borrow excavation:

Cost of borrow excavation = 𝑄𝑏 ∗ 𝑐𝑏 = (100 + 95) 𝑚3 ∗ 150 birr/m3 = 29,250 birr

 Cost of overhaul:
Cost of overhaul = 𝑄𝑜ℎ ∗ 𝐶𝑜ℎ ∗ 𝑂𝐻𝐷𝐴𝑣𝑒
𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟
= 130𝑚3 ∗ 50 ∗ 1.5𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 100𝑚3 ∗ 50 ∗ (1.25𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑚3𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚3_𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Cost of overhaul = 9,750 + 6250 = 16,000 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟
Total cost of Earthwork = 𝟖𝟔, 𝟗𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟗, 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐, 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 birr
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
54

Example 5:
For the tabulated volume of cut and fill data given below:
1. Draw the mass-haul diagram, and
2. Estimate the total cost of excavating and moving earth
if, the cost of excavation is 60birr/m3, cost of borrow is 60
birr/m3, cost of overhaul is 120birr/station-m3, and the free
haul distance is 1.1km.
Use a shrinkage factor, (1/(1+sh%)=( 1/(1+10%)=0.9.
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
55

Solution:
60𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟/𝑚3
𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ = 𝐶𝑏 /𝐶𝑜ℎ = 3
= 0.5 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 50𝑚
(120𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚 )
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 𝐿𝑒𝑜ℎ + 𝐹𝐻𝐷 = 50 + 1100 = 1150𝑚
See next slide for the profile and Mass-haul diagram
 As it can be seen on the mass diagram, the actual haul distance
measured for each of the loops is less than FHD=1100m. Hence, no
need to pay for overhaul and also no need for borrow excavation.
 Thus, the cost of excavating and moving will be equal to cost of
excavation
(3.74 + 3.81 + 1.05 + 0.95 + 2.65) ∗ 103 𝑚3 ∗ 60𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟/𝑚3 = 732,000 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟
Or 12.2 ∗ 103 𝑚3 ∗ 60𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟/𝑚3 = 732,000 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟
 Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)
56

Solution: Sta Indiv. volume Bulking/

Adjusted Corr. Indiv.
Volume Volumes Agg.
Shrinkage
Vol.
103 m3
factors 103 m3 103 m3
km+m
Cut Fill Cut cut/Fill
0+000 0 0 0
0+100 2 - 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.8
0+200 1.2 - 0.9 1.08 1.08 2.88
0+300 0.8 - 0.9 0.72 0.72 3.6
0+400 0.15 - 0.9 0.14 0.14 3.74

0+500 - 0.65 -0.65 3.09

0+600 - 1.5 -1.5 1.59

0+700 - 2 -2 -0.41

0+800 - 1.8 -1.8 -2.21

0+900 - 1.6 -1.6 -3.81

1+000 2 - 0.9 1.8 1.8 -2.01
1+100 1.8 - 0.9 1.62 1.62 -0.39
1+200 1.6 - 0.9 1.44 1.44 1.05

1+300 - 1 -1 0.05

1+400 - 1 -1 -0.95
1+500 3 - 0.9 2.7 2.7 1.75
1+600 1 - 0.9 0.9 0.9 2.65
Total 12.2
 57

Solution:

Aggregate Vol. (10^3 m^3) Indv. Vol. (10^3 m^3)

-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

0 0

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

600 600
Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)

700 700

800 800
Station

Station
900 900
Profile of earthwork

Mass-haul Diagram

1000 1000

1100 1100

1200
1200
1300
1300
1400
1400
1500
1500
1600
1600
 58

Solution:
Aggregate Vol. (10^3 m^3) Indv. Vol. (10^3 m^3)

-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

0 0

Z.
100 100

BY Mubarek
200 200

BY Mubarek
Z.
Movement of Materials

300 300

400 400

500 500

600 600
Mass Haul Diagram (MHD)

700 700

800 800
Station

Station
900 900
Profile of earthwork

Mass-haul Diagram

1000 1000

1100 1100

1200
1200
1300
1300
1400
1400
1500
1500
1600
1600 Waste
59

Thank you!