(KIoT)

Department of Civil Engineering

Design Of Steel And Timber
Structure
(CEng3143)

By-Ali H. 1
 CHAPTER –FIVE
Beam-Column Members

2
 Objectives
• Introduction
• Bending and Axial force
• ES EN 3 treatment for Uniaxial Column
• ES EN 3 treatment for Biaxial Column
• Member stability check
 Introduction
 An upright member subjected to compression
primarily is called column. Nearly all members in a
structure are subjected to both bending moment
and axial force-either tension or compression.

A special class of such members that are subjected

to both axial compression force and bending
moment are called beam-column.
 Cont.…
 The bending moment on a column may be a
result of any of the following effects:
I. Eccentricity of an axial force
II. Load from brackets
III. Fixed base condition
IV. Transverse load (wind or Earth quake)
V. Building frame actions
 Cont.…
 The magnitude of the bending moment depends
on:

I. Relative stiffness (slenderness)

II. connections

III. Loads on the other members

Types:
–Mono-axial : bending applied about one principal
axis only
–Bi-axial : bending applied about two principal axes
 Cont.…
A number of categories of combined bending and
axial load along with the likely mode of failure may
be summarized as follows:
 Axial tension and bending: failure usually by
yielding.
 Axial compression and bending about one axis:
failure by instability in the plane of bending, without
twisting.
 Axial compression and bending about the major
axis: failure by lateral-torsional buckling.
 Cont.…
 Axial compression and biaxial bending-torsionaly
stiff sections: failure by instability in one of the
principal directions. (W shapes are usually in this
category.)
 Axial compression and biaxial bending thin-walled
open sections: failure by combined twisting and
bending on these torsionally weak sections.
 Axial compression, biaxial bending, and torsion:
failure by combined twisting and bending.
 Cont.….
 The behavior can be classified into the following
four cases:
1. A short column subjected to axial load and uniaxial
bending about either axis or biaxial bending. (failure
is due to attainment of cross sectional capacity).

2. A slender Column subjected to axial load and

uniaxial bending about the major axis y-y.

If the column is supported laterally against buckling

about the minor axis z-z out of the plane of bending,
the column fails by buckling about the y-y axis. (Fig 5.la)
 Cont.….
3. A slender Column subjected to axial load and
uniaxial bending about the major axis y-y.
This time the column has no lateral support.
The column fails due to a combination of column
buckling about the z-z axis and lateral-torsional
buckling where the column section twists about y-axis
as well as deflecting in the xy and xz plane. (Fig 5.1 b)

4. Slender Column subjected to axial load and biaxial

bending.
The column has no lateral support. The failure is the
same as case 3 above but minor axis buckling will
usually have greatest effect. This is the general
loading case. (Fig 5.lc)
Cont.….
• Thus case (2) represents an interaction between
column buckling and simple uniaxial beam bending,
case (3) represents an interaction between column
buckling and beam buckling, and case (4) represents
the interaction of column buckling and biaxial beam
bending
Cont.…
 Bending and axial force
The design of cross sections to combined bending
and axial force is described in clause 6.2.9 of ES EN
3-2015 The bending may be about one or both
principal axes, and the axial force may be tensile or
compressive.
 ES EN 3-2015 prescribes different methods for
designing class1 and 2,class 3, and class 4cross
sections.

NOTE
First, classify the cross section under the most sever
loading condition of pure compression.
Cont.…
Class 1 and 2 cross-sections-Uniaxial bending
The design of class 1 and 2 cross sections subjected to
mono-axial bending and axial forces is covered in
clause 6.2.9.1(5).
In general ,for class 1 and 2 cross sections (subjected
to bending and axial force ) ES EN 3-2015 requires the
calculation of reduced plastic moment resistance MN,RD
to account for the presence of an applied axial force
NED . It should be checked for the following criterion
shall be satisfied:
MED < MN,RD
where
MN,RD is the design plastic moment resistance
reduced due to the axial force NEd
Cont.…
Clause 6.2.9.1(4) For doubly symmetrical I- and H-
sections or other flanges sections subjected to axial
force and major (y-y) axis bending moment, no
reduction in the major axis plastic moment
resistance is necessary when both the following
criteria are satisfied:

And similarly, for doubly symmetrical I- and H-sections,

subjected to axial force and minor(z-z) axis bending moment
,no reduction in minor axis plastic moment resistance is
necessary, provided:
Cont.…
If the above criteria are not met , a reduced plastic
moment resistance must be calculated using
a) Double symmetrical I or H sections ( for hot rolled
and welded I )
 Major (y-y) axis

 Minor (z-z) axis

Cont.….
b) Rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness
and for welded box sections with equal flanges and
equal webs:
 Major (y-y) axis

 Minor (z-z) axis

Cont.…
Class 1 and 2 cross-sections-Biaxial bending
bi-axial bending (with or with out axial forces) is
covered in clause 6.2.9.1(6)
Cont.…
Class 3 and 4 cross-sections clause 6.2.6.2
 In the absence of shear force, for Class 3 and class
4 cross-sections the maximum longitudinal stress
due to the combined actions shall satisfy the
criterion:

where σx,Ed is the design value of the local

longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force

For class 4 sections the stress calculation based on

effective cross-section properties
Cont.…
Member stability
Members with high slenderness subjected to bending
and compression, may fail by flexural buckling or
lateral-torsional buckling.
Flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling
(doubly-symmetric cross-section):

where kyy,kyz,kzy and kzz - interaction factors, which

are dependent of instability phenomena and plasticity
Cont.…
NEd, My,Ed and Mz,Ed are the design values of the compression
force and the maximum moments about the y-yand z-zaxis
along the member, respectively
∆My,Ed, ∆Mz,Ed are the moments due to the shift of the
centroidal axis according to 6.2.9.3 for class 4 sections, see
Table 6.7,
Χy and χZ are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling
from 6.3.1
χLT is the reduction factor due to lateral torsional buckling
from 6.3.2 =1, for members not susceptible to torsional deformation
Cont.…
I. Members with closed hollow sections or
open sections restrained to torsion are not
susceptible to torsional deformation.
II. Members with open sections (I or H
sections) are susceptible to torsional
deformation.
Members not susceptible to torsional deformation–
checking of flexural buckling against y-axis and z-axis,
considering eqs. (6.61) and (6.62) with XLT = 1.0 and
interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members not
susceptible to torsional deformation
Cont.…
NOTE
The interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz have been
derived from two alternative approaches. Values of
these factors may be obtained from Annex A
(alternative method 1) or from Annex B (alternative
method 2).
Cont.…
Cont.…
Cont.…
Cont.…
Cont.…
Method 2
(Annex B of
EC3-1-1)
Interaction
factors for
members not
Susceptible to
torsional
deformations
(Table B.1 of
EC3-1-1
Cont.…
Method 2 (Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Interaction factors for members susceptible to
torsional deformations (Table B.2 of EC3-1-1).
Method 2 (Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Equivalent factors of uniform moment Cmi (Table B.3 of
EC3-1-1
Example – 5.1
A rectangular hollow section (RHS) member is to
be used as a primary floor beam of 7.2m span in
a multi-story building. Two design point loads of
58KN are applied to the primary beam (at
locations B and C) from secondary beams, as
shown below . The secondary beams are
connecter through fin plates to the webs of the
primary beam, and full lateral and torsional
restraint may be assumed at this points. The
primary beam is also subjected to a design axial
force of 90KN.
Asses the suitability of a hot-rolled 200*100*16
RHS in grade S355 steel.
Section properties
The section properties are given
For a nominal values of yielding strength fy for grade S355 (to
Es-EN 10025-2) is found from

General arrangement and loading

h= 200.0mm Wel,y=368000mm3
B=100.0mm Wel,z=229000mm3
T=16.0mm Wpl,y=491000mm3
A=8300mm2 Wpl,z=290000mm3
Iy=36780000mm4
Iz=11470000mm4
IT=29820000mm4

B. Section properties for 200x100x16 RHS

E=210 000 N/mm2
G≈81 000 N/mm2
Cross- section classification (clause 5.5.2)
𝜀= 235/𝑓𝑦 = 235/355 = 0.81
For a RHS the compression width c may be
taken as h (orb)-3t.
Flange – internal part in compression (Table 5.2,
sheet 1):
C=b-3t = 100.0 - (3x16.0) = 52 mm
c/t =52.0/16.0 = 3.25
Limit for Class 1 flange = 33𝜀 = 26.85
26.85 > 3.25 flange is Class 1
Web – internal part in compression ( Table 5.2, sheet 1):
C= h- 3t = 200.0 –(3x16.0) = 152.0 mm
c/t = 152.0/16.0 = 9.50
Limit for Class 1 web = 33𝜀 = 26.85
26.85 > 9.50 Web is Class 1
The overall cross – section classification is therefore Class 1
Compression resistance of cross – section ( clause
6.2.4)
The design compression resistance of the cross – section
𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑
𝐴𝑓𝑦
𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = for class 1, 2 or 3 cross – section
𝛾𝑀𝑜
8300𝑥355
= 2946500𝑁 = 2946.5𝑘𝑁
1.00
2946.5kN > 90kN acceptable
Bending resistance of cross – section ( clause 6.2.5)
Maximum bending moment
𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 = 2.4𝑥58 = 139.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
The design major axis bending resistance of the cross
section
𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑐,𝑦,𝑅𝑑 = for class 1or 2 cross sections
𝛾𝑀𝑜
491000𝑥355
= = 174.3𝑥106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 174.3𝑘𝑁
1.00
174.3𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 139.2𝑘𝑁𝑚 ∴ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Shear resistance of cross section (clause 6.26)
Maximum shear force
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 58.0𝑘𝑁
The design plastic shear resistance of the cross section
𝐴𝑣 (𝑓𝑦 / 3)
𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀𝑜
 𝐴𝑕 8300𝑥200
𝐴𝑣 = = = 5533.3𝑚𝑚2
𝑏 + 𝑕 100 + 200
355
5533.33𝑥
3
∴ 𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = = 1134 𝑘𝑁
1.0
1134>58.0 kN ∴ 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Shear buckling need not be considered, provided

𝑕𝑤 𝜀
≤ 72 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑠
𝑡𝑤 𝜂
𝑕𝑤 = 𝑕 − 2𝑡 = 200 − 2𝑥16.0 = 168𝑚𝑚
𝜀 72𝑥0.81
72 = = 58.32 but 𝜂 = 1.0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑆 − 𝐸𝑁 1993 − 1 − 5
𝜂 1.0
ℎ𝑤 168
Actual = = 10.5
𝑡𝑤 16.0
= 10.5 ≤ 58.32
∴ 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
 In this case 𝑉𝐸𝑑 < 0.5𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 and shear buckling is
not a concern (see above). Therefore, cross section
only need to be checked for bending and axial force.
 No reduction to the major axis plastic resistance
moment due to the effect of axial force is required
when both of the following criteria are satisfied.

0.25𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = 0.25𝑥2946.5 = 736.6 𝑘𝑁

736.6kN > 90 kN
0.5𝑕𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝑓𝑦 0.5𝑥168.0𝑥 2𝑥16.0 𝑥355
= = 954.2 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑀𝑜 1.0
954.2 kN > 90 kN
 Therefore, no allowance for the effect of axial force on
the major axis plastic moment resistance of the cross-
section.
𝐴𝑓𝑦
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝛾𝑀𝑜
1
𝑥= ≤ 1.0
Φ + Φ2 −𝜆2
 Where
Φ = 0.5(1 + 𝛼 𝜆 − 0.2 + 𝜆2
𝐴𝑓𝑦
𝜆= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1, 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑐𝑟
Elastic Critical force and non-dimensional slenderness for
flexural buckling
 For buckling a bout the major (y-y) axis, Lcr should be
taken as the full length of the beam (AD), which is
7.2m. For buckling a bout the minor (z-z) axis, Lcr
should be taken as the maximum length between points
of lateral restraint, which is 2.4m. Thus,
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝑥210000𝑥36780000
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 = = = 1470𝑘𝑁
𝐿𝑐𝑟 2 72002
8300𝑥355
𝜆𝑦 = = 1.42
1470𝑥103
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝜋 2 𝑥210000𝑥1147000
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑧 = = = 4127𝑘𝑁
𝐿𝑐𝑟 2 24002
8300𝑥355
𝜆𝑦 = = 0.84
4127𝑥103
Selection of buckling curve and imperfection factor 𝛼
 For a hot-rolled RHS, use buckling curve a (Table 6.2
EBCS EN 3)
 For buckling curve a, 𝛼 =0.21 (Table 6.1 ES EN 3)

Buckling curve: major (y-y) axis

Φ𝑦 = 0.21𝑥 1 + 0.21𝑥 1.42 − 0.2 + 1.422 = 1.63
1
𝑥= = 0.41 < 1.0
2
1.63 + 1.63 − 1.42 2
0.41𝑥8300𝑥355
𝑁𝑏𝑦,𝑅𝑑 = = 1209𝑘𝑁 > 90𝑘𝑁 − −𝑜𝑘
1.0

Therefore, Major axis flexural

buckling resistance is acceptable.
Buckling curve; minor (z-z) axis
Φ𝑦 = 0.21𝑥 1 + 0.21𝑥 0.84 − 0.2 + 0.842 = 0.93
1
𝑥= = 0.77 < 1.0
0.93 + 0.932 − 0.842
0.77𝑥8300𝑥355
𝑁𝑏𝑧,𝑅𝑑 = = 2266𝑘𝑁
1.0
> 90𝑘𝑁 − −𝑜𝑘

Member buckling resistance in bending (clause 6.3.2)

By inspection, the central segment BC of the beam is
critical (since it is subjected uniform bending and of equal
length to the two outer segments). Therefore, only
segment BC need to be checked.
 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 139.2𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑥𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑦 where
𝛾𝑀𝑜
𝑊𝑦 = 𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Determine 𝑀𝑐𝑟 (𝐿𝑐𝑟 = 2400𝑚𝑚)
0.5
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑤 𝐿𝑐𝑟 2 𝐺𝐼𝑇
𝑀𝑐𝑟,𝑜 = + 2
𝐿𝑐𝑟 2 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑧
For a uniform bending moment, 𝐶1 = 1.0
Since the cross section is closed, warping contribution
will ignored
0.5
𝜋 2 𝑥210000𝑥11.47𝑥106 24002 𝑥81000𝑥29.82𝑥106
∴ 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1.0𝑥
24002 𝜋 2 𝑥210000𝑥11.47𝑥106
= 3157𝑘𝑁𝑚
Non-dimensional lateral torsional slenderness 𝜆𝐿𝑇 ;segment
BC
𝑊𝑦 𝑓𝑦 491𝑥103 𝑥355
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.23
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3157𝑥106

Select buckling curve and imperfection factor 𝜶𝑳𝒕

The lateral torsional buckling curve of the general case
is adopted.
 From table 6.4 of EBCS EN 3 , Buckling curve d is used
for other cross-sections.
 For buckling curve d, 𝛼𝐿𝑡 =0.76 (Table 6.3 of EBCS EN 3).

Calculate reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling XLt:

segment BC
 2
Φ𝐿𝑇 = 0.5(1 + 𝛼 𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + 𝜆𝐿𝑇
Φ𝐿𝑇 = 0.5𝑥 1 + 0.76𝑥 0.23 − 0.2 + 0.232 = 0.54
1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 = ≤ 1.0
Φ + Φ +𝜆2 2

1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 = = 0.97 < 1.0
0.54 + 0.542 0.232
−
Lateral torsional buckling resistance: segment BC

𝑓𝑦 0.97𝑥491𝑥103 𝑥355
𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑋𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑦 = = 169.5𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝛾𝑀1 1.0

𝑀𝐸𝑑 139.2
= = 0.82 < 1.0 −− −𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 169.5
Member buckling resistance in combined bending and
axial compression
Members subjected to combined bending and axial
compression must satisfy both equations (6.61 and
6.62)
Member buckling resistance in combined bending and
axial compression
For this example , alternative method 1(Annex A) will
be used for the determination of the interaction
factors Kij. There is no need to consider Kyz and Kzz in
this case, since Mz,Ed =0.
For class 1 and 2 cross sections
𝜇𝑦 1
𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇
1 − 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑦
𝜇𝑦 1 𝑊𝑦
𝑘𝑧𝑦 = 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 0.6
1 − 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝐶𝑧𝑦 𝑊𝑧

None- Dimensional slenderness’s

From flexural buckling check:
𝜆𝑦 = 1.42 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆𝑧 = 0.84 ∴ 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.42
From Lateral torsional buckling check:
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = 0.23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆0 = 0.23
Equivalent uniform moment factors 𝐶𝑚𝑖
Torsional deformation is possible (𝜆𝑜 > 0)
From the bending moment diagram ,𝜓𝑦 = 1.0
There for from the table A.2
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝐶𝑚𝑦,𝑜 = 0.79 + 0.21𝜓𝑦 + 0.36 𝜓𝑦 − 0.33
𝑁𝑐𝑟.𝑟
90
= 0.79 + 0.21𝑥0.1 + 0.36𝑥 1.0 − 0.33 = 1.01
1470
𝐶𝑚𝑦,𝑜 = 𝐶𝑚𝑧 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝑧.𝐸𝑑 = 0
𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑𝐴
𝜀𝑦 = for class 1, 2 and 3 cross section
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑦
139.2𝑥106 8300
= 34.9
90𝑥103 36800
𝐼𝑇 29820000
𝑎𝐿𝑇 = 1 − ≥ 1.0 = 1 − = 0.189
𝐼𝑦 368780000
The elastic torsional buckling force
1 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑤
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑇 = 2 𝐺𝐼𝑇 +
𝑖0 𝐼𝑇 2
𝑖𝑦 = (𝐼𝑦 𝐴)0.5 = (36780000 8300)0.5 = 66.6𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑧 = (𝐼𝑧 𝐴)0.5 = (11470000 8300)0.5 = 37.2𝑚𝑚
𝑦0 = 𝑧0 = 0
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑖0 2 = 𝑖𝑦 2 + 𝑖𝑧 2 + 𝑦0 2 + 𝑧0 2 = 66.62 + 37.22 = 5813𝑚𝑚2
Since the section is closed, the warping contribution is neglected
and will be ignored
1
∴ 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑇 = 81000𝑥29820000 = 415502𝑘𝑁
5813
𝜀𝑦 𝑎𝐿𝑇
𝐶𝑚𝑦 = 𝐶𝑚𝑦,𝑜 + (1 − 𝐶𝑚𝑦,𝑜 )
1 + 𝜀𝑦 𝑎𝐿𝑇
34.9𝑥0.189
= 1.01 + 1 − 1.01 = 1.01
1 + 34.9𝑥0.189
 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 = 𝐶𝑚𝑦 2 ≥ 1.0
[1 − (𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑧 )][1 − 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑇 ]
2
0.189
= 1.01 = 0.197 ∴ 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 = 1.0
1 − (90 4127) [1 − (90 415502)]
Other auxiliary terms
Only the auxiliary terms that are requires for the
determination of Kyy and Kzy are calculated:

1 − 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 1 − (90 1470)

𝜇𝑦 = = = 0.96
1 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 1 − 0.41(90 1470)
1 − 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑧 1 − (90 4127)
𝜇𝑦 = = = 0.99
1 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑧 1 − 0.77𝑥(90 4127)
𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦 491000
𝑊𝑦 = ≤ 1.5 = = 1.33
𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑦 368000
𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑧 290000
𝑊𝑧 = ≤ 1.5 = = 1.27
𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑧 229000
 𝑁𝐸𝑑 90
𝑛𝑝𝑙 = = = 0.03
𝑁𝑅𝑘 𝛾𝑀1 2946 1.0

2 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
𝑏𝐿𝑇 = 0.5𝑎𝐿𝑇 𝜆0 =0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑 = 0
𝑋𝐿𝑇 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑧,𝑅𝑑

𝜆0 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
𝑏𝐿𝑇 = 2𝑎𝐿𝑇 4𝐶 =0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
𝑋 𝑀 𝐶 𝑀
0.1 + 𝜆𝑧 𝑚𝑦 𝐿𝑇 𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 𝑚𝑧 𝑝𝑙,𝑧,𝑅𝑑
=0

𝐶𝑖𝑗 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
1.6 1.6 2
𝐶𝑦𝑦 = 1 + 𝑊𝑦 − 1 2− 𝐶𝑚𝑦 2 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑚𝑦 2 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑛𝑝𝑙 − 𝑏𝐿𝑇
𝑊𝑦 𝑊𝑦
𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑦
≥
𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦
1.6 2
1.6
= 1 + 1.33 − 1 𝑥 2− 𝑥1.01 𝑥1.42 − 𝑥1.012 𝑥1.422 𝑥0.03
1.33 1.33
368000
− 0 = 0.98 ≥ = 0.75 ∴ 𝐶𝑦𝑦 = 0.98
491000
 2
𝐶𝑚𝑦 2 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊𝑦 𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑦
𝐶𝑧𝑦 = 1 + 𝑊𝑦 − 1 2 − 14 𝑛𝑝𝑙 − 𝑑𝐿𝑇 ≥ 0.6
𝑊𝑦 2 𝑊𝑧 𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦
1.012 1.422
= 1 + 1.33 − 1 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 𝑥0.03 − 0
1.335
1.33 368000
= 0.95 ≥ 0.6𝑥 𝑥 = 0.46 ∴ 𝐶𝑧𝑦 = 0.95
1.27 491000
Interaction factor 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝜇𝑦
1
𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐼,𝑇
1 − 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑦
0.96 1
= 1.01𝑥1.00𝑥 𝑥 = 1.06
1 − 90 1470 0.98
𝜇𝑧 1 𝑊𝑦
𝑘𝑧𝑦 = 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐼,𝑇 0.6
1 − 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝐶𝑧𝑦 𝑊𝑧

0.99 1 1.33
= 1.01𝑥1.00𝑥 𝑥 𝑥0.6 = 0.69
1 − 90 1470 0.95 1.27
Check compliance with interaction formulae
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ 𝑘𝑦𝑦 + 𝐾𝑦𝑧 ≤ 1 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑁𝑅𝑘 𝛾𝑀1 𝑋𝐿𝑇 𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑘 𝛾𝑀1 𝑀𝑧,𝑅𝑘 𝛾𝑀1
90 139.2
⟹ + 1.06𝑥 = 0.07 + 0.87 = 0.94
(0.41𝑥2947) 1.0 (0.97𝑥174.3) 1.0
≤ 1.0 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ 𝑘𝑧𝑦 + 𝐾𝑧𝑧 ≤ 1 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 𝛾𝑀1 𝑋𝐿𝑇 𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑘 𝛾𝑀1 𝑀𝑧,𝑅𝑘 𝛾𝑀1
90 139.2
⟹ + 0.69𝑥 = 0.04 + 0.57 = 0.61
(0.77𝑥2947) 1.0 (0.97𝑥174.3) 1.0
≤ 1.0 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
Therefore, a hot-rolled 200x100x16 RHS in grade of S355 steel is suitable for
this application:
For comparison, from the annex B method
𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 1.06 𝑘𝑧𝑦 = 1.00
Which gives, for equation (6.61)
0.07 + 0.87 = 0.94 0.94 ≤ 1.0 ∴ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
and, from equation (6.62)
0.04 + 0.82 = 0.86 (0.86 ≤ 1.0 ∴ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
Example-5.2
1. A 4.00 m pin-ended I- Section Hot-Rolled steel column supports
a beam with un-factored reaction of 100 kN permanent load
and 150KN imposed load. Assuming the beam reaction to be
applied 75 mm from the face of the flange. Check the adequacy
of a 203 x 203 x 46 UC grade S275 steel profile. Units in mm
Example-5.3
1. An H-section member of length 4.2m is to be designed as a
ground floor column in a multi - story building. The frame is
moment resisting in- plane and fixed ended, with diagonal
bracing provided in both directions. The column is subjected
to an axial load of NED = 3440KN , major axis bending
moment of My,ED = 420KNm due to horizontal forces and
maximum shear forces of Vsd = 200KN.
Asses the suitability of a hot-rolled 305x305x240 H- section
in grade Fe430 steel grade. (Assume class I steel cross
section)
Example-5.2