Expt No: Date:

GANGA ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct the performance test on a four stroke diesel engine and to prepare a heat balance
sheet.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Stop watch, Tachometer.
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS:
1 Rated Brake Power BP = 3.75 kW
2 Rated Speed N = 1500 rpm
3 Bore diameter D = 0.08 m
4 Stroke length L = 0.11 m
5 Orifice diameter d0 = 0.015 m
6 Coefficient of discharge of Orifice Cd = 0.62
7 Calorific value of fuel CV = 42,000 kJ/kg
8 Mass density of fuel  = 0.82 grams/cc
9 Dynamometer DC generator with rheostat
10 Efficiency of generator g = 0.85
11 Inclination of single column  = 300
manometer with horizontal
12 Specific heat of exhaust gas Cpg = 1.05 kJ/kgK

DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a vertical, single cylinder four stroke, water-cooled diesel engine. The engine is
equipped with a electrical resistance dynamometer. The power developed by the engine is
received by a generator, which is connected with a copper plate water rheostat. The fuel line
starts from diesel tank passes through the fuel pump, which is connected to fuel injector. A
burette with 3 way cock is provided in the fuel line for the purpose of measuring the fuel
consumption rate of the engine. The air intake box contains an orifice, which is connected to
the intake manifold. An inclined manometer is connected to the intake manifold for the
purpose of measuring air flow rate to the engine. Engine cooling is through water jacket. The
water flow line (for cooling engine) is equipped with water-meter (for measuring water flow

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rate) and digital thermometers (for measuring temperatures at the entry and exit of water
flow).
PROCEDURE:
1. Calculate the full load from the engine specifications. Calculate ¼ , ½, and ¾ full load.
2. Check the fuel level, water flow line and lubrication of the engine.
3. Start the engine by manual cranking. For this, press the decompression lever to open
position of exhaust valve. Rotate the crank shaft by manual cranking. When sufficient
speed is attained by the engine, suddenly release the decompression lever. Adjust the
speed to rated speed of 1500 RPM. Run the engine in the idle condition for 5 minutes
till the engine attains steady state.
4. Take the following measurements at no load.
a) The time taken for ‘V’ cc of fuel consumption. For this, operate the 3- way cock and
cutoff the fuel supply from the diesel tank. Now the fuel is supplied from the
burette. Start the stop watch. Note the time (in seconds) for ‘V’cc of fuel flow.
Immediately connect the diesel tank with flow line.
b) The inclined manometer reading ‘hw’
c) Water meter readings.
d) Thermometer readings.
5. Apply the load by immersing the copper plate to the desired depth. Note the voltmeter
and ammeter reading. Take all the readings mentioned in step 4 (for ¼, ½, and ¾ full
load).
6. Change the brake load and repeat step 5.
7. When the required numbers of trials are completed, remove the load on the generator.
Stop the engine by pressing the lever in the fuel pump, cutting off the fuel supply.
NOTATIONS:
V = Voltage produced at the water rheostat (Volts)
I = Current flowing through the water rheostat (Amp)
g = Efficiency of the generator ( 85 %)
N = Rated Speed = 1500 RPM
t = time for ‘V’ CC of fuel (diesel) consumed (seconds)
 = Density of fuel (diesel) gm/cc = 0.82 gm/cc
BP = Brake Power (kW.)
TFC = Total fuel consumption (kg/hr)
SFC = Specific fuel consumption (Kg/kW hr)

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FP = Frictional Power (kW)
IP = Indicated Power (kW)
CV = Calorific Value of fuel (diesel) = 42,000 kJ/kg.
p = Atmospheric pressure = 101325 N/m2
R = Gas constant of air = 287 J/kgK
Tr = Room temperature ( K)
Ts = Standard temperature in K = 288 K
a = Density of air (kg/m3)
hw = Inclined water manometer reading (mm)
w = Density of water in kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3
Ha = Equivalent head of hw (m of air)
ao = Area of the orifice ( m2)
A = Area of the cylinder bore (m2)
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of the orifice = 0.62.
Qr = Volume of air drawn at room temperature (m3/min)
Qs = Volume of air drawn at STP (m3/min.)
Vs = Stroke Volume (m3/min)
ma = Mass flow rate of air ( kg/min)
m f = Mass flow rate of fuel (diesel) ( kg/min)
mg = Mass flow rate of exhaust gas ( kg/min)
mw = Mass flow rate of water in the jacket ( kg/min)
Cpw = Specific heat of water at atmospheric pressure = 4.187 kJ/Kg K.
Cpg = Specific heat of exhaust gas = 1.05 kJ/Kg K.
T1 = Engine cooling water jacket inlet temperature ( 0C)
T2 = Engine cooling water jacket outlet temperature (0C)
T3 = Exhaust gas temperature entering the calorimeter (0C.)
mech = Mechanical efficiency ( %)
b.th. = Brake thermal efficiency ( %)
i.th. = Indicated thermal efficiency ( %)
vol . = Volumetric efficiency ( %)
A-F Ratio = Air Fuel Ratio
Bmep =Brake Mean Effective Pressure (N/m2)
Imep = Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (N/m2)

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FULL LOAD CALCULATIONS:
Rated Brake Power = 3.75 KW
V  I
Brake Power = =
1000  g

 For full load VI = 3.75 x 0.85 x 1000

= 3187.5 Watts.

EQUATIONS USED:
VI
1. Brake Power, BP = =
 g  1000

( V   ) 3600
2. Total fuel consumption, TFC =  =
1000 t
TFC
3. Specific fuel consumption, SFC = =
BP
4. Friction Power (FP):
The graph TFC Vs BP is drawn. A tangent at straight line portion of the curve cuts the abscissa
on the negative side. This negative abscissa gives the friction loss. The tangent is called
WILLAN’S LINE.
From graph FP = ___________kW.
5. Indicated power, IP =  BP + FP  =
Brake power BP
6. Mechanical efficiency,  mech = =  100 =
Indicated power IP
3600 BP
7. Brake thermal efficiency, bth =   100 =
TFC CV
3600 IP
8. Indicated thermal efficiency, ith =   100 =
TFC CV
  D2
9. Bore Area, A = =
4
60  1000  BP
10. Brake mean effective pressure, B.m.e. p = =
N
LA( )
2
11. Indicated mean effective pressure (Imep),

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 60  1000  IP
I.m.e.p. = =
L  A  (N/2)
12. To find Volumetric Efficiency
P
i) Mass density of air, a = =
R x Tr

ii) Equivalent air column,

 w  (h w /1000)  sin 
ha = =
a

  d02
iii) Area of orifice in m2, a0 = =
4
iv) Volume of air drawn at room temperature,

Qr = 60  Cd  a 0  2g h a =

v) Equivalent amount of air drawn at STP,

Q r  Ts
QS = =
Tr

N
vi) Swept Volume: Vs = L  A  ( )=
2
Qs
Volumetric efficiency:  vol =  100 =
Vs

14. To determine Air – Fuel Ratio,

i) Mass of air drawn ma = Qr  a =

TFC
ii) Mass of fuel supplied mf = =
60
ma
iii) Air – Fuel ratio = =
mf

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

TFC  CV
1. Heat input to the engine, A=
=
3600
2. Heat equivalent of brake power BP, B =
mw  C pw  (T2 − T1 )
3. Heat carried away By Cooling Water, C = =
60
. . .
4. Mass of exhaust gas m g = m a + m f =

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 .
m g  C pg  (T3 − Tr )
Heat carried away by exhaust gases, D = =
60

5. Heat Unaccounted E = A – (B+C+ D) =

GRAPHS:
1. SFC Vs BP 5. vol Vs BP
2. TFC Vs BP 6. ith Vs BP
3. mech Vs BP 7. A/F Vs BP
4. bth Vs BP

mech
mech,  ith,  bth, SFC and A/F  vol

SFC

vol
%

ith
mech, bth, ith

 TFC Kg/hr
bth
Willians line
A/F

 BP,(KW) Fp BP,(KW)

NATURE OF GRAPHS WILLAN’S LINE

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 OBSERVATION TABLE
Room temperature Tr = ___________0C

Sl. Load as Speed Voltmeter Ammeter Load in Time for Inclined Details of engine cooling Temperature
No. Fraction reading reading Watts V = 20 cc manometer water of exhaust
of full Fuel reading Mass flow Inlet Outlet gas
load consumption rate mw temp temp
N V I VI ‘t’ hw kg/minute T1 T2 T3
rpm volts Amps watts sec mm 0 0 0 C
C C
1

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 CALCULATION TABLE

Sl. BP TFC SFC IP mech bth ith vol I.m.e.p. B.m.e.p

No. A/F
kW kg/hr kg/kWhr kW % % % % (N/m2) (N/m2)
1
2
3
4

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

Sl. Heat Input Heat to BP Heat to cooling Heat to exhaust Heat Unaccounted
No. water gases
kW % kW % kW % kW % kW %
1 100

2 100

3 100

4 100

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RESULT: (for trial Number )

Sl No Parameter Value Unit

1 Brake power kW
2 Total fuel consumption kg/hr
3 Specific Fuel Consumption kg/ kW.hr
4 Frictional loss kW
5 Indicated Power kW
6 Mechanical efficiency %
7 Brake thermal efficiency %
8 Indicated thermal efficiency %
9 Volumetric efficiency %
10 Air Fuel Ratio
11 Indicated Mean effective pressure bar
12 Brake Mean effective pressure bar
Heat balance sheet Percentage
1 Heat Supplied kW
2 Heat equivalent of brake power kW
3 Heat taken away by cooling water kW
4 Heat taken away by exhaust gas kW
5 Heat Unaccounted kW

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1. Is it possible to run diesel engine with petrol ? Justify your answer.
2. Explain different methods to find indicated power of I C Engine.
3. Why Willan’s Line is not used to find I P of Petrol Engine ?
4. Why the volumetric efficiency of any engine not equal to 100 % but less than 100%.?
5. Why the volumetric efficiency of a petrol engine is less than that of diesel engine?

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