1

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MANGANPALLY 501510
IBRAHIMPATNAM RR DISTRICT
ECE DEPARTMENT

AS PER : R18 B.TECH. ECE SYLLABUS

EC 407 PC : LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS LAB B.Tech. II YEAR II SEM
ANSWERS TO VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS IN ICA LAB

PREPARED BY
Prof. G.KUMARASWAMY RAO
ECE DEPARTMENT
(JULY 2022)
(FORMER DIRECTOR DLRL DRDO MINISTRY OF DEFENCE)

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Inverting and Non Inverting Amplifiers using Op-Amps
2. Adders and Subtractors using Op-Amps
3. Comparators using Op-Amps
4. Integrator circuit using IC 741
5. Differentiator circuit using O-Amp
6. Active Filter Applications LPF , HPF (First Order)
7. IC 741 waveform generators- Sine, Square wave, and Triangular
waves
8. Monostable Multivibrator using IC 555
9. Astable Multivibrator using IC 555
10. Schmitt Trigger circuits using IC 741
11. IC 565 PLL Applications
12. Voltage Regulator using IC 723
13. Three terminal voltage regulator 7805, 7809, 7912
ANSWERS TO VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS IN ICA LAB

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 3

LESSON NOS. 1 A ,1B , & 1C: (Inverting & Noninverting)

1. What is an Operational Amplifier?

An operational amplifier is a DC coupled very high gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a differential input and usually a single ended
output

2. What are the ideal characteristics of an Operational amplifier?

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP:
1. Infinite voltage gain
2. Infinite high input impedance
3. Zero output impedance
4. Zero input voltage offset
5. Positive and negative voltage swings to the supply rails

3. What is meant by CMRR?

CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio indicates the ability of Op-amp
to supress signal common to the two inputs.
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑
CMRR =20 log � �
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
The op-amp provides a very high gain for single ended or differential
signals and zero gain for common mode signals
High CMRR is better for op-amp

4. What is meant by Slew rate?

Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of the output
voltage per unit time. It is generally specified at unity (+1) gain
condition
𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉
𝑆𝑆 = 0 |max
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

5. What is meant by maximum output swing?

The op-amp swings to positive and negative voltages of the supplies
used. In real op-amps the swing will be less than the DC supplies
used.

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 4

6. What is meant by Inverting operational amplifier?

An inverting operational amplifier is a type of operational amplifier
circuit which produces an output which is out of phase with respect
to its input by 1800. If the input voltage is positive, then the output
voltage will be negative and vice versa.

7. What is the gain of Inverting operational amplifier?

Voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is decided by the ratio of the
feedback resistor to the input resistor with the minus sign indicating
the phase-reversal
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = –
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖
where 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 is the voltage gain, 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 is the feedback resistor and 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 is
the input resistor.

8. What is meant by Non-Inverting operational amplifier?

When the signal is applied at the non-inverting input, the resulting
circuit is known as Non-Inverting Op-Amp. In this amplifier the
output is exactly in phase with the input i.e. when a positive voltage
is applied to the circuit, the output will also be positive.

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 5

9. What is the gain of Non-Inverting operational amplifier?

𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = �1 + �
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖
where 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 is the close loop gain of Non-inverting amplifier, 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖
are the resistors as given in the figure.

10. What is meant by voltage follower with op-amp?

A voltage follower (also known as a buffer amplifier, unity-gain
amplifier, or isolation amplifier) is an op-amp circuit whose output
voltage is equal to the input voltage (it “follows” the input voltage).
Hence a voltage follower op-amp does not amplify the input signal
and has a voltage gain of 1.

11. What is the gain of voltage follower with op-amp?

The voltage follower with op-amp does not provide any
amplification thus, its voltage gain is unity.

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = =1
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
12. List the applications of voltage follower with op-amp
1. The voltage follower takes zero current from the input since it has
very high impedance. The loading effect can be avoided
2. It provides low output impedance to circuits which use the
voltage follower
Voltage follower Applications.
1. used in bridge circuits using transducers.
2. used in active filters.
3. used in sample and hold circuits.
4. as a buffer for logic circuits
ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)
 6

LESSON NOS. 2 A & 2B: (Adder & Subtractor)

1. Draw the circuit diagram of a 3 input Adder

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑

𝑰𝑰𝑭𝑭 = 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 + 𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = – � + + �
𝑹𝑹𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑹𝑹𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑹𝑹𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
Inverting equation
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = – 𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓

𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = – � 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑉 �
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 3

𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 =1
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = – [ 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑉3 ]

2. What is the other name for adder?

Summing Amplifier

3. Draw the circuit diagram for subtractor

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 7

LESSON NO 3 : (Comparators)

1. How many basic input parameters are required for the

comparator?

Two inputs are required, one at Inverting terminal and the other at
noninverting terminal

2. Draw the circuit diagram of inverting and noninverting

comparator

3. What is the output of a inverting and noninverting comparator if

the input is sinusoidal

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 8

Inverting comparator:

Noninverting comparator

4. What are the differences between the inverting and noninverting

comparators ?
An inverting comparator is an op-amp based comparator for which a
reference voltage is applied to its non-inverting terminal and the
input voltage is applied to its inverting terminal. This comparator is
called as inverting comparator because the input voltage, which has
to be compared is applied to the inverting terminal of op-amp.

A non-inverting comparator is an op-amp based comparator for

which a reference voltage is applied to its inverting terminal and the
input voltage is applied to its non-inverting terminal. This op-amp
based comparator is called as non-inverting comparator because the
input voltage, which has to be compared is applied to the non-
inverting terminal of the op-amp.

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 9

5. What is the name of the comparator if the reference voltage is

zero ?
The Comparator is called Zero crossing detector

6.Draw the circuit diagram and output wave form of inverting and
noninverting zero crossing detectors
Inverting Zero crossing detector:

Noninverting Zero crossing detector:

7. Discuss the characteristics of an ideal comparator.

Analog comparators are amplifiers that compare the magnitude of
voltages at two inputs. An analog comparator is an operational
amplifier with negative feedback removed, and with no feedback and
very high gain, the output voltage goes to one extreme to the other

8. List the different types of comparators.

A. Inverting comparator
B. Non inverting comparator
C, Zero crossing comparator
D. Regenerative Comparator
4. What is zero crossing detector?
5. What are the applications of comparator

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 10

9. What is the meaning of voltage limiting?

10. What is zero crossing detector?

A zero-crossing detector or ZCD is one type of voltage comparator,
used to detect a sine waveform transition from positive and
negative, that coincides when the i/p crosses the zero voltage
condition.

11. What are the applications of comparator

Digital Interfacing
Schmitt Trigger
Discriminator
Voltage level detector and oscillators

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 11

9. In which mode the operational amplifier is connected in the

comparator
It can be connected in both Inverting and Noninverting mode

LESSON NO:4 (Integrator)

1. What is an integrator?
An integrator in measurement and control applications is an element
whose output signal is the time integral of its input signal. It
accumulates the input quantity over a defined time to produce a
representative output.

2. What are the applications of integrator

a. To find the area under a curve
b. To Find Centre of mass of an object
c. To Find speed of a moving missile from the acceleration or
position from speed
d. In function generator, the integrator circuit is used to produce the
triangular wave.
e. It is used in analog computers, where integration is needed to be
done using the analog
circuit.
f. Integrator circuit is also widely used in analog to the digital
converters.
.
3. Write down the expression for output Vo of an integrator
𝑡𝑡
1
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅1 𝐶𝐶 0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

4. For an op-amp. integrator circuit, sine wave input of 4 Sin 1000t

is given. In the circuit, R = 200 MΩ and C = 0.1 μF. Determine the
value of output voltage

1 A
For an input A Sin (ω t) we get the output as × Cos (ω t)
RC ω
Output =
1 4
6 –6 × Cos (1000 t) = 0.2 ×10–3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (1000𝑡𝑡)
200 × 10 × 0.1 × 10 1000
ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)
 12

5. What type of output waveform is obtained when a triangular

wave is applied to integrator circuit

If triangular wave is the input to the op-amp integrator it produces

a sinusoidal wave.( we should have got t 2 as the output) As the
amplifier act as a low pass filter, the high-frequency harmonics are
greatly reduced. The output sine wave only consists of low-frequency
harmonics and the output will be of low amplitude.

6. What is the purpose behind the connection of Rf in the feedback

path of integrator?
1
In low frequency or in DC, the capacitor impedance → ∞
2 𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶
since f → 0. This produces open circuit in the feedback circuit. The
output voltage saturates. To overcome this, a resistor is connected in
parallel with capacitor. This added resistor provides a feedback path.

7. Draw the output waveform of the integrator for different

waveforms

Input = Sine wave

output =Cosine wave

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 13

Input = Square wave

output = Triangular wave

Input = triangular
output = Sine wave

LESSON NO:5 (Differentiator)

1. What is a differentiator?
Differentiator, a device or set of components for performing the
mathematical operation of differentiation —i.e., supplying an output
proportional to the derivative of the input with respect to one or
more variables.
2. Draw the circuit of the differentiator using OP-AMP IC741.

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 14

3. Write down the expression for Vo of a differentiator.

𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣0 = – 𝑅𝑅 C 𝑖𝑖
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
output 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = derivative of 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 input voltage multiplied by
– (RC)
— ve sign indicates 180 0 phase shift

4. Draw the output waveform of the differentiator when the input

is a sine wave

Sine wave passed through a Differentiator becomes Cosine wave

LESSON 6: (Active Filter)

1. List the advantages of active filters over passive filter

ADVANTAGES OF ACTIVE FILTERS.
i) No inductors
ii) op-amps , resistors and capacitors used
iii) provides required gain
iv) easier to design
v) high input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving
source
vi) low output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by
the load
vii) easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the
desired response
viii) reduced size and weight
ix) increased reliability and improved performance
x) in larger quantities its cost is less compared to passive filter

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 15

DISADVANTAGES OF ACTIVE FILTERS:

i) Limited bandwidth of active devices limits the operation at
highest frequency around
100 KHz (passive filters can go upto 500KHz
ii) require power supply unlike passive filters
iii) increased sensitivity to variations in circuit parameters caused by
environmental
changes compared to passive filters

2. Draw the frequency response for ideal and practical of all types
of filters
LOW PASS FILTER:

HIGH PASS FILTER:

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 16

BAND PASS FILTER:

BAND REJECT FILTER:

3. Design a first order low pass filter for 2 kHz frequency with a
pass band gain of 2

A). fH = 1 KHz. B). Let C = 0.01 μF

1 1
C). Then R = = 3 −6 = 15.9 𝐾𝐾 𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 .
2π fH C 2 𝜋𝜋 10 ×0.01 ×10
Use a 20 K ohms potentiometer and adjust it to get required value
R
D). Pass band gain is 2 = 1+ F . So RF = R1 let the value be 10K
R1

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 17

4. Draw the ideal and practical frequency response characteristics

of high pass filter

5. What are the applications of LPF and HPF

APPLICATIONS OF LPF:
• LPF are used in telephone systems for converting the frequencies
of audio in the speaker to a band-limited voice band signal.
• LPFs are used to filter high-frequency signals which are unwanted
and ‘noise’ from a circuit, as the signal is passed through this filter.
Then the most of the high-frequency signal is eliminated along
with the noise
• LPF is used as an integrator
• In multi-rate DSP, while executing an Interpolator, LPF is used as
an Anti – Imaging Filter. Similarly, when executing a decimator this
filter is used as an anti-aliasing filter.
• LPFs are used in receivers like Super heterodyne for an efficient
response of the baseband signals.
• LPf is used in the medical devices for the signals coming from the
human body . So these signals can flow through the LPF for
removing some unwanted ambient sound.
• These filters are used in the conversion of duty cycle amplitude as
well as phase detection in the phase locked loop.

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 18

• LPF is used in AM radio for the diode detector to change the AM

modulated intermediate frequency signal to the audio signal.

APPLICATIONS OF HPF:
• These are used in the loud speakers to reduce the low level
noise.
• Eliminates rumble distortions in audio applications so these are
also called are treble boost filters.
• These are used in audio amplifiers to amplify the higher
frequency signals.
• These are also used in equalizers.
• Used in AC coupling

LESSON 7 (Waveform Generator)

LEFT BLANK

LESSON 8 (Monostable Multivibrator)

1. List the important features of the 555 Timer.

• MAIN FEATURES OF IC 555:
• 1. It operates from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
• 2. Sink or source 200 mA of load current.
• 3. Timing intervals can be made into several minutes along with
the frequencies exceeding several hundred kilohertz.
• 4. The output drives a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) due to its
high current output.
• 5. It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm)
per degree Celsius change in temperature, or equivalently
0.005 %/ °C.
• 6. The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable.
• 7. Maximum power dissipation per package is 600 mW
• 8. Its trigger and reset inputs has logic compatibility.

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 19

2. What is the function of control input (pin5) of 555 timers?

This is directly connected to the inverting terminal of the first
comparator. 2/3 Vcc is internally connected at this pin. Through this
pin external voltage is connected if required.
This pin controls the timing of the 555 by overriding the 2/3Vcc level
of the voltage divider network.
By applying a voltage to this pin the width of the output signal can be
varied independently of the RC timing network. When not used it is
connected to ground via a 10nF capacitor to eliminate any noise.

3. List the applications of 555 timers in Monostable mode.

• 1. Missing pulse detector
• 2. PWM: Pulse Width Modulations
• 3. Frequency Divider
• 4. Linear Ramp generator

5. Explain the trigger circuit used for Monostable multivibrator?

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 20

6. Why do we use negative trigger for Monostable operation?

TRIGGER
It is responsible for SET transition of the flip-flop. With this the timing
pulse starts. The non-inverting terminal of the second comparator is
connected to the 1/3 Vcc point . So if we decrease the voltage of the
trigger pin below the 1/3 Vcc then the output of the comparator will
be HIGH (Set) and the FF is SET. Q =1 and 𝑄𝑄 � = 0 (LOW)
This trigger is an active low trigger.
The output at the pin 3 goes HIGH when the 555 timer is triggered
through pin 2

7. What are the applications of Monostable multivibrator?

Application of Monostable:
1. The monostable multivibrator is used as delay and timing circuits.
2. It is also used for temporary memories.
3. It is often used to trigger another pulse generator.
4. It is used for regenerating old and worn out pulses.

LESSON 9 (Astable Multivibrator)

1. Define Duty cycle

Duty cycle is the ratio of ON time (duration of HIGH state or pulse
width) to the total time period of a cycle. The duty cycle of an
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
Astable multivibrator =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
2. Consider the Astable multivibrator with R1 = 200 K𝛺𝛺 and C = 0.1
μF . Determine a) High state interval b) Low state interval c) period d)
Frequency e) Duty cycle
tHIGH = 0.69 (R1 + R2 ) C = 0.69 ( 10 + 200) 103 × 0.1 × 10 –6 = 14.5
millisecs

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 21

tLOW = 0.69 R2 C = 0.69× 200 × 103 × 0.1 × 10–6 = 13.8 millsecs

T = tHIGH + tLOW = 0.69 ( R1 + 2 R2 )C = 0.69 × ( 10 + 2×200) 103 × 0.1
× 10 –6 =28.3millisecs
1 1 1.45
Frequency = 1 / T = ( )𝐶𝐶
= (𝑅𝑅 )𝐶𝐶
=
0.69 𝑅𝑅1 +2 𝑅𝑅2 1 +2 𝑅𝑅2
1.45
=(10+2 = 35.4 HZ
×200)×103 ×0.1 ×10–6
𝑡𝑡𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 10+200
Duty cycle = × 100 = ( 𝑅𝑅1 +2 𝑅𝑅2 )
= ( 10+2 ×200)
= 0.51 =
𝑇𝑇
51%

3. Why do we connect pin 4 of IC 555 timer to supply pin when it is

not used ?
PIN NO.4 : RESET
The pin no.4 is used to reset the flip-flop circuit. The negative pulse is
applied to this pin to disable or reset. If not used it is connected to
Vcc to avoid false triggering due to noise. This
provides a mechanism to reset the FF . This overrides the effect of
any instruction
coming from Lower comparator

4. What is the function of control input (pin5) of 555 timer?

PIN NO.5 CONTROL VOLTAGE:
This is directly connected to the inverting terminal of the first
comparator. 2/3 Vcc is internally connected at this pin. Through this
pin external voltage is connected if required.
This pin controls the timing of the 555 by overriding the 2/3Vcc level
of the voltage divider network. By applying a voltage to this pin the
width of the output signal can be varied independently of the RC
timing network. When not used it is connected to ground via a 10nF
capacitor to eliminate any noise.

5. Design an Astable 555 timer circuit to produce a 2kHz square

wave with a duty cycle of 70%.
𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅 +𝑅𝑅
Duty cycle = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 × 100 = ( 1 2 )= 0.7
𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅1 +2 𝑅𝑅2
1 1 1.45
Frequency = 1 / T = = = 2000
0.69 ( 𝑅𝑅1 +2 𝑅𝑅2 )𝐶𝐶 (𝑅𝑅1 +2 𝑅𝑅2 )𝐶𝐶
Let C= 0.1 micro farad and R1and R2 can be found out
ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)
 22

6. What is the other name for Astable multivibrator (AMV)?

Wave form generator

7. What is the formula for the time period of the waveform of

AMV?
T = tHIGH + tLOW = 0.69 ( R1 + 2 R2 )C

8. What is the formula for the % of duty cycle?

𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅 +𝑅𝑅
Duty cycle = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 × 100 = ( 1 2 ) × 100
𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅1 +2 𝑅𝑅2

9. List out the applications of Astable multivibrator

1. The astable multivibrator is used as the wave generator.
2. It is used as voltage-frequency converter.
3. It is used in pulse synchronization.
4. Since it produces square waves, it is a source of production of a
harmonic frequency of higher order.
5. It is used in the construction of voltmeter and SMPS.
6. It can be operated as an oscillator over a wide range of audio and
radio frequencie

LESSON 10 (SCHMITT TRIGGER)

1. Which type of comparator is called as Schmitt Trigger?

It is called Regenerative comparator

2. What is the output of Schmitt Trigger if the input is sine wave?

Square wave

3. What type of waveform is obtained when triangular or ramp

waveforms are applied to Schmitt Trigger?
Square wave

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 23

4. What is the threshold voltage?

Input voltage Vi triggers the output Vo whenever Vi exceeds certain
voltage levels. These voltages are Upper threshold voltage VUT and
Lower threshold voltage VLT.

5. What is the hysteresis

The hysteresis width is difference between upper and lower
thresholds

LESSON 11 (PLL)

1. List the basic building blocks of a PLL.

The PLL consists of i) a phase detector ii) a low pass filter and iii) a
voltage controlled oscillator

2. Define capture range.

It is the frequency range ± ∆ ωC centered about ωO , over which the
PLL can acquire lock with an input signal. The capture range is
affected by filter characteristics

3. Define lock range.

When PLL is in lock, the frequency range ± ωL , centered about ωo ,
over which the loop can track the input is called Lock range. It is
affected by the operating range of the phase detector and the VCO

4. Define pull in time.

The Capture of an input signal does not take place as soon as the
signal is applied, but it takes finite time. The total time taken by the
PLL to establish a lock is called pull in time

5. Which is greater capture range or lock range?

Capture range is greater than lock range

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 24

6. List the applications of PLL

1. Frequency Modulation (FM) stereo decoders, FM Demodulation
networks for FM operation.
2. Frequency synthesis that provides multiple of a reference signal
frequency.
3. Used in motor speed controls, tracking filters.
4. Used in frequency shift keying (FSK) decodes for demodulation
carrier frequencies.

LESSON 12 (723 VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

1. What is the function of a voltage regulator?

The purpose of a voltage regulator is to keep the voltage in a circuit
relatively close to a desired value. Voltage regulators are one of the
most common electronic components, since a power supply
frequently produces raw current that would otherwise damage one
of the components in the circuit.

2. Define line and load regulation of a regulator.

In practice change in input voltage to a voltage regulator will cause a
change in its output or load voltage.
The line regulation (source regulation) indicates the change in
output that will occur due to change in input voltage.
It is defined as the change in regulated load voltage due to change in
line voltage (input voltage) in specified range
∆ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
Line regulation = × 100
∆𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
Load regulation can be defined as the percentage change in output
voltage for a given change in load current
Load regulation can also be explained as a percentage change in
output voltage from no load (NL) to full load (FL)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 −𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
Load regulation = × 100
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

4. List the features of a voltage regulator IC 723.

1. It has wide variety of applications such as series, shunt, switching
and floating regulators.
ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)
 25

2. Relative simplicity with power supply can be designed.

3. It has small in size and lower in cost.
4. Input voltage is maximum 40 V.
5. Output voltage adjustable from 2 V to 37 V.
6. Output current up to 150 mA without external pass transistor.
7. Load and line regulations of 0.03%.
8. It operates in positive or negative supply operation.
9. It has choice of supply voltage.
10. Low standby current gain.

5. List the different types of IC voltage regulators.

Basically, there are two types of Voltage regulators: Linear voltage
regulator and Switching voltage regulator.
There are two types of Linear voltage regulators: Series and Shunt.
There are three types of Switching voltage regulators: Step up, Step
down and Inverter voltage regulators.

6. What are the applications of voltage regulator

Wherever the power-supply must be kept at a fixed value, regardless
of variations in load current or input voltage
1. Use in all power supplies to electronic gadgets to regulate voltage
and save the device from damage
2 . Used with the alternator of internal combustion engines to
regulate the alternator output.
3. Used in electronics circuits to supply a precise amount of voltage

LESSON 13 (THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

1. List various positive voltage regulator ICs.

78XX series:
This is a positive regulator. The first two digits i.e.78 indicates that
the output voltage is positive. The second two digits 'XX' indicates
output voltage of the regulator. The available ICs of this series are
7805(+5V), 7812 (+12V), 7815(+15V) etc. The output voltages are
shown in brackets.

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)

 26

2. List various negative voltage regulators

79XX series:
This is a negative voltage regulator. The first two digits i.e.79
indicates that the output voltage is negative. The second two digits
'XX' indicates output voltage of the regulator. The available ICs of this
series are 7905(-5V), 7912 (-12V), 7915(-15V) etc. The output
voltages are shown in brackets

CONCLUDED

ANS TO VIVA-VOCE ICA LAB (BIET GKS RAO)