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Voltage-Current Relationship of Different Passive Circuit Elements I. Resistor

1. A resistor has voltage and current in phase. Voltage equals current times resistance. 2. An inductor has voltage leading current by 90 degrees. Voltage equals current times inductive reactance. 3. A capacitor has current leading voltage by 90 degrees. Voltage equals current times capacitive reactance.

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Jomari Carl Rafal Mansueto
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319 views

Voltage-Current Relationship of Different Passive Circuit Elements I. Resistor

1. A resistor has voltage and current in phase. Voltage equals current times resistance. 2. An inductor has voltage leading current by 90 degrees. Voltage equals current times inductive reactance. 3. A capacitor has current leading voltage by 90 degrees. Voltage equals current times capacitive reactance.

Uploaded by

Jomari Carl Rafal Mansueto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Voltage-Current Relationship of different passive circuit elements

I. RESISTOR

R
i

v
If i= Im cos (ωt + θi)
v= Vm cos (ωt + θi)
since Vm = Im R

v= Im R cos (ωt + θi)

In Phasor Domain

R
I

V
V = IR
V (t)

i (t)

I V
The voltage V across R
II. Inductor and the current I
passing through it are
in phase.
In time Domain
L
i

v= L di/dt
If i= Im cos (ωt + θi)
v= Vm cos (ωt + θi + 90˚)

Vm = Im KL
V= Im KL cos (ωt + θi + 90˚)

And
XL = ωLΩ
ω=2πf
XL = 2πfLΩ
V= 2πfL Im cos (ωt + θi + 90˚)

Where:
XL = inductive reactance, Ω
L = inductance in Henry, H

In phasor domain
L
I

V
V= IXL
XL = jωL XL
= j2πfL
R

V= jωL I volts

V
The current I passing through the pure
90˚
inductor L lags the voltage V across it by
I 90˚.
III. PURE C Branch
In time domain

C
i

i= C dv/dt
If v= Vm cos (ωt + θv )
Then i= Im cos (ωt + θv + 90˚)

Since Im = Vm/XC and Xc = 1/ ωC , Im = ωC Vm


i= ωC Vm cos (ωt + θv + 90˚)

In phasor domain

Xc
I

V
V= Xc I = (I)1/jωC
V = -j (1/ωC) I
Xc = 1/jωC = -j (1/2πfC)

Where: Xc = capacitive reactance, Ω


C = capacitance in Farad, F
The current I passing through the pure
capacitor C leads the voltage V across it
by 90˚

PURE R
I & V in-phase
θd= 0˚ at x-axis
PURE L
voltage leads current by 90˚
PURE C
current leads voltage by 90˚

Example
1. An inductor when connected to a voltage source of 110 volts, 50-Hz draws a current of
10A. What are the expressions of the voltage and the current?
Solution:
Vrms = 110 volts (reference θV = 0˚)
Irms = 10A
f= 50 Hz
Expression: v & i
v=Vm sin ωt
Vm = √ 2 Vrms
= √ 2 (110)
= 155.563
ω= 2πf
= 2π (50)
= 100π
ω= 314.159 rad/sec

v= 155.563 sin 314.159t volts

i=Im sin (ωt + θi)


θd= θV – θi
90˚ = 0˚– θi
θi = -90˚

i=Im sin (ωt - 90˚)


Im= √ 2(10) = 14.142

i= 14.142 sin (314.159t - 90˚)

2. Given the following expressions:


v= 120 sin (377t + 30˚)
i= 3 sin (377t - 60˚)

Determine the circuit element and its value.


θd= θv – θi
= 30˚ - (-60˚)
= 30˚ + 60˚
θd= 90˚

PURE L CIRCUIT

V leads I by 90˚

PURE L Circuit
30° 60°

XL = Vm/Im = 120/3 = 40Ω


XL = ωL
L = XL / ω = 40/377

L = 106.101 mH

3. A capacitor when connected to a voltage source of 120 volts, 60 Hz draws a current of


5A. What are the expressions of the voltage and current?
Vrms= 120 v
Irms= 5A
f= 60 Hz
Vm= √ 2(120)
Vm = 169.706
Im = √ 2(5) = 7.071 A

ω = 2πf
= 2π (60)
= 120 π
= 376.991

v= 169.706 sin 376.991 t

θd= θv – θi
-90˚ = 0˚ - θi
θi = 90˚

i= 7.071 sin (376.991 t + 90˚)

4. Given the following expressions:


v= 120 sin (377t + 40˚)
i= 4 sin (377t + 130˚)

Determine the circuit element and its value.


θd= θv – θi
= 40˚ - 130˚
= -90˚

Pure C circuit

i v

V leads I by 90˚

PURE L Circuit
40°

130°

XC = Vm/Im = 120/4 = 30Ω


XC = 1/ωc
C = 1/ωxC
C = 1/(377)(30)

C = 88.417 μF

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