Module III: Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

Learning Outcomes: After the lesson, the students should be able to;
1. Discuss relatively the effects of liquid pressure in hydrostatic activities and in hydraulic
structures.
2. Analyze and solve numerically theoretical problems related to hydrostatic pressure and
forces.

Discussion:

Principles of Hydro statics:

Unit Pressure
Pressure/Unit Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with
the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.
force , F
Generally, Pressure, P =
area. A
Expressed in KPa, Pa, Psi, Psf

> If unit pressure is the same at every point;

P=F/A
> If unit pressure is different at every points;
P=dP/dA
 Pascal’s Law
Develop by French mathematician Blaise Pascal, States that At any point in a fluid at rest, the
pressure is the same in all directions

Free Surface of a Liquid

 Strictly speaking, a liquid having a free surface is one on whose surface, there is absolutely no pressure.
 But there is always some pressure (Atmospheric) on the surface of every liquid.
 In Practice, the free surface of a liquid is considered to be a surface of that is NOT IN CONTACT with the
cover of the containing vessel. Such surface, MAY or MAY NOT be subjected to Atmospheric Pressure.

* The Free Surface of a Liquid at Rest is HORIZONTAL at Rest.

 Liquids at Rest cannot resist shearing stress produced by an inclined surface, therefore the free surface
must be Horizontal.
 Liquids seek their own level.

Gage Pressure
 Pressure above or below the atmosphere and can be measure by pressure gauges or
manometers. It consists of a U-shaped tube with one end connected to the container and the other open
to the atmosphere.
Note: Pressure not specified is always a Gage pressure.

Atmospheric Pressure & Vacuum

 Pressure at any one point on the earth’s surface from the weight of the air above it.
 A vacuum is a space that has all matter remove from it.
 Under normal conditions at sea level.
patm=¿¿2166 psf or lb/ ft 2
= 14.7 psi
= 29.9 inches of mercury (hg)
= 760 mm Hg
= 101.325 kpa
Absolute Pressure
The pressure above absolute zero
(vacuum)
p|¿| pgage +¿ p ¿
atm

Note: 1. Absolute zero is attained if all air is

remove. It is the lowest possible pressure
attainable.
2. Absolute pressure can never be
negative.
3. The smallest gage pressure is equal
to the negative of the ambient atmospheric
pressure.

 Mercury Barometer
An accurate and relatively simple way to
measure changes in atmospheric pressure. At sea
level, the weight of the atmosphere forces mercury 760
mm (29.9 in) up a calibrated glass tube. Higher
elevations yield lower readings because the
atmosphere is less dense there, and the thinner air
exerts less pressure on the mercury.

 Aneroid Barometer
Partially evacuated metal drum expands or constants in response to changes in air pressure. A
series of levers and springs translates the up and down movement of the drum top into the circular
motion of the pointers along the aneroid barometer’s face.

 Variations in Pressure
 Consider any two points, whose difference in elevation is h, to lie in the ends of an elementary
prism having a cross-sectional area a and a length of L. Since this prism is at rest, all forces acting upon
it must be in equilibrium.

Note: Free Liquid Surface refers to liquid surface subject to zero Gage pressure or with
atmospheric pressure only.

 From the figure above:

W = γV
W = γ (aL)
F
Ʃ x=0
F 2− F 1=W sin θ
p2 a − p1 a=γ ( al ) sin θ
p2 − p1=γ Lsin θ but L sinθ=ℎ

p2 − p1=γ h
 Therefore, the difference in pressure between any two points in a homogeneous fluid at rest
is equal to the product of the unit weight of the fluid to the vertical distance between the
points.

Also; p2 = p1 + γ h
 This means that at any change in pressure at point 1 would cause an equal change at point 2.
Therefore, a pressure applied at any point in a liquid at rest is transmitted equally and
undiminished to every other point in the liquid.

 Let us assume that point 1 in the figure lies on the free liquid surface, the gage pressure, p1
then is zero and the equation will be;
p2 − p1=γ h
p2 - 0 = γ h or p = γ h
This means that the pressure at any point “h” below a free liquid surface is equal to
the product of unit weight of the fluid involve and height, h.
 If point 1 and 2 lie on the same elevation, h = 0, then p1=p2.
 Pressure below layers of different liquids:

 Consider the closed tank filled with liquids of different densities and with air on top under a gage pressure
of PA , the pressure at the bottom of the tank is determine by the equation;
pbottom = p A + Ʃγh=p A + γ 1 h1 +γ 2 h 2+ γ 3 h3

 Pressure Head
The height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit weight γ that will produce an intensity
of pressure p.
p
ℎ=
γ
sA pA γA
ℎ B=ℎ A ∨ℎB =ℎ A ∨ℎ B=ℎ A
sB pB γB
ℎ water=ℎ liquid x sliquid

 Manometer
A tube usually bent in a form of a U containing a liquid of known specific gravity, the surface of
which moves proportionally to changes of pressure. It is used to measure pressure.
Type of Manometer
1. Open Type – atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of measuring gage
pressure.
2. Differential Type – without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only
differences of pressure.
3. Piezometer – the simply form of open manometer.
Examples:
1. A cylinder glass tubing 2.8 cm inside diameter and 90 cm
long with one end closed is immersed vertically with the
open end down into a tank of cleaning solvent (sp. gr. =
0.73) until only 5 cm of its length remain above the liquid
surface. If the barometric pressure is 1kg/cm 2 and
neglecting vapor pressure.
a) How high will the fluid in the tube?
b) Compute the height of air inside the glass.
c) What force required to maintain equilibrium.

Solution:
π 2
a. P1=1 kg /cm
2
V 1= ( 2.8 ) (90)
4
P2=P1 +wℎ V 1=554.18 cm3

1+1000(0.73)(ℎ) π
P 2= 2 V 2= ( 2.8 )2 (ℎ+5)
(100) 4
2
P2=1+0.00073 ℎ kg / cm V 2=6.158 (ℎ+5)

Using Boyle’s Law: P1 V 2=P1 V 2

1(554.18) = (1 + 0.00073h)(6.158)(h+5)
554.18
=(1+0.00073 ℎ)(ℎ+5)
6.158
2
89.99=ℎ+0.00073 ℎ +5+0.00365 ℎ
2
89.99=0.00073 ℎ + 1.00365ℎ+ 5
2
ℎ +1374.86 ℎ −116424.657=0
 h = 80 cm c. F = γ Vol
2
ᴫ( 0.028)
x = 90 – 5 – 80 F = 9810 0.85
4
x = 5 cm F = 5.13 N

b. h + x = Th
80 + 5 = 85 cm

2. The deflection of mercury is initially 250 mm. If the pressure at A is increased by 40 kPa, while maintaining
the pressure at B constant, what will be the new mercury deflection?

Solution: figure a
PA PB
− 0.6 −0.25 ( 13.6 ) +0.25+2.1=
γ γ
P A PB
− =1.65 mof water
γ γ
'
Figure b, p A = p A + 40
PA' PB
− ( 0.6 − x ) − ( 0.25+2 x ) 13.6+ ( 2.35+ x )=
γ γ
P A +40 PB
−0.6+ x −3.4 − 27.2 x +2.35+ x=
γ γ
P A 40 P
+ − 1.65 −25.2 x= B
γ 9.81 γ
P A PB P P
− =25.2 x −2.423 but A − B =1.65
γ γ γ γ
1.65=25.2 x − 2.423
 x=0.165 m=162 mm
New mercury deflection = 250 + 2x
=250 + 2(162)
=574 mm

Hydrostatic Force on Surface

Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface
If the pressure over a plane area is uniform, as in the case of a horizontal surface submerged in a liquid
or a plane surface inside a gas chamber, the total hydrostatic force is given by:
F = pA, where p is uniform pressure and A is the area.
Consider the plane surface shown inclined at an angle θ with the horizontal. To get the total force F,
consider a differential element of area dA. Since this element is horizontal the pressure is uniform over this area.
F=γĥA
Since γ ĥ is the unit pressure at the centroid of the plane area, pcg the formula may also be expressed as:

F = pcg A
Location of F, ( y ¿¿ p):¿ by transfer formula of moment of inertia:
Is Is
y p= y p=Ȳ +
AȲ AȲ
Since y p = Ӯ + e, from
Is
Eccentricity, e =
AȲ
Examples:
1. A vertical triangle gate with top base horizontal and 1.5
wide 3m high. It is submerged in oil having sp. gr. of 0.82
with its top base submerged to a depth of 2m. determine
the magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic pressure
acting on one side of the gate.

Is
Solution: F = γ ĥ A e=
Aȳ
 1 1
ĥ = 2 + (3) = (1.5)¿ ¿ = 0.167 m
3 36
ĥ = 3m = ȳ y p=ĥ + e

1
F = [9.81(0.82)](3)[ (1.5)(3)] = 3 + 0.167
2
F = 54.3 kN = 3.167 m from the oil surface

2. a. Compute the depth of the center of pressure for a vertical triangular gate having a height and a base, and
submerged in a liquid with its base at the liquid surface.
b. if the base of the triangle is 1m below the surface, determine the location of the center of pressure from the
surface if b = 4m and d = 3m.
c. Compute also the hydrostatic force of one side of the gate.

Solution:
Ig
a. e=
Ss
3
bd
36
=
bd d
( )
2 3
d
=
6
d d 2 d+ d d
ℎcp = + = =
3 6 6 2
 b. ĥ = 1 + 1 = 2m
4( 3)
Ig
e= = 1 = 0.75
Ay (4 )(3)2
2
Hcp = 2 + 0.75
= 2.75
c. P = γ ĥ A
1
P = 9.79(2)( ¿(4)(3)
2
P = 117.48 kN

Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces

Case I: Fluid is above the curved surface

Case II: Fluid is below the curved surface

 F H = p cg A or F H =γ ĥ A where: A- vertical projection of submerged curve
F V =γ V tan θ=F V ¿ F H pcg - pressure at the centroid of A

Note: The procedure used in solving F H is the same are that presented F = p A.

Case III: Fluid below and above the curved surface

Examples:
1. a. Compute the depth of the center of pressure for a vertical semi-circular gate of diameter and radius which
is submerged in a liquid and has its diameter on the liquid surface.
b. Compute the location of the center of pressure if the top of the gate is 2m from the surface and radius is
2m.
c. Compute the hydro static force on one side.
Solution:

4 π 8
r ( − )
a. e= Ig 8 9π
e= 2
Ss πr 4r
( )
2 3ᴫ
4 r
ℎcp = +0.165 r
3π
 4
4 r (0.1098)
πr ¿
I x= 2 ℎcp =0.589 r
8 r3 ( )
3

π r4 π r2 4 r 2
I g= + ( ) ¿ 0.165 r
8 2 3ᴫ

π r 4 8r 4
I g= +
8 9ᴫ
π 8
I g=r 4 ( − )
8 9π

4r
b. ĥ=2+ =2.85 m
3ᴫ

Ig
e=
Ay
4
0.11 r
¿
πr
2
¿ 175.31 kN
(2.85)
2
4
0.11(2)
¿
π (2)2
(2.85)
2
¿ 0.098
ℎcp =2.85+0.098
ℎcp =2.95 m

C. Hydrostatic force on one side

π (2)2
P¿ γ hA = 9. 81(2.85) = 6.28 KN
2

2. Find the magnitude and location of the force exerted by water on one side of the vertical annular disk shown.
Solution: location of F:
Ig
F=γ ĥ A e= y p=4+ 0.203
Aȳ
π 4 π 4
(1.5) − (1)
F=9.81 ( 4 ) ¿ e= 4 4 y p=4.203 mbelow tℎe w . s
2
π [(1.5) ¿ ¿ 2− ( 1 ) ]( 4) ¿
F=154.1 kN e=0.203 m

Dams
Dams are structure that block the flow of a river, stream, or other waterway. Some dams divert the flow
of river water into a pipeline, canal, or channel. Many dams harmless the energy of falling water to generate
electric power.
Purpose of Dams
1. Irrigation and drinking water
2. Power supply
3. Navigation
4. Flood control
5. Multi purposes

Types of Dams
 Gravity Dams – use only the force of gravity to resist water pressure that is, they hold back the water by
the sheer force of their weight pushing downward. Dams consist of a mass so heavy that the water in a
reservoir cannot push, it also much thicker at the base than the top. A thick base enables the dam to
44withstand the more intense water pressure at the bottom of the reservoir.
 Embankment Dam – the upstream and downstream slopes of embankment dams are flatter than those
of concrete gravity dams. They are more closely match the natural slope of a pile of rocks or earth.
 Arch Dams – are concrete or masonry structure that curve upstream into a reservoir. This dam requires
a relatively narrow river canyon with solid rock walls capable of withstanding a significant amount of
horizontal thrust. No need to be as massive as gravity dams.
 Buttress Dam – consists of a wall, or face, supported by several buttress on the downstream side. Its
typically spaced across the dam site every 6 to 30 m depending upon the size and design of the dam.
Sometimes called hollow dams.

Analyzing of Gravity Dams

A dam is subjected to hydrostatic forces due to water which is raised on its upstream side. These force
cause the dam to slide horizontally on its foundation and overturn it about its downstream edge or toe. These
tendencies are resisted by fiction on the base of the dam and gravitational forces which causes a moment
opposite to the overturning moment. The dam may also be prevented from sliding by keying its base.
Steps of Solution:
1. Consider 1 unit (1 m) length of dam. (perpendicular to the sketch)
2. Determine all the forces acting.
 Vertical Forces
a) Weight of the dam
w 1=γ c V 1 ; w 2=γ c V 2 ; w 3=γ c V 3
b) Weight of the water in the upstream side (if any) w 4=γ c V 4
c) Weight or permanent structure on the dam
d) Hydrostatic Uplift
U 1=γ V u 1
U 2=γ V u 2
 Horizontal Force
a) Total hydrostatic force acting at the vertical projection of the submerged portion of the
dam.
F=γ ĥ A
b) Wind pressure
c) Wave Action
d) Floating Bodies
e) Earthquake Load

3. Solve for reaction

 Vertical Reaction, R y
R y =Ʃ F v
R y =W 1+ W 2 +W 3 +W 4+ U 1+ U 2
 Horizontal Reaction, R x
R x =Ʃ F ℎ
R x =P
4. Moment about the toe
 Righting Moment, RM
RM =W 1 x1 +W 2 x 2+W 3 x 3 +W 4 x 4
 Overturning Moment, RO
OM =P y +U 1 z 1+ U 2 z 2
5. location of R y ( x )
Where: γ – unit weight of water = 9.82 kN/m3 (or 1000 kg/m3)
RM −OM
x= γ c – unit weight of concrete
Ry
γ c – 2.4γ (usually taken as 23.5 kN/m3

Factors of Safety
Against sliding, FS s:
μ Ry
FS s= >1 ; μ – coefficient of the friction between the base of the
Rx
 Against overturning, FSo : dam and the foundation
RM
FSo = >1
OM

Foundation Pressure

For e ¿ B/6
For combination of axial and bending
stress formula:
B
(R ¿¿ y e )( )
R 2
q=− y + ¿ ¿¿
B 3
B /12

( )
R 6e
q=− y 1+
B B
where e ¿ B/6
a 2 Ry
x= ∨a=3 x q e=
3 3x
1
R y = (a)(q e )(1)
2
1
Ry = ¿
2

Examples:
1. the section of concrete gravity dam shown in the figure. The depth of water at the upstream side is 6 m.
neglect hydrostatic uplift and use unit weight of concrete equal to 23.5 kN/ m3. Coefficient of friction between the
base of the dam and the foundation is 0.6. determine the following:
a. factor of safety against sliding,
b. the factor of safety against overturning, and
c. the overturning moment acting against the dam in kN-m.

solution:
 F=γ w ℎ A R x =F=176.58 kN
¿ 9.81(3)(6 x 1) R y =W 1+ W 2=376+188=564 kN
¿ 176.58 kN
μ Ry
FS s=
Rx
1 0.6(564)
y= ( 6 )=2 m FS s= =1.916
3 176.58

W 1=γ c V 1 RM =W 1 x1 +W 2 x 2
¿ 23.5[2 ( 8 ) (1 ) ] RM =376(3)+188(1.333)
W 1=376 kN RM =1378.604 kN /m

w 2=γ c V 2 OM =F+ y
1
¿ 23.5[ (2) ( 8 )( 1 ) ] ¿ 176.58(2)
2
kN
W 2=188 kN ¿ 353.16 overturning moment
m

1 RM
x 1=4 − ( 2 )=3 FSo =
2 OM
2 1378.604
x 2=( )( 2 )=1.333 m FSo = =3.904
3 353.16

2. A dam 4 m. on top 18 m. at the bottom and 25 m. high has water 20 m. deep acting on its vertical sides.
a. Compute the location of the vertical resultant force from the toe.
b. Compute the factor of safety against overturning.
c. What is stress at the heel. Wt. of concrete =2200kg/m3

Solution:
a. P=γ ℎ A RM =220 , 000 (16 ) +385 , 000(9.33)
 P=1000 (10)( 20)(1) RM =7 , 112, 050
P=200 , 000 kg

RM
W 1=4 ( 25 ) (1)(2200) b. FS=
OM
7 , 112,050
W 1=220 ,000 kg FS= =5.33
1 , 333 ,333
25(14 )
W 2= (1)(2200)
2
RM −OM
W 2=385 ,000 kg c. x=
Ry
7,112,050− 1,333,333
R y =W 1+ W 2 x= =9.55
60,500
R y =220 ,000+ 385 ,000 e=9.55− 9=0.55
R y =605 ,000 kg
20 200 ,000 (20) Ry 6e
OM =P ¿ fℎ= [1+ ]
3 3 B B
60,500 6 (0.55)
OM =1 ,333 , 333 kg . m fℎ= [1+ ]
18 18
fℎ=39,773 kg/m3

Buoyancy

Archimedes’ Principle
The Greek scientist Archimedes that states that “ my body immersed in a fluid is acted upon by a
upward force (buoyant force) equal to the weight of the displacement fluid”.
This principles, also known as the law of hydrostatics, applies to both floating and submerged bodies,
and to all fluids.

Force acting on a submerged body BF=γ V D

Where: BF - buoyant force in Newton or kilo Newton
γ – unit weight of fluid
V D- volume displacement. Volume of the body below the liquid surface
For homogeneous solid body of volume “floating” in a homogeneous fluid rest:
sp . gr . of body γ body
V D= V V D= V
sp . gr of liquid γ liquid
If the body of height has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area such as vertical cylinders, blocks,
etc:
sp . gr . of body γ body
D= H D= H
sp . gr of liquid γ liquid

sp . gr . of body γ body
A s= A A s= A
sp . gr of liquid γ liquid
Examples:
1. A piece of wood floats in water with 50 mm projecting above the water surface. When placed in glycerin of sp.
gr. 1.35. the block projects 75 mm above the liquid surface.
a. Find the height of the piece of wood.
b. Find the sp. gr. Of wood.
c. Find the weight of the wood if it has a cross sectional area of 200 mm x 200 mm.

Solution:
a. W =9.81( A)(ℎ −0.05) b. Sℎ=ℎ − 0.05
Sℎ(9.81)(A )=9.81( A)(ℎ − 0.05) S ( 0.146 )=0.146 −0.05
Sℎ=ℎ − 0.05 S=0.658

W =9.81(1.35)( A )(ℎ −0.05)

Sℎ(9.81)(A )=9.81(1.35)( A)(ℎ − 0.05) c.W =9.81 ( 0.658 )( 0.146 )( 0.2 )(0.2)
Sℎ=1.35(ℎ− 0.05) W =0.038 kN =38 N

ℎ −0.05=1.35(ℎ − 0.05)
0.35 ℎ=0.05125
ℎ=0.146 m

2. A balloon is filled with 3000 m3 of hydrogen having a specific weight 1.1 N/m3.
a. What lift does the balloon exert at the earth surface if the balloon weight 1400 N and γ air is 12.01 N/m3.
b. What lift does the balloon exert at an elevation of 10 km, assuming that the volume has increased 6%?
Unit weight of air 4.04 N/m3 .
c. What lift does the balloon exert at an elevation of 20 km, assuming that the volume has increased 10%?
Unit weight of air 2.02 N/m3 .
Solution:
a. W 3 +W 2+W 1=BF c.W 3 +1,400+1.1(3,000)
W 3 +1400+1.1 ( 3000 )=3000( 12.01) ¿ 3,000(2.02)(1.10)
W 3 =31,330 N lift=31.33 kN W 3 =1,966 N =1.97 kN

b. W 3 +W 2+W 1=BF
W 3 +1400+1.1 ( 3000 )=3000( 4.04)(1.06)
W 3 =8,147 N=8.15 kN (lift)

Stability of Floating Bodies

A floating body is acted upon by two equal opposing forces. These are, the body’s weight and its
buoyant force.

Right Moment and Overturning Moment RM ∨OM=W ( x)

W - weight of the body
BF - buoyant force
G - center of gravity of the body
Bo- center of buoyancy in the upright position
Bo ' - center of buoyancy in the tilted position
V D- volume displaced
 M - metacenter, the point of intersection between the line of action of the buoyant force and the
axis of the body
c - center of gravity of the wedges
s- horizontal distance between the cg’s of the wedges
v - volume of the wedge of immersion
θ - angle of tilting
M Bo - distance from M to Bo
GB o- distance from G to Bo
MG - metacentric height, distance from M to G

 Metacentric height, MG=M Bo +¿ G Bo ¿ use (-) if G is above Bo

use (+) if G is below Bo
Note: M is always above Bo
 Value of M Bo
Moment due to shifting of BF = moment due to shifting wedge
vs
M Bo =
V D sin θ
 Initial value of M Bo
I
M Bo =
VD
 Moment RM ∨OM=Wx=W ¿)
 For rectangular section
B2 tan 2 θ
M Bo = (1+ )
12 D 2

Stress on Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Thin-Walled Cylindrical Tank

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, develop across longitudinal and transverse section.
 pD
 Tangent stress, ST =
2t
pD
 Longitudinal stress, S L=
4t
For spherical Shell

pD
 Wall stress, S=
4t
2 S t Aℎ
 Spacing, S=
pD

Examples:
1. A vertical cylindrical tank, open at the top, is filled with a
liquid. Its side are held in position by means of two steel hoops,
one at the top and the other at the bottom. Determine the ratio of
the stress in the upper hoop to that in the lower hoop.

Solution:
Ratio=T 1 /T 2 [Ʃ M bottom =0]
F /6
Ratio=
F /6
2 T 1 ℎ=F (ℎ/3)
[Ʃ M top =0] T 1=F /6
2 T 2 ℎ=F ¿
T 2=F /3

2. A cylindrical container 8 m high and 3 m in diameter is reinforced with two hoops 1 meter from each end.
When it is filled w/ water what is the tension in each hoop due to water?
Solution:
F=γ ℎ A [Ʃ M top ℎoop=0] [Ʃ M bottom ℎoop=0]

F=9.81 ( 82 )[8 ( 3 )] 13
2 T 2 ( 6 )=F ( )
3
5
2 T 1 ( 6 )=F ( )
3
F=941.76 kN T 2=13 F/ 36 T 1=5 F /36
T 2=13(941.76)/ 36 T 1=5(941.76)/36
T 2=340.08 kN T 1=130.8 kN

Relative Equilibrium of Liquid

Rectilinear Translation (moving vessels)

a
 Horizontal Motion tanθ=
g
aH
 Incline Motion tanθ= ¿
g +¿ a y
 Vertical Motion p¿γ ℎ¿¿

Rotation (rotating vessels)

2
w x
 From the force polygon tanθ=
g
2 2
w x
 From calculus, slope γ¿
2g
w2 r 2
 For cylindrical container having a radius h ¿
2g
Where: w -is the angular speed in radians per second
Note: 1 rpm = ᴫ/30 rad/sec
 Relationship between an two points in the parabola is given
2
x1 x2
¿
y1 y
Volume of Paraboloid of Revolution
 1
 Volume ¿ ᴫ r 2 ℎ
2

Examples:
1. An unbalanced vertical force of 270 N upward accelerates a volume of 0.044 m3 of water. If the water is 0.9 m
deep in a cylindrical tank.
a. What is the acceleration of the tank?
b. What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank in N/m3.
c. What is the force acting on the bottom of the tank in N?

Solution:
a. Ww=0.044 ( 9,810 )=431.64 N
F=ma
W
F= a
g
431.64
270= a
9.81
2
a=6.14 m/ s
a
b. Pb=γ w ℎ(1+ ) c. V = A ℎ F=Pb A
g
6.14
Pb=9,810(0.9)(1+ ) 0.044= A(0.90) F=14.355(0.0489)
9.81
Pb=14,355 N /m2 A=0.0489 m2 F=702 N

2. An open cylindrical vessel 1.2 m in diameter and 2.1 m high is 2/3 full of water. Compute the amount of water
in liters that will be spilled out is the vessels is rotated about its vertical axis at a constant angular speed of 90
rpm.

Solution:
2 2
w r V spilled =V air(final ) − V air(initial)
ℎ=
2g
ᴫ 1 2
w=90 rpw x V spilled = π (0.6) ( 1.63 ) − π ¿
30 2
3 3
w=3 ᴫ rad /s V spilled =0.13 m x 1000lit / m
(3 ᴫ)2 (0.6)2
ℎ= V spilled =130 liters
2(9.81)
ℎ=1.63 m
ℎ
=0.815>0.7 m (some liquid spilled)
2

ASSESSMENT TASK

A. Basic Pressure Application

1. A pressure in a given tank reads 277 mm of Hg.
1.1.Calculate the equivalent height of colum of water.
1.2. Determine the equivalent height of column of kerosene if Gs=0.82.
1.3. what is the height of column of nectar having Gs=2.94?

2.. A mercury barometer at the base of the mountain reads 620 mm. At the same time, another barometer at the
top of a mountain reads 450 mm. Assuming weight of air at a constant of 1o N/m 3, what is the appropriate height
of the mountain in meters?

3. In a condenser containing air and water, the air pressure is 40 KPa absolute. What is the gage pressure
in Kpa 1.5 m below the water surface?

B. Manometer problems
1. The height of the water is 50 cm, and the height of another liquid is 30 cm. What is the density of
another liquid?

2. Ans. 100 mm
2.

Problem 2.56
In the figure below pipe A contains
gasoline (
0.7SG !
), pipe B contains oil (
0.9SG !
), and the
manometer fluid is mercury.
Determine the new
differential reading if the pressure
in pipe A is
decreased 25 kPa, and the pressure
in pipe B remains
constant. The initial differential
reading is 0.30 m as
shown.