F LU ID MECHANICS

DEFIN ITION OF FLUID

The term fluid refers to a substance that can flow and does
not have a shape of its own. For example liquid and gases.
Fluid includes property (A) Density (B) Viscosity (C) Bulk
modulus of elasticity (D) pressure (E) specific gravity
..it would be better for
PRESSURE IN A FLUID
the true physics if there
The pressure p is defined as the magnitude of the normal force
were no mathematicians acting on a unit surface area.
on earth.
F
P = F = normal force on a surface area A.
A
–Daniel Bernoulli
... there is no philoso-
phy which is not founded
upon knowledge of the
phenomena, but to get any
profit from this knowledge
it is absolutely necessary
to be a mathematician.
The pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because hydrostatic
–Daniel Bernoulli pressure is transmitted equally in all directions when force is
applied, which shows that a definite direction is not associ-
ated with pressure.
Thrust. The total force exerted by a liquid on any surface in
contact with it is called thrust of the liquid.

C ON S E QUE N C E S OF P RE S SURE
(i) Railway tracks are laid on large sized wooden or iron sleep-
ers. This is because the weight (force) of the train is spread
over a large area of the sleeper. This reduces the pressure
acting on the ground and hence prevents the yielding of ground
under the weight of the train.
(ii) A sharp knife is more effective in cutting the objects than a
blunt knife.
The pressure exerted = Force/area. The sharp knife transmits
force over a small area as compared to the blunt knife. Hence
the pressure exerted in case of sharp knife is more than in
case of blunt knife.
(iii) A camel walks easily on sand but a man cannot inspite
of the fact that a camel is much heavier than man.
This is because the area of camel’s feet is large as
compared to man’s feet. So the pressure exerted by
camel on the sand is very small as compared to the
pressure exerted by man. Due to large pressure, sand
under the feet of man yields and hence he cannot walk
easily on sand.

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VARIATI ON OF P RESSURE WITH HEI GHT
dp
W eight of the small element dh is balanced by the excess pressure. It means = g.
dh
P h

 dp  g
 dh  P = P a + gh
Pa 0

P A SC AL’ S L AW
if the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular, point the change is transmitted to the entire
liquid without being diminished in magnitude. In the above case if P a is increased by some amount
than P must increase to maintained the difference (P – P a) = hg. This is Pascal’s Law which
states that Hydraulic lift is common application of Pascal’s Law.

1. Hydraulic press.
f W W
p=  or f  a
a A A
as A >> a then f << W..
This can be used to lift a heavy load placed on the platform
of larger piston or to press the things placed between the
piston and the heavy platform. The work done by applied
force is equal to change in potential energy of the weight in
hydraulic press.

Ex.1 The area of cross-section of the two arms of a hydraulic press are
1 cm 2 and 10 cm 2 respectively (figure). A force of 5 N is applied on
the water in the thinner arm. W hat force should be applied on the
water in the th icker arm s so that the water m ay rem ain in
equilibrium?

Sol. In equilibrium, the pressures at the two surfaces should be equal as they lie in the same horizontal
level. If the atmospheric pressure is P and a force F is applied to maintain the equilibrium, the
pressures are
5N F
P0 + 2 and P 0 + respectively..
1 cm 10 cm 2
This givens F = 50 N.

2. Hydraulic Brake.
Hydraulic brake system is used in auto-mobiles to retard the motion.

HY DRO STATI C P A RAD OX

Pressure is directly proportional to depth and by applying pascal’s law it can be seen that pres-
sure is independent of the size and shape of the containing vessel.

PA = PB = PC

A T M O S P H E R I C P R E SS U R E
Definition.
The atmospheric pressure at any point is numerically equal to the weight of a column of air of unit
cross-sectional area extending from that point to the top of the atmosphere.
At 0ºC, density of mercury = 13.595 g cm –3 , and at sea level, g = 980.66 cm s –2
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 Now P = hg.
Atmospheric pressure = 76 × 13.595 × 980.66 dyne cm –2 = 1.013 × 10 –5 N-m 2 (p a)
Height of Atmosphere
The standard atmospheric pressure is 1.013 × 10 5 Pa (N m –2 ). If the atmosphere of earth has a
uniform density  = 1.30 kg m –3 , then the height h of the air column which exert the standard
atmospheric pressure is given by
 hg = 1.013 × 10 5

1.013  10 5 1.013  10 5
h= = m = 7.95 × 10 3 m  8 km.
g 1.13  9.8
In fact, density of air is not constant but decreases with height. The density becomes half at
1
about 6 km high, th at about 12 km and so on. Therefore, we can not draw a clear cut line above
4
which there is no atmosphere. Anyhow the atmosphere extends upto 1200 km. This limit is con-
sidered for all practical purposes.

ME A S URE ME N T OF ATMOS P HE RI C P RE SS URE

1. Mercury Barometer.
To measure the atmospheric pressure experimentally, torricelli
invented a mercury barometer in 1643.

p a =hg

The pressure exerted by a mercury column of 1mm high is called 1 Torr.

1 Torr = 1 mm of mercury column
2. Open tube Manometer
Open-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure gauge.
W hen equilibrium is reached, the pressure
at the bottom of left limb is equal to the
pressure at the bottom of right limb.
i.e. p + y1 g = p a + y2 g
p – p a = g (y2 – y1) = gy
p – p a = g (y2 – y1) = gy
p = absolute pressure, p – p a = gauge pressure.
Thus, knowing y and  (density of liquid), we can measure the gauge pressure.

Ex. 2 The manometer shown below is used to measure

the difference in water level between the two tanks.
Calculate this difference for the conditions indicated.

Ans. 4 cm

Sol. p a + h 1 g – 40 1g + 40g = p a + h 2 g

h 2 g – h 1 g = 40 g – 40  1g
as  1 = 0.9
(h 2 – h 1) g = 40g – 36g
h 2 – h 1 = 4 cm

3. Water Barometer.
Let us suppose water is used in the barometer instead of mercury.

1.013  10 5
hg = 1.013 × 10 5
or h=
g
The height of the water column in the tube will be 10.3 m. Such a long tube cannot be managed
easily, thus water barometer is not feasible.

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Ex. 3 In a given U-tube (open at one-end) find out relation between p and p a.
Given d 2 = 2 × 13.6 gm/cm 3 d 1 = 13.6 gm/cm 3

Sol. Pressure in a liquid at same level is same i.e. at A – A–,

p a  d2 yg  xd1g  p

In C.G.S.
p a + 13.6 × 2 × 25 × g + 13.6 × 26 × g = p
p a + 13.6 × g [50 + 26] = p
2p a = p [p a = 13.6 × g × 76]
Ex. 4 Find out pressure at points A and B. Also find angle ‘’.

Sol. Pressure at A – P A = P atm –  1 gl sin 

Pressure at B P B = P atm +  2 gh 
But P B is also equal to P B = P A +  3 gl sin 
Hence - P atm +  2 gh = P A +  3 gl sin 
P atm +  2 gh = P atm –  1 gl sin  +  3 gl sin 
 2h
sin  = (   ) .
3 1

Ex. 5 In the given figure, the container slides down with acceleration ‘a’ on an
incline of angle ‘’. Liquid is stationary with respect to container. Find out -
(i) Angle made by surface of liquid with horizontal plane.
(ii) Angle if a = g sin .

Sol. Consider a fluid particle on surface. The forces acting on it are shown in figure.

Resultant force acting on liquid surface, will always normal to it

ma cos  a cos 
tan  = mg  ma sin  = (g  a sin )

a cos 
Thus angle of liquid surface with the horizontal is equal to  = tan –1 (g  a sin )

 a cos   g sin  cos 

(ii) If a = g sin , then  = tan –1  
2  = tan
–1

 g  g sin   g cos 2 
= tan –1 (tan ) =
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Ex. 6 W ater and liquid is filled up behind a square wall of side . Find out
(a) Pressures at A, B and C
(b) Forces in part AB and BC
(c) Total force and point of application of force.
(neglect atmosphere pressure in every
calculation)
Sol. (a) As there is no liquid above ‘A’,
So pressure at A, p A = 0
Pressure at B, p B = gh 1
Pressure at C, p C = gh 1 + 2gh 2
(b) Force at A = 0
Take a strip of width ‘dx’ at a depth ‘x’ in part AB.
Pressure is equal to gx.
Force on strip = pressure × area
dF = gx dx
Total force upto B
h1
gxh12 1000  10  10  5  5
F =  gxdx
0
=
2
=
2
= 1.25 × 10 6 N
In part BC for force take a elementary strip of width dx in portion BC. Pressure is equal to
=gh 1 + 2g(x – h 1)
Force on elementary strip = pressure × area
dF = [gh 1 + 2g(x – h 1)]  dx
Total force on part BC

F = 
h1
[ gh1  2 g ( x  h1 )]  dx


  x2 
=  gh 1x  2 g   h1x   
  2   h
1

  2  h12 
= gh 1h 2  + 2g  2  h1  h12 
 

2g
= gh 1h 2 + [ 2 + h 12 – 2h 1] = gh 1h 2 +g ( – h 1) 2
2
= gh 2 [h 1 + h 2] = gh 2 2 = 1000 × 10 × 5 × 10 × 10 = 5 × 10 6 N
(c) Total force = 5 × 10 6 + 1.25 × 10 6 = 6.25 × 10 6 N
Taking torque about A
h1

Total torque of force in AB =  dF  x =  gxdx.x

0

h
 gx 3  1 gh13 1000  10  10  125 1.25  10 7
=  3  = = = N-m
  0 3 3 3

Total torque of force in BC =  dF  x

h2 2h2
On solving we get = gh 1h 2[h 1 + ] + gh 22[h 1 + ]
2 3
10
= 1000 × 10 × 5 × 5 × 10 [5 + 2.5] + 1000 × 10 × 25 × 10 [5 + ]
3
62.5 118 .75
= 2.5 × 7.5 × 10 6 + × 10 6 = × 10 6
3 3

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 11.875  10 7 1.25  10 7 13.125  10 7
Total torque = + =
3 3 3
Total torque = total force × distance of point of application of force from top
= F . xp
13.125  10 7
6.25 × 10 6 x p =
3
x p = 7m
Alternatively
W e can solve this problem by pressure diagram also.
Force on ‘AB’ part is area of triangle ‘ABC’
h1 gh12 2
F AB = gh 1 × × =
2 2
Torque of force of AB part about A -
gh12  2h1
 AB = 
2 3

gh13  g 4
= 
3 24
Force on ‘BC’ part is area of trapezium -
h2
F BC = gh 1h 2 + 2gh 2 ×  = gh 1h 2 + gh 22
2
Torque of force of ‘BC’ part about ‘A’ -
h2 2h2
 BC = gh 1h 2 (h 1 + ) + gh 22(h 1 + )
2 3

g 3    3     
=  2  4  + g  
4   4 2 3

g  3    g  4
=   3  4  = 19
4   48

gh12 
Total force = + gh 1h 2 + gh 22
2

g  3 3 g 3 1  1  1  5g 3
+ g  2 
= + =
8 4 4  8

19g 4 g  4 21g 4
Total torque = + =
48 24 48

21g 4 5 g  3 21g 4
But F xp = p =
48 8 48
21 21 10
xp = = = 7 m
30 30
Thus total force is acting at 7m below A point.

ARC H I M E DE S’ P RI N C I P L E
According to this principle, when a body is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, it loses its
weight which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
Up thrust = buoyancy = V g V = volume submerged  = density of liquid.
Relation between density of solid and liquid
weight of the floating solid = weight of the liquid displaced
1 V2
V1 1 g = V2 2 g  
2 V1
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 Density of solid Volume of the immeresed portion of the solid
or 
Density of liquid Total Volume of the solid
This relationship is valid in accelerating fluid also. Thus, the force acting on the body are :
(i) its weight Mg which acts downward and
(ii) net upward thrust on the body or the buoyant force (mg)
Hence the apparent weight of the body = Mg – mg = weight of the body – weight of the displaced
liquid.
Or Actual W eight of body – Apparent weight of body = weight of the liquid displaced.
The point through which the upward thrust or the buoyant force acts when the body is immersed
in the liquid is called its centre of buoyancy. This will coincide with the centre of gravity if the solid
body is homogeneous. On the other hand if the body is not homogeneous, then the centre of
gravity may not lie on the line of the upward thrust and hence there may be a torque that causes
rotation in the body.
If the centre of gravity of the body and the centre of buoyancy lie on the same straight line, the
body is in equilibrium.
If the centre of gravity of the body does not coincide with the centre of buoyancy (i.e., the line of
upthrust), then torque acts on the body. This torque causes the rotational motion of the body.

Ex. 7 A copper piece of mass 10 g is suspended by a vertical spring. The spring elongates 1 cm over its
natural length to keep the piece in equilibrium. A beaker containing water is now placed below the
piece so as to immerse the piece completely in water. Find the elongation of the spring. Density
of copper = 9000 kg/m 3. Take g = 10 m/s 2.
Sol. Let the spring constant be k. W hen the piece is hanging in air, the equilibrium condition gives
k (1 cm) = (0.01 kg) (10 m/s)
or k (1 cm) = 0.1 N. .............(i)
The volume of the copper piece
0.01kg 1
= 3 = × 10 –5 m 3.
9000 kg / m 9
This is also the volume of water displaced when the piece is immersed in water. The force of
buoyancy
= weight of the liquid displaced
1
= × 10 –5 m 3 × (1000 kg/m 3) × (10 m/s 2) = 0.011 N.
9
If the elongation of the spring is x when the piece is immersed in water, the equilibrium condition
of the piece gives,
kx = 0.1 N – 0.011 N = 0.089 N. ..............(ii)
By (i) and (ii),
0.089
x = cm = 0.89 cm.
0 .1

Ex. 8 A cubical block of wood of edge 3 cm floats in water. The lower surface of
the cube just touches the free end of a vertical spring fixed at the bottom of
the pot. Find the maximum weight that can be put on the block without
wetting it. Density of wood = 800 kg/m 3 and spring constant of the spring
= 50 N/m. Take g = 10 m/s 2.
Sol. The specific gravity of the block = 0.8. Hence the height inside water = 3 cm × 0.8 = 2.4 cm. The
height outside ater = 3 cm – 2.4 = 0.6 cm. Suppose the maximum weight that can be put without
wetting it is W. The block in this case is completely immersed in the water. The volume of the
displaced water
= volume of the block = 27 × 10 –6 m 3.
Hence, the force of buoyancy
= (27 × 10 –6 m 3) × 1(1000 kg/m3) × (10 m/s 2) = 0.27 N.
The spring is compressed by 0.6 cm and hence the upward force exerted by the spring
= 50 N/m × 0.6 cm = 0.3 N.
The force of buoyancy and the spring force taken together balance the weight of the block plus the
weight W put on the block. The weight of the block is
W = (27 × 10 –6 m) × (800 kg/m 3) × (10 m/s 2) = 0.22 N.
Thus, W = 0.27 N + 0.3 N – 0.22 N = 0.35 N.
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Ex. 9 A wooden plank of length 1 m and uniform cross-section is hinged
at one end to the bottom of a tank as shown in figure. The tank is
filled with water up to a height of 0.5 m. The specific gravity of the
plank is 0.5. Find the angle  that the plank makes with the vertical
in the equilibrium position.
(Exclude the case  = 0).
Sol. The forces acting on the plank are shown in the figure. The height of water level is  = 0.5 m. The
length of the plank is 1.0 m = 2. The weight of the plank acts through the centre B of the plank.
We have OB = . The buoyant force F acts through the point A which is the middle point of the
dipped part OC of the plank.
OC 
We have OA = = 2 cos  .
2
Let the mass per unit length of the plank be .
Its weight mg = 2g.
  
The mass of the part OC of the plank =   .
 cos  

1  2
The mass of water displaced = = .
0.5 cos  cos 
2g
The buoyant force F is, therefore, F = .
cos 
Now, for equilibrium, the torque of mg about O should balance the torque of F about O.
So, mg (OB) sin = F(OA) sin
 2    
or, (2) =    
 cos    2 cos  

1 1
or, cos 2= or, cos = , or,  = 45°.
2 2

Ex. 10 A cylindrical block of wood of mass M is floating in water with its axis vertical. It is depressed a
little and then released. Show that the motion of the block is simple harmonic and find its frequency.

Sol. Suppose a height h of the block is dipped in the water in equilibrium position. If r be the radius of
the cylindrical block, the volume of the water diplaced = r 2h. For floating in equilibrium,
 r 2 hg = W ..............(i)
where  is the density of water and W the weight of the block.
Now suppose during the vertical motion, the block is further dipped through a distance x at some
instant. The volume of the displaced water is  r 2 (h + x). The forces acting on the block are, the
weight W vertically downward and the buoyancy  r 2(h + x) g vertically upward.
Net force on the block at displacement x from the equilibrium position is
F = W – r 2 (h + x)g = W – r 2 hg – r 2xg
Using (i) F = – r gx = – kx, where k = r 2 g.
2

Thus, the block executes SHM with frequency.

1 k 1 r 2g
v = = .
2 M 2 M

Ex. 11 A cylindrical bucket with one end open is observed to be floating on

a water ( = 1000 kg/m 3) with open and down. It is of 10 N weight
and is supported by air that is trapped inside it as shown below.
The bucket floats with a height 10 cm above the liquid surface. If
the air trapped is assumed to follow isothermal law, then determine
the force F necessary just to submerge the bucket. The internal
area of cross-section of bucket is 21 cm 2. The thickness of the wall
is assumed to negligible and the atmospheric pressure must be
neglected. (g = 10 m/sec 2)

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Sol. W eight of bucket
W = Ax 1g .....(1)
pressure at liquid - air interface = pressure of air = g x 1
W W
From (1) p 1 =  gx 1 = g Ag =
A

 W 
v 1 = A[h + x 1] = A h  Ag 
 
Let force F is applied
downward force = F + W = Buoyant = Ax 2 g ....(2)
p 2 = x 2 g, v 2 = Ax 2
p 1v 1 = p 2v2

W  W  W  W 
× A h  A  g  = x 2  g A x 2  x2 = h 
Ag 

A g
A  
from (2)

W  W 
F + W = Ag h    F+W = WAgh  W 2
Ag  A g

F = WAgh  W 2  W
substituting values -
W = 10 N,  = 1000 kg/m 3 , A = 2.1 × 10 –3 m 2

F = 10  2.1 10 3  1000  10  10 1  100  10 = 11 - 10 = 1N

Ex.12 A large block of ice cuboid of height ‘’ and density  ice = 0.9  w, has a large vertical hole along its
axis. This block is floating in a lake. Find out the length of the rope required to raise a bucket of
water through the hole.
Sol. Let area of ice-cuboid excluding hole = A
weight of ice block = weight of liquid displaced
A  ice  g = A  w ( – h) g
9 9   
=  – h  h =  – =  
10 10  10 

PRE SSURE IN C ASE OF AC CE LERATI NG FLUID

(i) Liquid Placed in elevator :
When elevator accelerates upward with acceleration a 0 then pressure in the fluid, at depth ‘h’ may
be given by,
p = h [g + a 0 ]
and force of buoyancy, B = m (g + a 0 )

(ii) Free surface of liquid in horizontal acceleration :

a0
tan  =
g

a0
p 1 – p 2 =  a 0 where p 1 and p 2 are pressures at point 1 & 2. Then h 1 – h 2 =
g
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Ex. 13 An open rectangular tank 1.5 m wide 2m deep and 2m long is half filled with water. It is acceler-
ated horizontally at 3.27 m/sec 2 in the direction of its length. Determine the depth of water at
each end of tank. [g = 9.81 m/sec 2]
a 1
Sol. tan  = g =
3
Depth at corner ‘A’
= 1 – 1.5 tan
= 0.5 m Ans.
Depth at corner ‘B’
= 1 + 1.5 tan  = 1.5 m Ans.

(iii) Free surface of liquid in case of rotating cylinder.

v2  2r 2
h = =
2g 2g

STR E AML I N E F L OW
The path taken by a particle in flowing fluid is called its line of flow. In the case of steady flow all
the particles passing through a given point follow the same path and hence we have a unique line
of flow passing through a given point which is also called streamline.
C HARAC TE RI STI C S OF STR E AML I N E
1. A tangent at any point on the stream line gives the direction of the velocity of the fluid particle at
that point.
2. Two steamlines never intersect each other.
Laminar flow : If the liquid flows over a horizontal surface in the form of layers of different veloci-
ties, then the flow of liquid is called Laminar flow. The particle of one layer do not go to another
layer. In general, Laminar flow is a streamline flow.
Turbulent Flow : The flow of fluid in which velocity of all particles crossing a given point is not
same and the motion of the fluid becomes disorderly or irregular is called turbulent flow.
RE YN OL D ’S N U M B E R
According to Reynold, the critical velocity (v c ) of a liquid flowing through a long narrow tube is
(i) directly proportional to the coefficient of viscosity () of the liquid.
(ii) inversely proportional to the density  of the liquid and
(iii) inversely proportional to the diameter (D) of the tube.
 R v c D
That is v c  D or vc =  D or =  ...............(1)

where R is the Reynold number.

If R < 2000, the flow of liquid is streamline or laminar. If R > 3000, the flow is turbulent. If R lies
between 2000 and 3000, the flow is unstable and may change from streamline flow to turbulent flow.
E QUATI ON OF C ONTI N UI T Y
The equation of continuity expresses the law of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics.

a 1 v 1 = a 2 v2
In general av = constant . This is called equation of continuity and states that as the area of
cross section of the tube of flow becomes larger, the liquid’s (fluid) speed becomes smaller and
vice-versa.
Illustrations -
(i) Velocity of liquid is greater in the narrow tube as compared to the velocity of the liquid in
a broader tube.
(ii) Deep waters run slow can be explained from the equation of continuity i.e., av = constant.
W here water is deep the area of cross section increases hence velocity decreases.

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RESONANCE Page # 10
ENERGY OF A LIQUID
A liquid can posses three types of energies :

(i) Kinetic energy :

The energy possessed by a liquid due to its motion is called kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of
1
a liquid of mass m moving with speed v is mv 2.
2
1
mv 2 1 2
 K.E. per unit mass = 2 = v.
m 2

(ii) Potential energy :

The potential energy of a liquid of mass m at a height h is m g h.
mgh
 P.E. per unit mass = = gh
m

(iii) Pressure energy :

The energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its pressure is called pressure energy.
Consider a vessel fitted with piston at one side (figure). Let this vessel is filled with a liquid. Let
‘A’ be the area of cross section of the piston and P be the pressure experienced by the liquid.
The force acting on the piston = PA
If dx be the distance moved by the piston, then work done by the force = PA dx = PdV
where dV = Adx, volume of the liquid swept.
This work done is equal to the pressure energy of the liquid.
 Pressure energy of liquid in volume dV = PdV.
The mass of the liquid having volume dV = dV,
 is the density of the liquid.
PdV P
 Pressure energy per unit mass of the liquid = = .
dV 

B E RN OU L L I ’ S T H E O RE M
It states that the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and
potential energy per unit mass or per unit volume or per unit
weight is always constant for an ideal (i.e. incompressible
and non-viscous) fluid having stream-line flow.
P 1 2
i.e. + v + gh = constant.
 2

Ex. 14 A circular cylinder of height h 0 = 10 cm and radius r 0 = 2cm is opened at the top and filled with
liquid. It is rotated about its vertical axis. Determine the speed of rotation so that half the area of
the bottom gets exposed. (g = 10 m/sec 2).
Sol. Area of bottom = r 02
If r is radius of the exposed bottom, then
1 r0
 r2 = r 02 r =
2 2
Applying Bernoullis equation between points (1) and (2) -
1 1
P atm + v 12 – gH = P atm + v 22 – g(H – h 0)
2 2
1
– gh 0 = (v 22 – v12)  2gh 0 = [v 12 – v 22] = [w 2r 02 – w 2r 2]
2
r 0 = 2 × 10 –2 m  2gh 0 = w 2 [r 02 – r 2]
2 2
w= r gh = 10  0.1 = 100 radian / sec.
0 2  10  2

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RESONANCE Page # 11
Ex. 15 W ater flows in a horizontal tube as shown in figure. The
pressure of water changes by 600 N/m 2 between A and B
where the areas of cross-section are 30 cm 2 and 15 cm 2
respectively. Find the rate of flow of water through the tube.
Sol. Let the velocity at A = v A and that at B = v B.

vB 30 cm2
By the equation of continuity, v = = 2.
A 15 cm2
By Bernoulli’s equation,
1 1
PA +  v A2 = P B + v B2
2 2
1 1 3
or, PA – PB = (2v A) 2 – v A2 = v 2
2 2 2 A
N 3 1000 kg 
or, 600 =   v 2
m 2 2  m3  A

or, v A = 0.4 m 2 / s 2 = 0.63 m/s.

The rate of flow = (30 cm 2) (0.63 m/s) = 1800 cm 3/s.

AP PL I C ATION O F B E RN OU L L I ’S THE ORE M

(i) Busen burner
(ii) Lift of an airfoil.
(iii) Spinning of a ball (Magnus effect)
(iv) The sprayer.
(v) A ping-pong ball in an air jet
(vi) Torricelli’s theorem (speed of efflux)
At point A, P 1 = P, v 1 = 0 and h 1 = h
At point B, P 2 = P, v 2 = v (speed of efflux) and h = 0
P1 1 2 P2 1 2
Using Bernoulli’s theorem  + gh 1 + v 1 =  + gh 2 = v , we have
2 2 2
P P 1 2 1 2
 + gh + 0 =  + 0 + 2 v  v = gh or v= 2gh
2
Ex. 16 A cylindrical container of cross-section area, A is filled up with water upto
height ‘h’. W ater may exit through a tap of cross section area ‘a’ in the
bottom of container. Find out :
(a) Velocity of water just after opening of tap.
(b) The area of cross-section of water stream coming out of tape at
depth h 0 below tap in terms of ‘a’ just after opening of tap.
1/ 2
a
(c) Time in which container becomes empty. (Given :    0.02 , h = 20 cm, h = 20 cm )
A 0

Sol. Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) and (2) -

1 1
P a + gh +
v 2 = P a + v 22
2 1 2
Through continuity equation :
av 2 1 1
Av 1 = av 2, v 1 = gh + v 2 = v 22
a 2 1 2
2gh
on solving - v 2 = a 2 = 2m/sec. ....(1)
1
A2
(b) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (2) and (3)
1 1
v 22 + gh 0 = v 32
2 2
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RESONANCE Page # 12
 Through continuity equation -
2
av 2 1 1  av 2 

av 2 = a’ v 3  v3 =  v 22 + gh 0 = 
a' 2 2  a' 

2
1 1 a
× 2 × 2 + gh 0 =   ×2 ×2
2 2  a' 
2 2
a 9.8  .20 a a
  = 1 +    = 1.98  a’ =
a'
  2 a
  ' 1.98
(c) From (1) at any height ‘h’ of liquid level in container, the velocity through tap,
2gh
v= = 20 h
0.98
we know, volume of liquid coming out of tap = decrease in volume of liquid in container.
For any small time interval ‘dt’
av 2dt = – A · dx
t 0
A dx
a 20 x dt = – A dx
0

 dt = –
a 
h
20 x

A A
t =
a 20 2 x  0
h
 t =
a 20 2 h

A h 2A 0.20 2A
= × 2 × = = × 0.1
a 20 a 20 a
1/ 2
a A 1
Given   = 0.02 or = = 2500
A a 0.0004
Thus t = 2 × 2500 × 0.1 = 500 second.

Ex.17

In a given arrangement (a) Find out velocity of water coming out of ‘C’
(b) Find out pressure at A, B and C.
Sol. (a) Applying Bernoulli is equation between liquids surface and point ‘C’.
B
1 2 1 2
p a + v 1 = p a – gh 3 + v 2 h2
2 2
through continuity equation h1
h v1
2 A
av 2 1 a 2 1
Av 1 = av 2 , v 1 =   v 2 = –gh 3 + v 22 h3
A 2 A2 2

2gh 3 2gh 3 C v2
v 22 = , v2 =
a2 a 2
1 2 1
A A2
(b) Pressure at A, p A = p atm + gh 1
Pressure at B, pB = p atm –  g h 2
Pressure at C, pC = p atm
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RESONANCE Page # 13
(VII) Venturimeter.
It is a gauge put on a flow pipe to measure the flow of speed of a liquid (Fig). Let the liquid of
density  be flowing through a pipe of area of cross section A 1. Let A 2 be the area of cross section
at the throat and a manometer is attached as shown in the figure. Let v 1 and P 1 be the velocity of
the flow and pressure at point A, v 2 and P 2 be the corresponding quantities at point B.

Using Bernoulli’s theorem :

P1 1 2 P2 1 2
+ gh 1 + v = + gh 2 + v , we get
 2 1  2 2
P1 1 2 P2 1 2
+ gh + v1 = + gh + v (Since h 1 = h 2 = h)
 2  2 2
1
or (P 1 – P 2) = ( v 22 – v 12) ....(1)
2
According to continuity equation, A 1 v 1 = A 2v 2
A 
or v 2   1  v
 A2  1
Substituting the value of v 2 in equation (1) we have

 2   A  2 
1  A 1  v 2  v 2  1  1   1
(P 1 – P 2) =    1 1
 2  v1
2
 A 2 
2  A 2   


Since A 1 > A 2, therefore, P 1 > P 2

2(P1  P2 ) 2 A 22 (P1  P2 )
or v 12 = =
 A  2   ( A 12  A 22 )
  1   1
 A 2  
 
where (P 1 – P 2) =  m gh and h is the difference in heights of the liquid levels in the two tubes.

2m gh
 A  2 
v1 =   1   1
 A 2  
 
The flow rate (R) i.e., the volume of the liquid flowing per second is given by R = v 1 A 1.

(viii) During wind storm,

The velocity of air just above the roof is large so according to Bernoulli’s theorem, the pressure
just above the roof is less than pressure below the roof. Due to this pressure difference an upward
force acts on the roof which is blown of without damaging other parts of the house.
(ix) When a fast moving train cross a person standing near a railway trace, the person has a tendency
to fall towards the train. This is because a fast moving train produces large velocity in air between
person and the train and hence pressure decreases according to Bernoulli’s theorem. Thus the
excess pressure on the other side pushes the person towards the train.

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