THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC AMONG

CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS IN PIMSAT COLLEGES, SAN CARLOS CAMPUS; AN

ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER I

Rationale
COVID-19 (Coronavirus) has affected day to day life and is slowing down the global
economy. This pandemic has affected thousands of peoples, who are either sick or are being
killed due to the spread of this disease. The most common symptoms of this viral infection are
fever, cold, cough, bone pain and breathing problems, and ultimately leading to pneumonia.
This, being a new viral disease affecting humans for the first time, vaccines are not yet available.
Thus, the emphasis is on taking extensive precautions such as extensive hygiene protocol (e.g.,
regularly washing of hands, avoidance of face to face interaction etc.), social distancing, and
wearing of masks, and so on. This virus is spreading exponentially region wise. Countries are
banning gatherings of people to the spread and break the exponential curve. Many countries are
locking their population and enforcing strict quarantine to control the spread of the havoc of this
highly communicable disease.
COVID-19 has rapidly affected our day to day life, businesses, disrupted the world trade
and movements. Identification of the disease at an early stage is vital to control the spread of the
virus because it very rapidly spreads from person to person. Most of the countries have slowed
down their manufacturing of the products. The various industries and sectors are affected by the
cause of this disease; these include the pharmaceuticals industry, solar power sector, tourism,
Information and electronics industry. This virus creates significant knock-on effects on the daily
life of citizens, as well as about the global economy. (Curr Med Res Pract. 2020)
Global approach
Social distancing and restrictive movement policies have significantly disturbed
traditional educational practices. Reopening of schools after relaxation of restriction is another
challenge with many new standard operating procedures put in place. Within a short span of the
COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers have shared their works on teaching and learning in
different ways. Several schools, colleges and universities have discontinued face-to-face
teachings. There is a fear of losing 2020 academic year or even more in the coming future. The
need of the hour is to innovate and implement alternative educational system and assessment
strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided us with an opportunity to pave the way for
introducing digital learning (Pokhrel S, Chhetri R 2021).
Many of the restrictions have significantly impacted the lives of children and adolescents,
especially the closing of daycare centers, schools and arenas in which many children spend their
leisure time, such as football fields, swimming pools and art centers. Children and adolescents
were not allowed to play with more than a few children at the same time – and preferably the
same children each time – keeping at least one-meter distance between them. Services vital for
children and adolescents' physical and mental health, such as school health services and
community health clinics for children and adolescents, were also closed or had reduced hours
(Muladal, 2020).
The World Health Organization (2020) has reported an increase in violence and abuse
against women and girls, and that security, health and financial concerns may increase tension in
the home. A recently published overview of studies on the impact of pandemics on violence
against women and children (Peterman et al., 2020) argues that ‘the regional or global nature and
associated fear and uncertainty of pandemics provide an enabling environment that may
exacerbate or spark diverse forms of violence against women and children’ (p. 3). Peterman et
al. (2020) document nine direct and indirect causes of the link between pandemics and violence
against women and children, among which are: economic instability; an inability for women (and
children) to escape the abuser; and quarantine and social isolation. Families with low
socioeconomic status and/or living in overcrowded areas are particularly vulnerable (Marques et
al., 2020)
“When it comes to higher education institutions, the pandemic has had — and will
continue to have — a drastic financial impact. Institutions are suffering from lost revenue to
partial tuition refunds, room and board, fees, etc.,” said Michael Hansen, CEO of Cengage. 
Young people such as college students are particularly vulnerable to the adverse mental
and psychological health consequences of the stay-at-home orders or lockdown measures, as
they pose a potential threat to their physical, mental and emotional health as well as their
educational and developmental progress (Singh et al., 2020). Evidence has shown significant
increases in the prevalence of mental issues such as anxiety, depression, and psychological
distress (Husky et al., 2020; Al Omari et al., 2020) and symptoms of physical exhaustion,
including tiredness, headaches, insomnia, fatigue and muscle pain (Branquinho et al., 2020;
Majumdar et al., 2020), in young people during the mandatory lockdown period. Hence,
measures should be implemented to better support young people during the pandemic in order to
reduce the ill effects of the lockdown on their mental, psychological and physiological
wellbeing.
Though the lockdown policies effectively mitigated or slowed the transmission of the
coronavirus disease, they have adversely affected people’s way of life, with serious
consequences for mental and psychological health and well-being, particularly among young
people (Volkan & Volkan, 2020; Marroquín et al., 2020).
National Approach
The Corona-virus COVID-19 outbreak disrupted life around the globe in 2020. As in any
other sector, the COVID-19 pandemic affected in many ways. Government actions have
followed a common goal of reducing the spread of corona-virus by introducing measures
limiting social contact. Many countries suspended face-to-face teaching and exams as well as
placing restrictions on immigration affecting students. Where possible, traditional classes are
being replaced with books and materials taken from school. Various e-learning platforms enable
interaction between teachers and students and in some cases, national television shows or social
media platforms are being used for education. Some education systems announced exceptional
holidays to better prepare for this distance-learning scenario.   (Gonzales et al., 2020; Kapasia et
al., 2020)
In an effort to mitigate the transmission of the coronavirus, many countries around the
world have adopted various disease control measures, including strict social distancing and
mandatory lockdown or stay‐at‐home orders. In the Philippines, the government imposed a
nationwide mandatory lockdown, also referred to as ‘community quarantine’, starting in March
2020, forcing people to stay home and restricting all forms of physical and social activities
outside the home, with exceptions made for frontline and essential workers. In addition, schools
were physically closed in mid‐March 2020 and remain closed as of this writing, with remote
teaching and learning environments being implemented as a temporary solution. These measures,
along with other disease control strategies, were found to effectively reduce the number of
confirmed cases and deaths associated with COVID‐19 in the country, as well as in other
countries.(Leodoro J. Labrague)
Recently, the education system has faced an unprecedented health crisis (i.e., COVID-19
pandemic) that has shaken up its foundation. Thus, various governments across the globe have
launched a crisis response to mitigate the adverse impact of the pandemic on education. This
response includes, but is not limited to, curriculum revisions, provision for technological
resources and infrastructure, shifts in the academic calendar, and policies on instructional
delivery and assessment. Inevitably, these developments compelled educational institutions to
migrate to full online learning until face-to-face instruction is allowed. The current circumstance
is unique as it could aggravate the challenges experienced during online learning due to
restrictions in movement and health protocols (Gonzales et al., 2020; Kapasia et al., 2020). 
“One of the most insidious consequences of the pandemic is the rise of gender-based
violence (GBV). Children and adolescents, particularly girls, are confronted with violence and
abuse, as a result of prolonged lockdowns.” the COVID-19 pandemic is only one of the
compounding crises that threaten their physical and mental. Even before this global health crisis,
violence against women (VAW) was plaguing 1 out of every 4 Filipinas who is married or has
been married at least once in their lives. (Mr. Gustavo Gonzalez)
Families experience financial-related psychological stress or distress when they do not
have adequet income, wealth or debt to afford economic hardship (Lai 2011, Park and Kim 2018,
Thorne 2010, Sweet et al., 2013) a concept that is related to well-being, financial stress arises
when families are unable to meet their current and ongoing financial obligations . financial stress
often signifies the physical or mental health symptoms that arise from having a difficulty in
meeting basic needs, difficulty paying bills, and money left over by the end of the semester or
month. We might not be able to control the well-being of each individual, but we can help each
family be prepared and somehow free of stress if we do emphasize financial stability and
contingency for Filipino Families, especially during the time of the pandemic.
The pandemic illustrates how the nature of risk has changed: it is systemic, joined-up,
and cascading. The crisis has also laid bare severe and systemic inequalities. The novel
coronavirus affects everyone, everywhere, but it does not affect everyone equally. 
Base on the fore cited effects of Covid-19 in our country, the researcher aimed to assess
the impact of the pandemic among criminology students in PIMSAT Colleges San Carlos City
Campus.
Statement of the problem:
The study aimed to assess the impact of Covid-19 pandemic among the Criminology
Students in PIMSAT Colleges in San Carlos Campus.
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following:
1. Profile of the respondents with respect to:
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Year level
d. Religion
e. Family economic condition
2. What are the problems encountered by the criminology students in PIMSAT Colleges,
San Carlos Campus during the covid-19 pandemic with respect to:
a. Learning environment
b. Learning materials
c. Psychological conditions
d. Financial support
3. What feasible programs should be proposed to eradicate the problems encountered by
criminology students during the Covid-19 pandemic
Conceptual Framework
Guidelines for the Prevention, Control and Mitigation of the Spread of Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
CHED ADVISORY NO. 2
11 March 2020
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) issues the following update and
addendum to our Guidelines for the Prevention, Control and Mitigation of the Spread of the
Corona Virus disease in Higher Education institutions (HEIs) dated Feb 11, 2020 (CHED
COVID-19 Advisory No. 1) following recent developments and in response to the directive of
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, through Proclamation No. 922, series of 2020 which directs all
government agencies to render assistance and cooperation and to mobilize the necessary
resources to undertake critical, urgent and appropriate responses and measures in a timely
manner to curtail and eliminate the COVID-19 threat.
EMERGENCY PLAN
All HEIs are encouraged to establish protocols based on the WHO guidelines for
screening and response. HEIs should be prepared for the possibility of a community-level
transmission and should have established protocols to stop the spread of COVID-19. The
protocols should include the following:
Creating procedures for students, faculty, staff and administrators who are showing
COVID-19 symptoms. These procedures should supplement existing medical emergency
measures in the HEI;
 • Ensuring these procedures are regularly updated as situations in the HEI may change. It
is critical to inform the community of any changes in the procedure, including any updates or
new directives from the DOH;
• Performing environmental cleaning and disinfection procedures for all buildings with
emphasis on frequently touched surfaces (e.g. doorknobs, light switches, desktops or
countertops, etc.);
• Preparing HEI health clinics for immediate triage and isolation of patients potentially
infected with COVID-19;

The conceptual framework discussed the flow of the study to be taken. The study used systems
approach. The system of three frames is composed of input which went through the process and
emerged as the output.
Input Process Output
 What are the profile of 1. Collection of data  Action plan to
respondents with respect to: through questionnaires. respond and overcome
 Age 2. Analysis and the problems
 Gender interpretation of data. encountered by the
 Year Level students during
 Religion Covid-19 pandemic.
 Family Economic
Conditions
 What are the problems
encountered by the students
during the Covid-19
pandemic with respect to:
 Learning Materials
 Domestic Violence
 Financial Support
 Learning
Environment
 Psychological
Conditions

 What are the feasible

programs should be
proposed to eradicate the
problems encountered by
the students in this time of
Covid-19 pandemic?

FEEDBACK
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study
Theoretical Framework
Social cognitive theory (SCT), the cognitive formulation of social learning theory that
has been best articulated by Bandura, explains human behavior in terms of a three-way, dynamic,
reciprocal model in which personal factors, environmental influences and behavior continually
interact. Self-efficacy, or a person’s confidence in his or her ability to take action and persist in
that action despite obstacles and challenges, is especially important for influencing health
behavior change efforts. The key Social Cognitive Theory construct of reciprocal determinism
means that a person can be both an agent for change and a responder to change. Thus, changes in
the environment, the examples of role models, and reinforcements can be used to promote
healthier behavior.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The study will be limited only to the first year to fourth year students under the
Criminology Department of PIMSAT Colleges San Carlos Campus during the school year 2021-
2022.
Determining the problems encountered in the Covid-19 Pandemic among Criminology
students in PIMSAT Colleges such as learning environment, learning materials, psychological
conditions and financial support will be the focus of the study.
Assumptions of the study:
The study is focused on the problems encountered among Criminology students in
PIMSAT Colleges San Carlos Campus during Covid-19 pandemic. The following assumptions
were made:
1. The researcher assumed that the respondents would be reliable source of information that
would make this study a success.
2. The researcher assumed that the respondents would honest in answering the questions.
3. The researchers would be able to deeply explain the purpose of the study to its respondents.
4. The researchers assumed that the problems encountered by the students during the time of
pandemic will not be enough reason to stop them from reaching their dreams.
Significance of the study:
This study is undertaken to find out the problems encountered during covid-19 pandemic
among the criminology students in PIMSAT Colleges and to measure its effects on the education
among the students.
Benefiting the study are the various sectors as follows:
Students
The information presented will provide some knowledge on how to deal with the
problems they have encountered during the pandemic. This research will help them accept the
learning process and also to adjust on today’s life.
Teachers
 The given data would guide the teachers that learning during this pandemic is not easy.
There is a lot of factors that affecting their students to study in school or in home. This research
help them to understand that the situation today is not easy to process and the struggle to learn is
very hard because of learning materials.
Parents
Like the teachers, the parents too will understand the effect of Covid-19 among their
children. The given data would help them formulate good style to assist their children to adjust in
the school.
Family
This study helps the family to conclude on how to approach their children during the time
of pandemic and make solutions in the identified problems.
Schools
The situation portrayed in this study will assist the academic administrators and college
curriculum developers in assessing and evaluating the current status of every student regarding
the period of pandemic.
Future Researcher
This may help them as their additional reference in their research and might help them to
continue the study for improvement and enhancement.
Definition of terms
Covid-19 - An infectious disease caused by a newly discovered Coronavirus. COVID-19 is more
than a global health crisis – it is an economic crisis, a humanitarian crisis, a security crisis, and a
human rights crisis.
Pandemic - A disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents. It affects more people and
takes more lives. A disease can be pandemic if it was spreading quickly over the country and the
illness was severe. 
Lockdown - A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or community to stay where they are,
usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely.
Learning Materials – learning materials refers to the instruments that a teacher provides for the
students such as books, soft copies, notes or even for the online learning.
Criminology Students – 1st year to 4th year criminology students will be the respondents of this
study
Financial Support - The provision of monetary resources including money or capital and credit;
lack of money because of pandemic makes it hard for students to pursue school.
Psychological Conditions - people were experiencing worse mental health problems than before
the pandemic—high symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
Learning Environment - refers to the diverse physical locations, contexts, and cultures in which
students learn. Since students may learn in a wide variety of settings, such as outside-of-school
locations and outdoor environments, the term is often used as a more accurate or preferred
alternative to classroom, which has more limited and traditional connotations—a room with rows
of desks and a chalkboard, for example.
IATF-EID - is an inter-sectoral collaboration created to establish preparedness and ensure
efficient government response to assess, monitor, contain, control, and prevent the spread of any
potential pandemic in the Philippines

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature
Global
As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, so do the risks we face. The COVID-
19 pandemic has not stopped at national borders. It has affected people regardless of nationality,
level of education, income or gender. But the same has not been true for its consequences, which
have hit the most vulnerable hardest. Education is no exception. Students from privileged
backgrounds, supported by their parents and eager and able to learn, could find their way past
closed school doors to alternative learning opportunities. Those from disadvantaged backgrounds
often remained shut out when their schools shut down. This crisis has exposed the many
inadequacies and inequities in our education systems – from access to the broadband and
computers needed for online education, and the supportive environments needed to focus on
learning, up to the misalignment between resources and needs. The lockdowns in response to
COVID-19 have interrupted conventional schooling with nationwide school closures in most
OECD and partner countries, the majority lasting at least 10 weeks. While the educational
community have made concerted efforts to maintain learning continuity during this period,
children and students have had to rely more on their own resources to continue learning remotely
through the Internet, television or radio. Teachers also had to adapt to new pedagogical concepts
and modes of delivery of teaching, for which they may not have been trained. In particular,
learners in the most marginalised groups, who don’t have access to digital learning resources or
lack the resilience and engagement to learn on their own, are at risk of falling behind.
(HAnushek E and Woessman L, forthcoming). the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-
education-at-a-glance-2020.pdf (oecd.org)
Fortunately, there is a range of modern tools available to face the challenge of distance
learning imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using these tools, the modification of contents
that were previosly taught face-to-face is easily conceivable. There are however other important
tasks in the learning process, such as assessment or autonomous learning, that can still be
challenging without the direct supervision of teachers. (T. Gonzales, M. A. de la Rubia, K. P.
Hincz 2020) Influence of COVID-19 confinement on students’ performance in higher education
(plos.org)
Recently, there has been an explosion of studies relating to the new normal in education.
While many focused on national policies, professional development, and curriculum, others
zeroed in on the specific learning experience of students during the pandemic. Among these are
Copeland et al. (2021) and Fawaz et al. (2021) who examined the impact of COVID-19 on
college students’ mental health and their coping mechanisms. Copeland et al. (2021) reported
that the pandemic adversely affected students’ behavioral and emotional functioning, particularly
attention and externalizing problems (i.e., mood and wellness behavior), which were caused by
isolation, economic/health effects, and uncertainties. In Fawaz et al.’s (2021) study, students
raised their concerns on learning and evaluation methods, overwhelming task load, technical
difficulties, and confinement. To cope with these problems, students actively dealt with the
situation by seeking help from their teachers and relatives and engaging in recreational activities.
These active-oriented coping mechanisms of students were aligned with Carter et al.’s (2020),
who explored students’ self-regulation strategies. Students’ online learning challenges during the
pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines (nih.gov)
According to the Australian Psychological Society (2020), prolonged lockdown may
cause fatigue or exhaustion in an individual as a result of the overwhelming disruptions on their
routines and activities, social isolation, lack of security, imminent threat to health and
unpredictability of what is ahead, and may manifest as a mix of physical, mental and/or
emotional signs. Though fatigue is subjective, it is generally an undesirable experience in which
an individual is engulfed with an overpowering sense of tiredness that is not relieved by rest or
food intake, intense yearning to rest, lack of physical and mental energy and decreased
motivation and sense of enjoyment (Trendall, 2001).LOCKDOWN FATIGUE AMONG
COLLEGE STUDENTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: PREDICTIVE ROLE OF
PERSONAL RESILIENCE, COPING BEHAVIOURS, AND HEALTH (medrxiv.org)
According to Sohrabi et al., (2020) Zeroing in on the range of the outbreak, the World
Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic as a global emergency on
January 30, 2020 as a response to flattering the curve, governments have enforced border
shutdowns, travel restrictions and quarantine in nations that contain the world’s vast economies,
prompting fears of an imminent economic crisis and stagnation. The economy plays a significant
role in upholding a country in almost all aspects of living. The reality of money as the foremost
resource that human lives revolve around is harsh to some, but unfortunately, it is the truth. The
world economy, in this time of COVID-19 virus pandemic, has declined and is still declining due
to various dilemmas brought by the virus. Financial stability became a big issue in all countries
affected by the virus, and it is no doubt that not all countries have prepared for such a state of
affairs (Nicola et al., 2020).
National
  Raul Dancel, a Filipino journalist, writes in an article, “Our vulnerabilities are suddenly
exposed. That, in turn, is making us more empathetic. We realise we need one another. So we
offer to help, in any way we can.” In an article for the Philippine News Agency (PNA), we can
hear about Filipino residents who have been afforded more time to rest, take care of themselves
and spend time with their families, showing there are silver linings to lockdown for some people.
Furthermore, generous Filipinos have created community pantries on sidewalks across the
country, where they can donate food to the poor who may have been most affected by the
pandemic. Although this is a reflection of the difficult circumstances people have faced, it also
shows that people have been supporting each other and looking after their communities. 

Previous disease outbreaks caused generalized fear to the public and induced fear-related
behaviors and anxiety (Shultz et al., 2016; Person et al., 2004). With the novel coronavirus
plaguing the world, there are so many uncertainties with the disease with a possibility of a fatal
outcome. There were reported manifestations of distress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia in
general populations (Wang et al., 2020a; Wang et al., 2020b; Rajkumar, 2020b). 

Infection or death of family and friends could worsen the overall mental health well-
being of an individual (Ahmed et al., 2020). Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19
may experience fear, while those in quarantine might experience boredom, loneliness, and anger
(Xiang et al., 2020). Overwhelming deep emotional traumas and socio-economic stressors
brought about by the pandemic and the lockdowns have even led the more vulnerable people to
commit suicide (Mamun & Griffiths, 2020; Mamun & Ullah, 2020; Miller, 2020; Rajkumar, 
2020a).
 While the whole world grappled with an infectious disease, it was not just the infection
that people had to deal with. The pandemic forced many to stay at home to be safe from a
debilitating virus and to control its spread. However, being at home and preventing social
interaction brought about not only mental stress; women and children became easy targets for
abuse and many forms of violence because of mobility restrictions. It seems that there is a new
epidemic in our midst, something many, including health professionals, were not prepared to
deal with. Many cases of domestic violence and abuse happened regardless of economic and
social strata, with many cases unreported and sadly, victims do not get enough support, if there is
any at all. (Rory Visco, 2021)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 This chapter was conducted in order to examine the impact of Covid-19 Pandemic among
Criminology Students in PIMSAT Colleges San Carlos City Campus. The focus of this
assessment is based on the student’s problems encountered during the pandemic. In order to
gather the necessary data, the researcher utilize the descriptive method. This chapter includes the
research method, population and sample, research instruments, data gathering procedure.
Research Method
This study used descriptive method, using qualitative approach. Descriptive research
design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject
without influencing it in anyway. It aims to accurately and systematically describe a population,
situation and phenomenon. The study manipulated the effect of Covid-19 pandemic among
Criminology students.
Population
Population of the study can be defined as the population to which a researcher wants to
generalize the results of the study. Population may involve a larger group of people, institution or
things that has one or more characteristics in common on which a study focuses. It consists of all
cases of individuals or elements that fit a certain specification (Kenton, 2019). The population
for this study will include the students of Criminology in PIMSAT Colleges San Carlos City
Campus.

Sample
Sampling involves the selection of number of students from defined study population.
The study sample of this research will be 25% of first year, 25% of second year, 25% of third
year and 25% of fourth year students in the Criminology Department.
Respondents of the study
The respondents of the study are 25% of students who are randomly selected from first
year to fourth year in the school year of 2021-2022.
Research Instrument

The questionnaire was the main source of information for the assessment of the
respondents on the impact of Covid-19 Pandemic among Criminology students in PIMSAT
Colleges San Carlos City Campus. The self-prepared questionnaire is divided into two parts. Part
1 presented the profile of the respondents such as age, gender, year level, religion and family
economic condition. Part 2 consist of questions that were intended to assess the impact of Covid-
19 pandemic such as learning materials, domestic violence and financial support during this
period, the student’s learning environment and psychological conditions while staying at home.
Manuals, handouts and other related materials were likewise scrutinized prior to the
preparation of the research output.
Date Gathering Procedure
 In this research a set of questionnaires will be distributes to the chosen sample. The
handouts will be distributed to the randomly selected 25 persons of each year level of
Criminology Department in PIMSAT Colleges San Carlos City Campus. First, the researcher
will have to ask the permission of the Dean of Criminology have the access in the department.
For this, researcher will inform the students about the study and the dates for the distribution of
questionnaires.
In conducting the survey, the questionnaires will be distributed to the students and the
researcher will give instruction and explain the purpose of the study, the importance of
completing the questionnaires and also the confidentiality of their responses.
Locale of the study

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The data collected in this study were organized and classified based on the research
design and problems formulated. The data were coded, tallied and tabulated to facilitate the
presentation and interpretation of results using the following:
1. Frequency and Percentage
 The percentage and frequency distributions were used to classify the respondents
according to personal background variables such as age and sex. The frequency also
presented the actual response of the respondents to a specific question or item in the
questionnaire. However, the percentage of that item is computed by dividing it with the
simple total number of respondents who participated in the survey. The formula used in the
application of this technique is:
%==(f/n) x 100
Where:
% = percentage
f = frequency
n = number of cases or total sample

2. Weighted Mean
Another statistical technique will be used by the researcher will be the weighted mean. It
was used to determine the average responses of the different options provided in the parts of
the questionnaire used. It was solved by the formula:
Where:
x = weighted mean
∑fx = The sum of all the products of f and x, f being the frequency of each weight
and x as the weight of each operation
n = total number of the respondents
Scale Range Descriptive Equivalent
5 4.21 - 5.00
4 3.41 - 4.20
3 2.61 - 3.40
2 1.81 - 2.60
1 1.00 - 1.80