Matrices

① Order of Makin :

A-
-
"

4g
µ,

Aman A is a Matin with m rows In column .

② Row Matin
having only
Matin one row .

A :
[ I
3) -
i
1×3

③ Column Matin :

having only
Mateen one
column .

A -

(7) za

④ Null Matin ! Zero Matin ) :

A Matin is called Null matrix if all the

entries ' '

are o .

⑦ Rectangular Matin :

Amxn is called rectangular if mtn .

 ⑥ Square Matern :

Amxn is a
square
Matin it m -
-
n

A- =
[ aij ]H3

A-
Iaa 931
: :: ::
932 933 .

Ex construct 2×3 Matin with . ( B with 3×3

aij =
Zi -

si bij :( pit i. j
-

( 5)
-

I -4 -7 I -2 3

A- l -

2 -
D= - 2 4 -
6
3 -

6 9
-

⑦ Diagonal Motrin

itj
A- diagonal Matin if Aij o
-

is ,

a-
=L: :
A -
-

Diag [23-5]
⑧ Scalar Malkin :

A is said to be scalar Makin if

Aij = 0 ,
i +j
= k t=j
,

µ: =L : : :]
A- 0
00
-

0 2 0

: .
.

⑨ Unit matoin ( Identity Material Multiplication)

A- is unit Mortain it
aij = 0 ,
i+j
= 1
, i=j

:]
' °

A- O l

O O l
-

④ Upper triangular Matin :

A is
triangular if a i >j
upper ,j=o ,

a-
=[E¥H
④ lower triangular Mateiu .

A- is lower tenia -
gala if qj=o , isj

A- -

fly is :o)
.
-

Algebra of Matrices

① A- [dij]m×n B -
-

[ bij]m×n

Then A!B=
.
[ aijtbij]m+n

② Null Matern is called additive identity .

ie
At
-
O
Mtn
=
A = OTA
Mxn Mxn Mxn
Mxn

③ Scalar Multiplication

A- [dij ]m×n .
Kfk ,

k .A= [ K -

dis ] men

f ; :] [ ¥ %]
'
A-
-
sit -

-
 matainmultgd.cat#:AmxOnBpOxq--
⑨
[ AB]
mxq@nhsifn.p ]

c. a
Ri
[ ] [÷ 2g]
A= 2 3 4
'
☐ =

R2 1 -
s 3

21$ ,

3%2

.B=§¥ I;É]=( " "" "

+4=[77%9]
-
"

a , I -15-3 2-20+6
µ,

Note :
(AB) -4 /BA )

⑨ ¥ Not defined

2 >

A. B
"
I. A

=L! ;]
☐
,
A-
[? -3 .

:]
3×2 2×3

*
I::::¥
B4 ME AS

.
: :: -11
:]
24
 C, C2 [
3

:[ } ? ]
a A B=[ ]
→ ' 2 '

, 3 4
Rz→
-
l

2×3
21-2

[ Rzc Rtf
Ric , Rica
AB :

, Rzcz RZG
2×3

:[ ]
- l 8 q
AB 4 3
-

I
2×3
 PMI

fao ] An
:[: naan }
"
If A- '
,
ri .
a men .

④ An
Laon naan; ]
'
een) : -

D Basis of induction
For na ,

( ao f fao :]
"

aa:
'
ins -

-
A Rns -
-
'
-
-

-
: LHS -

- Rhs

= .

PCD is true
2) Induction Hypothesis .

Assume result for Kk .

Ak
fa: aaa: ]
"
-

3) Proving the result for n=kH

ktl
HIS =
A
= A. Ak

f: a) [ : kaa: f
'
pfktrstme
-
-

'
' a
-

s
.

By inductor
"

=/ af kaakat.p)
k
'
-

Mn ) '' Huettner .

[ aft qq.gr]
'

=p,
=
② It A-
L? I;] man
[ tnn Imm ]
' " new
-
-
-
-
, .

s.rs Lethal : an
[ then '
-17N ]
-

lil Basis
of Induction
'
: For a- 1

His = A RHS '

[ it
? it'd =L ?
= A
i. LHS = AHS PCD istsue

)
Cii Induction Hypothesis : Assam Pek) is true .

Ak
[ tfki.az]
ie -
-

'

)
ciii proving the result for
KH
niet '

:÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷÷±¥n¥¥¥
LHS : A Rns

=
a. a
'
'

I' Ii:
' "
i.it :B
=L ? I ][ I I:] Plath true
-
" .
' is

:*
① Transpose of Matlin
,

a-
fest'D . .

ii. At
[ 3
I 7)
-

,
"s

"l
Latta A

cii) Klatt .
@ AT

Ciii) -
cat) EAT
=

)
civ ( AIB)t= At EBT
at LAB)t= Bt At .

symmetric Matin :

A matin A called symmetric

square is

matrix if A- = At .

A-
1*9) at
fab g)
-

-
-

A- -
At b=c ,
c-
- b
, did
¥ :
A-
{ 32g ¥ ,
-58
,
.
is a
symmetric malaise .

alternately :

A :[aid is symmetric
if aij =
aji it itj .

skew-Symmetric Matin :

A Matin is skew-symmetric if A- At
square
= -
.

A -
-

( q bd ) ,
At -

( ab g )
A- at
[qbd]= fab ad] -

a =
-

a b= -
C C =
-

b D= - d
,
, ,

F- c .

A- -

f , § is shew symmetric mate in

A is skew symmetric Matin if .

ai;
-
- o
, j ti -

ajiititj

[-0330-3]
aij=
-

A- =

2 -
S O
 square
& Gay Matin can be Empress ed as sum
of
Symmetric & skew-Symmetric Matin uniquely .

A
Iz [ At A ]
-

At]
=
Iz [ A fat t A-

A =

I [ At At ] t
iz CA At ] -

Symmetric show symmetric

Is } f ! ! z)
'

A- ,
at.

a- tat -
-

fi! :{ !:} .
A -
at
-11 I]
A
Iz fatal
-

I [ At ] tf [ A At]
=
At -

this: :{ :L :-.'s :3
-
-

ft: ; 1) +4: ]
a -
-
" '

so
Symmetric skew-symmetric
Afa : !I .
'
Atf! { %)
A -

tfATA)
-
-

IIA # at )
tight Att
-

tis:÷¥d¥÷ :
'

A -

fig "g§ffI ! -3.3

Symmetric skew-symmetric
 semof
19g { Eg)
d) Decompose
'

A -

-
as

Symmetric & shew symmetric

-

-19 7g ;]
sod at '

A -

z fatal
( At At At )
=

f t A -

At ) At )
{( At
tf IA -

this : ' Eso :D :O

-

at:÷ "÷H÷÷÷ .
 A- B) t-gt.at

① If A is Malkin then pit A- At is symmetric

any square
.

Golf (A. At)t= (Att .

At
=
A. At
:( AAt)t= A. At

i. A. At is
symmetric
② If A IB are Matin of same order &
square
symmetric ( )
'

Bis shew -
matin then Pt ABA is skew -4mn
:

'
s As B is skew symmetric ,
13=-13 .

'
"

(ABA) =
(A) (B) (A)
f-D.
'

.
=
A- A
'

CABA )
'
f- BAD
= -

i.

symmetric
"
i. ABA is skew -
.

Ene : 3.1 ,
3.2 ,
3.3 ,
3.4
③ A&P are
square
Matrices
of same order .

P.T. P' AP is symmetric a skew symmetric

according as A- is symmetric or skew symmetric

-

II "- A be symmetric . A=At .

'
A'
'
consider (p )
'

Now Ap =p
' '

:-( P' AP) =p AP

i. p' AP is symmetric -

Cased
:
Let Abe skew -

symmetric d- = -
At

Novconsi&
@ Ap)
' "
A' (P)
,
=P
'
=P C- A) .p
'
:( P'AP) =
-
P' Ap

•
= P' AP is shew -

symmetric .
④ If AIB are symmetric matrices
of same order .

PT AB is symmetric it and only if lift)

AIB commute .

solh-a.eu A IB are symmetric

÷ A' =
A ,
B' = B.
'

(AB) B' '

consider '
= . A
iff IAB ) =
BA

@b if )
'
iff CAB ) =
AB AB=BA

.
:
AB is symmetric iff AB=BA

ie AIB commute

-
 𝑋𝐼𝐼𝑡ℎ MATRICES

V2
5×1,1×5
mxn

a
2N2_ 32=0
4
C : :]
✓
95-9; a
.ij=
-

aji

B' A
'
A

sportswomen
𝑋𝐼𝐼𝑡ℎ MATRICES
 𝑋𝐼𝐼𝑡ℎ MATRICES

F-