Scribd
Upload
95 views

Power System Lab

2

Uploaded by

Afrim Art
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
95 views

Power System Lab

2

Uploaded by

Afrim Art
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24
Weil M: BANTUG NL asec Activity No.1. Date Performed: !'/25/20>1 Rating: nh mm. Iv. Date Submitter BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX Objectives Solve the new bus admittance using bus admittance matrix method. Materials/Apparatus Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator Circuit Diagram jt 2710.4 = j0.8 1 fT aL a 2 Theory Ina power system, Bus Admittance Matrix represents the nodal admittances of the various buses. With the help of the transmission line, each bus is connected to the various other buses. Admittance matrix is used to analyse the data that is needed in the load or a power flow study of the buses. It explains the admittance and the topology of the network. Formation of the Admittance Matrix Scanned with CamScanner ee qh Yur Yar Yin] [Va In] = |¥o1 Yor Yon| {V2 In Yn Yn2 Ynad LVn ‘The amount of current present in the bus can be calculated with the help of formation of the Admittance matrix. Its expressed as shown above. In the simplest form, the matrix can be written as shown below. Where, t= [y]lv Jis the current of the bus in the vector form. Yis the admittance matrix Vis the vector of the bus voltage. V. Procedures/Problem From the impedance diagram shown above, convert all impedances to admittance and draw the admittance diagram. VI. Solution ye Scanned with CamScanner ete ae MU TS Activity No.2 Date Performed: Rating: Date Submitted: KRONN REDUCTION OR NODE ELIMINATION 1 Objectives Apply Kron Reduction technique in eliminating nodes in a network. I Materials/Apparat Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator ML. Cireuit Diagram 0.2 -j0.4 Iv. Theory In power engineering, Kron Reduction is a method used to reduce or eliminate the desired node without need of repeating the steps like in Gaussian elimination. In stability studies, it has been indicated that the buses to be considered are those which are excited by the internal machine voltages (transient emf s) and not Scanned with CamScanner load buses which are excited by the terminal voltages of the generators. Therefore, in Y bus formulation of the stability study, the load buses must be eliminated. V. Procedure/Problem Given the bus system shown in the figure above, express the new Ybus using the Kron Reduction Method or node elimination. VL Solution eFaom Bus ADHTTTANCE MATER 5 eA Ye Ser Yin Yr] FP ite 303 287, I" Yous=| Yu Yor Yas Yaw |. 2] 22% 7 joey Soa Ya! Yor 29 You | 3( 22% <2 72 7 ECE a{jea ea don 4 Yar Yer Ys Woy F ELUNUATE Nook AUD ToRM teu BUS ye yoo? 7039 jen Yousmews= | 39.93 hor 4— ~~ sjouq jose jov (cn aeons Yeeuy Yous Yeseud Ws sowuTon rhe ned ¢ Yeuswes "| Yau) Yaatuy Yooee) Yo Yooe eae Noe ner ef busses Yess Yy2cny Yost) Vitra “ew” | | ants Yas Que esrb vata | Yaga) # YC * Yeuny* Yan 2) "| yey Cie ane os 2o-7" a. aye (aux Vaon= 30-73, oe ees @ “Jour J Posen “Na Scanned with CamScanner wen, w BauTeG AD Activity No. 3 Date Performed: !/2%/2221 Rating: Date Submitted: LU FACTORIZATION 1. Objectives Apply LU factorization technique in simplifying power system networks. I. Materials/Apparatus Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator II. Circuit Diagram/Matrix Expression j2 3 3 A= |42 i ji i j2 15 Iv. Theory In numerical analysis and linear algebra, lower- upper (LU) decomposition or factorization factors a matrixas the product of a lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix. The product sometimes includes a permutation matrix as well. LU decomposition can be viewed as the matrix form of Gaussian elimination, Computers usually solve square systems of linear equations using LU decomposition, and it is also a key step when inverting a matrix or computing the determinant of a matrix. Let be a square matrix. An LU factorization refers to the factorization of A, with proper row and/or column orderings or permutations, into two factors - a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U: A=LU Scanned with CamScanner In the lower triangular matrix all elements above the diagonal are zero, in the upper triangular matrix, all the elements below the diagonal are zero. For example, for a 3 x 3 matrix A, its LU decomposition looks like this: Qy Ay2 ag qr 0 OO] fun ue ws Qa, 22 23 | = fly lye 0 O ur, Ua @31 432 33 Isr Iga dss 0 0 uss Without a proper ordering or permutations in the matrix, the factorization may fail to materialize. For example, it is easy to verify (by expanding the matrix multiplication) that azz = nurs. [fait = 0, then at least one of /11 and uss and has to be zero, which implies that either L or Vis singular. This is impossible if A is nonsingular (invertible). This is a procedural problem. It can be removed by simply reordering the rows of A so that the first element of the permuted matrix is nonzero. The same problem in subsequent factorization steps can be removed the same way; see the basic procedure below. Procedure/Problem A certain bus system has the matrix expression shown above. Solve for the LU factors using: a. Gauss Elimination b. Crout’s Method Scanned with CamScanner WZ. sowtiew GD GAUSS ELEHIN) TION Ur Ure ° lair? taiUaalaeUaa= da uy Oy OR Us > v. se Lay Lan Ure Lain blag hg Vas, Lay LsiUantlyzY2r Lg, VisslgavestUe3 Vuti® 3 U3; Us733 oy Laivig tury st bata Hea 25M 2) @o¢sars0z9+5) Vaaa3y-(-009) Lai Uin thao Yes tUs3 235 Use =38-aGay-C¥2)U0 >] Lo= yasesGDG8 aged teas Wh vant 34 aS 10 ori? is 33 o a9 SY uss7 %3 bCroot!s Methed Vy GU Livre Uy=i2 Lut | br LeUntlen Laytigr testes Lene Ye Lay Lain thea Lain thaatag tse Lays yi 33 GWUia}3 Lay Viatber? 34 wee ce Var ieia Uacaelie tooo i ia 2 yt: 2 —_——- 5 ° ° Vins ?/2 Wit? Land F Lar tar bos ae Loa Vint las¥e3 73 25 G oa a trays CiDOPD*GDUst WOLD" ss ; band 33 usae 44 ase Scanned with CamScanner en vw. BAUTUS LIX BSEE Activity No. 4 Date Performed: l!/?51222/_ Rating: Date Submitted: Gauss - Seidel Method L Objectives Utilize the gauss - seidel method in analyzing power system networks. Il. Materials/Apparatus Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator MI. Circuit Diagram @® @ ™=40pu. Viz 1. 03¢is0 neal z= 00135 +ja0825 “ese 0.015 + 0.0175 Vie 108 pa Iv. Theory Innumerical linear algebra, the Gauss-Seidel method, also known as theLiebmann method or themethod of successive displacement, is an iterative method used to solve a linear system of equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, and is similar to the Jacobi method. Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the diagonals, convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is eitherstrictly diagonally dominantlt, or symmetric and positive definite. This is to take Jacobi's Method one step further. Where the better solution is x= (x1, x2, .., xn), ifx1(k+1) is a better approximation to the value of x1 than ae Scanned with CamScanner x1(k) is, then it would better that we have found the new value x1(k+1) to use it (rather than the old value that isx1(k)) in finding x2(k+1), ..., xn(k+1). So X1(k+1) is found as in Jacobi’s Method, but in finding x2(k+1), instead of using the old value of x1(k) and old values of x3(k),.... xn(k), we then use the new value x1(k+1) and the old values x3(10, ..., xn(k), and similarly for finding x3(k+1), ..., xn(k+1). This process to find the solution of the given linear equation is called the Gauss-Seidel Method The Gauss-Seidel method is an iterative technique for solving a square system of n (n=3) linear equations with unknown x. Given: Ax = B. ‘The Gauss-Seidel method now solves the left hand side of this expression for x, using previous value for x on the right hand side, More formally, this may be written as: xO) = D01(b — Ux), However, by triangular form of L*, the elements of x(k+1) can be computed sequentially using forward substitution. Procedure/Problem Given the 3 - bus system shown in the figure above, find the values of Vz, at the end of third iteration using Gauss - Seidel method. DZ Scanned with CamScanner @ Pastopu Qo+3-2p.u 220.93 430-04, Big=o-Or95 + HOURS Bag7O-012 ¥30-0175, © Pyer see vachtpu Yu? Yo Ne 9 Y227 Yay #¥23 5 Y35, = Ys) *Ya2, 1 ' Yag2————_= 22-238 =32-4u) PRIA he = Riles 2 Yo" 37 *Sesspey “eee tan SIS ejorORS : y, 4 1 . Yog =(12 le) 4020-235 ~332-44) 2 H23S -343-4y pe 3 6-79-21.39)=3) age a Bis Sor pyeeyag EYE gg 2-79-3939) H(29.232-199-4) + Ber0ZG~HSH-S, BeSesrsshs GUESS THAT a Coy = 14305 LergsO 3Uacey7 9B 5 UreanehosLo® Fins 3reecnes* ; Tp Pao . isa a Na Vias¥shes]. Ee ciaa V0" Fag yy TP ae wea | tee (Vee? Liyay 2-194-129>) SReowD Tecan t 33%) 7 Macey + — 2S) (anja) Cros 209 ~(28-24-132-4uXroren) |}OATHIL 199.267 49-24 = 4 4Y | Gay L-199-128, THIRD ITeeaTin: ~ (eyes Loy(128-24-}32.44K19829)] . 1 639-2) Vaca = 0-24 ~}49.94 [0-244 £194.20 Vaeay* 0-485 L194. 006° DB 12 HL \ioseo)- (2B 24-3324 sete) | Scanned with CamScanner Ree a. Bary ND Fy BSEe Activity No. 5 Date Performe Rating: __ Date Submitted: Newton - Raphson Method Objectives Utilize the Newton - Raphson technique in analyzing power system network. I. Materials/Apparatus Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator Circuit Diagram Line Z=j0. 1.0 pu. @ OnVAn ioonvan—— @ IV. Theory ‘The Newton-Raphson method (also known as Newton's method) is a way to quickly find a good approximation for the root of a real-valued function f(x) = of) It uses the idea that a continuous and differentiable function can be approximated by a straight line tangent to it. Suppose you need to find the root of a continuous, differentiable function {(x)/{x), and you know the root you are looking for is near the point x = x.0x=x0, Then Newton's method tells us that a better approximation for the root F(z0) S'(20)" 2 = 29 — This process may be repeated as many times as necessary to get the desired accuracy. In general, for any xx-value x.nxn, the next value is given by: ab Scanned with CamScanner F(a) F(a») Bor = Ty — Here isa picture to demonstrate what Newton's method actually does: We draw a tangent line to the graph of f(x)/{x) at the point x = x_nx=xn. This line has slope f (x_n) (xn) and goes through the point \big(xn, {(«n)\big) (xn flan). Therefore it has the equation y = f (x.n)(x-x.n) + f(x nly=f (xn)(x-xn }4+f(xn). Now, we find the root of this tangent line by setting y = oy=0 and x=x_{n+1}x=xn+1 for our new approximation. Solving this equation gives us our new approximation, which is x {n+1} = xn - \frac(f(x_n)}{F (xn) }an+1=xn-f (xn)f{xn). Procedure/Problem For the two bus power system shown above, use the Newton - Raphson power flow to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume = 125 MVA. that bus one is the slack and Swase a Scanned with CamScanner ni apes W- soumov pe Space * 2S MUA Op0 lop onw aeonw OMvan too MAR STEP 3. FeOM Y= gus HATE yo Ye on Joi 1l tol-Go 9490 sr © : =| y. Yoo ‘ Vy ge nti ” ss ie wL9o —(WL"9 @ “ye ‘| STEP, | GET PA ALEVLATEP é ° aR =n Lui Vin nel cosets +Gi- 6 2 322 Vy Yay costa t “2 ) +a Yan tes Coast fo “Fe ) Paz DLiDL)cos(40 +078) + 17Li9) G05 (-4°> Preases 0, eases DO Ulu sy staloiy + $d) 1 iba WY Sin CD21 G1 GO) Va Vere Sin (Ore fate) = {x Loo sin o+0=B)=17 Lis) skh 42) @ir- (Bea = UY cos(@ 24 G4 -Fe) +2 Ye atcovO2Z BY ~ penye08(49 4079)? 219 (193¢05 40D Goease* oe rove was ous prem 5. aer srecme 2 =O pa cance + Pag MO TS NPY ae In pa 7 a SPCeRed) ~ Pe Cente) 91-93-85 =| 39 0U 202 yeviynreagte oar Ft $2) a evce2dy* Pe “Siz 20 AS 20 -C7—.0 ase nD Tas Goa peo) “OP enn) 7OZ7PU=O 30-470 — e Cae) ~ Ba. ViYaySin Come HG G2) ~ 22 YorSt © tap Wate ge ee sine) : a 9-269 SBCA pers erie vee V2 5 1eoysindaete “29770 [ Ba [ wee ay i 39%, Me Te SLES we ye zuvten*O (9% yur Yarsine a4$i-B 88% lui x10Sth (1940-0) 40 BF. to 287 Scanned with CamScanner step S* Sacesiay water ne. | Bea fy Ro ee Ova 382 Te [23 wo aaa] oreo) LE) Aa] EST TS ooh AS) “1 al C2} [eee] [* 2 a orx-rasys (eres) Ave i Fe eg xO1D [ae 0.13% aaa lee i; 0-063 e = $2 ou +ASo7 ot Coi83)* “U3 3x Bo [Sma = 8"| DNa + AV Roy t Ava} 4 (- 20675 Mew) 2 0:73dRU \ ¥ APa =F 33e0 Bars -0-G7P.0 dhe. amo Saas 3se ove 20 Ba ea0 ase avo 02> 4 Scanned with CamScanner —— + wh op f-so twi LO NEIL oa MV Px Activity No. 6 Date Performed: "\/2°, Rating: Date Submitted: Load Flow Analysis 1 Objectives Analyze load flow in an inter - connected systems. I, Materials/Apparatus Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator Ml. Circuit Diagram and Load Schedule ® Generation Load Bus Volatge Bus | Type [Po Q PL QUMVAR) [Vou [8 No. (Mw) | (MvaR) | (MW) {angle} 1 Slack__[7 7 0 0 102 [0 2 [PQ 25 15 50 25 z 2 3 PQ 0 0 60 30 2 2 Iv. Theory In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as aone-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power. It analyzes the power systems in normal steady-state operation. a Scanned with CamScanner wer gar fe Pelei wis Power-flow or load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal information obtained from the power-flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line, Commercial power systems are usually too complex to allow for hand solution of the power flow. Special purpose network analyzers were built between 1929 and the early 1960s to provide laboratory-scale physical models of power systems. Large-scale digital computers replaced the analog methods with numerical solutions. In addition to a power-flow study, computer programs perform related calculations such as short-circuit fault analysis, stability studies (transient and steady-state), unit commitment andeconomic dispatch.In particular, some programs use linear programming to find the optimal power flow, the conditions which give the lowest cost per kilowatt hour delivered. A load flow study is especially valuable for a system with multiple load centers, such as a refinery complex. The power flow study is an analysis of the system’s capability to adequately supply the connected load. The total system losses, as well as individual line losses, also are tabulated. Transformer tap positions are selected to ensure the correct voltage at critical locations such as motor control centers. Performing a load flow study on an existing system provides insight and recommendations as to the system operation and optimization of control settings to obtain maximum capacity while minimizing the operating costs. The results of such an analysis are in terms of active power, reactive power, magnitude and phase angle. Furthermore, power-flow computations are crucial for optimal operations of groups of generating units. In term of its approach to uncertainties, load flow study can be divided to deterministic load flow and uncertainty-concerned load flow. Deterministic load flow study does not take into account the uncertainties arise from both power generations and load behaviors. To take the uncertainties into consideration, there are several approaches that has been used such as probabilistic, possibilistic, information gap decision theory, robust optimization, and interval analysis. ‘The Open Energy Modelling Initiative promotes open source load-flow models and other types of energy system models. Analternating current power-flow modelis a model used in electrical engineering to analyze power grids. It provides a nonlinear system which describes the energy flow through each transmission line. The problem is non-linear because the power flow into load impedances is a function of the square of the applied voltages. Due to nonlinearity, in many cases the analysis of large network via AC power-flow model is not feasible, and a linear (but less accurate) DC power-flow model is used instead. Usually analysis of a three-phase system is simplified by assuming balanced loading of all three phases, Steady-state operation is assumed, with no transient Scanned with CamScanner te Foam 5 changes in power flow or voltage due to load or generation changes. The system frequency is also assumed to be constant. A further simplification is to use the per- unit system to represent all voltages, power flows, and impedances, scaling the actual target system values to some convenient base. A system one-line diagram is the basis to build a mathematical model of the generators, loads, buses, and transmission lines of the system, and their electrical impedances and ratings. The solution to the power-flow problem begins with identifying the known and unknown variables in the system. The known and unknown variables are dependent on the type of bus. A bus without any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus. With one exception, a bus with at least one generator connected to it is called a Generator Bus. The exception is one arbitrarily-selected bus that has a generator. This bus is referred to as the slack bus. - Procedure/Problem A three bus system are shown in the figure. The relevant per unit values of admittances on 150 MVA base are indicated on the diagram and bus data are given in the table. Form Ybus and determine the voltage at bus 2 and bus 3 after the first iteration using Gauss - Siedel Method. Take the acceleration factor of 16. VI. Solution Gwvel: % -Gue FYSTENIIEO EVA Base 5 AcceLRaTION FACTOR 16 5 , 4 7 Ya = RY 9 Mzeda-ls | 5Ys52 4-35 Ye2= 38 Yose3t aa as Van Yan 2-33) Yan ¥a2eG3S) DY 348 In CID 33 2 =54 22 2s ee ; Lamute THe GUS POWERS. LET ELS poweR HEHATUC, oe Cer THe Geueparee powee As poste, Pa-P 25~-So 2, Pre Pane s Oe F5u Be-B Sous WAeas TSO Sey ja roma “aise at Ont see oo ona Perera 22 oun, Tao” Seer AU, mUAKEe ISO 5@x2Q4-a0 0-30 Tansee? 2 29.4 Bie so RY, AT HE Back D Scanned with CamScanner — eM NOW Te © Wore, a) ” In Cerne aos AT BOS KAT TRE Coe tT Pedder ve tue Yul? itecahion 1 een ev: We jl 5 MesIA0 5 FoR e313)... 4 pastes C52 _isyeroaeey-Gsyieof | 58 140 ¥ Pies a PST rreepiow:|y, 21-0260" 7 he TAGE @ eur 2+ Was Fp Yasui Yoavsl” | E ajo: 026 AVM. yy b> = 0-4 211932 OF O-QFNG “IP Oy oy 2 (0F4Ale~}0: 0307) -(1nju) > = 0: OSES S ~10-0209 PMA: (1410) +1660: 2998 375 ~ 30-0209) =/0- 19906 -0-03944, oe 8° 99922-1.4 15° @ The varragee ous 5! v0, 1 P3-jO3 M uw Boosh | Oe iyo Yes Vator Ys\Uim Yao a a jesse - Gay e229) - Ley co. Maae-1ais'y 5 -¥ 149 v ——————E—— VP20-99¢59-0.063 = 0:99 $9L,-3-6569 W THE VOLTAGE AT THE ENB OF FresT rmeraTion y= V9 ?s ygl?Uglé? oo aase-sreni) “U0 -o2zLo> o9agednlais> [vot = o-eito8y ~0:06299) vy oo) vs y w m : Vio gees * UO? + NOONE Us! 0.45262-5.09° 2U4f0 HE Le 81U0g3-s0e20a3) | VE 2 0-4994e “Joleen oF Dace 9 age A-S:8G Scanned with CamScanner WEIL N- BAUTIG NE Ix Bsee Activity No.7 Date Performed: ¢: 9212071 Rating: __ Date Submitte Bus Impedance Matrix 1. Objectives Solve the new bus impedance ofa power system using bus impedance matrix method. I, Materials/Apparatus Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator Ill. Circuit Diagram/Given Matrix fo2 o1 01 30! 05 02 0.1 0.2 02 Iv. Theory % Matrix or bus impedance matrix is an important tool in power system analysis. Though, it is not frequently used in power flow study, unlike Yies matrix, it is, however, an important tool in other power system studies like short circuit_analysis or fault study. The Zius matrix can be computed by matrix inversion of the Yous matrix. Since the Yous matrix is usually sparse, the explicit Zous matrix would by dense so memory intensive to handle directly. Electric power transmission needs optimization. Only Computer simulation allows the complex handling required. The Zjus matrix is a big tool in that box. Z Matrix can be formed by either inverting the Yous matrix or by using Zbus building algorithm. The latter method is harder to implement but more practical and faster (in terms of computer run time and number of floating-point operations per second) for a relatively large system. Formulation: Zbus = Ybus“ Scanned with CamScanner Because the Zpus is the inverse of the Ybus, it is symmetrical like the Ypus. The diagonal elements of the Zous are referred to as driving-point impedancesof the buses and the off-diagonal elements are called transfer impedances. One reason the Ypus is so much more popular in calculation is the matrix becomes sparse for large systems; that is, many elements go to zero as the admittance between two far away buses is very small. In the Zpus, however, the impedance between two far away buses becomes very large, so there are no zero elements, making computation much harder. The operations to modify an existing Zpus are straightforward. To create a Zous matrix from scratch, we start by listing the equation for one branch: {v1} = [Za] [/1] Then we add additional branches according to Table 1 until each bus is expressed in the matrix: V1) _[Za OqfIt val 0 zl ial Procedure/Problem Given the following Zous for a 3-node network. (fo2 01 01 Z[o1 05 02 0.1 0.2 0.2 Zz The admittance of branch 2, located between nodes 1 and 2, is changed from js to -j15. Find the new Zbus, Z". ge Scanned with CamScanner W .sotunon ! : ts ary babe ba~taz 1 yn UCI" bo) BS + js He AN2 2 By pe UIP Qos kK 4- bos! ole buse Where Oe @va= corresponds to branthes beng modified ze ts t By = Ba, eee ate pee | = |= Zea @29\\-{ [> |2q - 222 Ra Fea Zot]? ta 22 of ol ba-2a2=t (7. 2 fot Blot os o2 |) [>a] oy ov Pl o2diy =A @ y=(W va stony "s (yeaa) od siete] By cen aUer kes)" Cerwony HO-otDt8) 2 -3e-45 =O-S — @~eab> =o 4 -0 2 -Cisrs)% [oy [SEP J cal Ass Po BOY -Del sm ]-e-0y ore Oe nosy 2G O-9l -0-04 ole 294 a al eet oy ot] gues TOO OY Te a4fSt os c& [-“s=]-oey ote ON 3) %oy 0-2 02 oo} OH oe} wos -00s -8 eal ol ot ajre? 35 2 | ~\-c103° ee “3 ie 38 oad a SPO NBS ONS OWS 2° ons 0-3 ons ors O'S OTS 3 Scanned with CamScanner BEL YW. BALTUG WU Ty BE . _ Dec-02 202} Activity No. 8 Date Performed: Rating: Date Submitted: Short Circuit Analysis 1. Objectives Solve and analyze short circuit scenarios. H.— Materials/Apparatus Power System Software/Mat Lab/Calculator ML. Circuit Diagram Iv. Theory ‘A Short circuit analysis is used to determine the magnitude of short circuit current, the system is capable of producing, and compares that magnitude with the interrupting rating of the overcurrent protective devices (OCPD). Since the interrupting ratings are based by the standards, the methods used in conducting a short circuit analysis must conform to the procedures which the standard making organizations specify for this purpose. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes both the standards for equipment and the application guides, which describes the calculation methods. a Scanned with CamScanner Short-Circuit Currents are currents that introduce large amounts of destructive energy in the forms of heat and magnetic force into a power system. A short circuit is sometimes called a fault. It is a specific kind of current that introduces a large amount of energy into a power system. It can be in the form of heat or in the form of magnetic force. Basically, it is a low-resistance path of energy that skips part of a circuit and causes the bypassed part of the circuit to stop working, The reliability and safety of electric power distribution systems depend on accurate and thorough knowledge of short-circuit fault currents that can be present, and on the ability of protective devices to satisfactorily interrupt these currents. Knowledge of the computational methods of power system analysis is essential to engineers responsible for planning, design, operation, and troubleshooting of distribution systems. Short circuit currents impose the most serious general hazard to power distribution system components and are the prime concerns in developing and applying protection systems. Fortunately, short circuit currents are relatively ‘easy to calculate. The application of three or four fundamental concepts of circuit analysis will derive the basicnature of short circuit currents. These concepts will be stated and utilized in a step-by step development. ‘The three phase bolted short circuit currents are the basic reference quantities in a system study. In all cases, knowledge of the three phase bolted fault value is wanted and needsto be singled out for independent treatment. This will set the pattern to be used in other cases. ‘A device that interrupts short circuit current, is a device connected into an electric circuitto provide protection against excessive damage when a short circuit occurs. It provides this protection by automatically interrupting the large value of current flow, so the device should be rated to interrupt and stop the flow of fault current without damage to the overcurrent protection device. The OCPD will also provide automatic interruption of overload currents. Short-circuit calculations are required for the application and coordination of protective relays and the rating of equipment. All fault types can be simulated. Carelab’s short-circuit study provides a detailed report identifying breaker ratings, breaker fault duties, discussions, and recommendations for any deficiencies found Procedure/Problem ‘A mine is supplied 95 MVA of power at 34.5 kV with an X/R ratio of 5.23. The power travels 1200 feet through number 2, ACSR aerial cable with three-foot spacing to a substation. The substation has a secondary voltage of 12.47 kV and is rated 10 MVA with 6.08% impedance. The power then travels 6000 feet through number 2/0, 15 kV, mine power feeder cable to an underground power center. The power center has a secondary voltage of 1040 volts and is rated 1350 kVA with 5.0% impedance. Power then travels 850 feet through number ae Scanned with CamScanner 2/0, 2 KV, shielded trailing cable to a continuous miner. If a short circuit occurs on the continuous miner at the point where the trailing cable ends, what are the minimum and maximum available short circuit currents? Refer to the figure shown. VI. Solution : In¢speeiuay @orucry case Gurco.o3tt | dene Li a= Vetpyo vours xyr0-62¥A9 ln) in ont) LSS > dexo™ S 0. Xnewso-ies ]iy 2G) Se , Weve” _soonym <2 ¢hnfoaes) Xaew S |1+ Iwacses) Casxro)UIO>) =) in(%o-0103) ae Xedos | a 2 2a as ag knew 2 213040 fierce? Saceesy= arose (22) Os. X=R(4)=(0-co2p(s-22)7 2.01 ese ores. @svpetruticn Uo coB¥aNS) @ Poune caetee aut) YoRMuE) SERENE ocosea Ganvolt ASO Y(I8) ee Ze2) _ S . Ns ee) ze ) 2 0-006G, Ke eOleL e- _. 2 ge8013 OE tous? ioe per son sown) Brin =O" a we p\ x rots [HY] 2028S SL —_ x el Se) 3 (HY) = OOS SE Ringe 2 O° cavalier soars Grote Jo,th aMEDE AOKE _Pman 20: cone e = eguReD AS 44, Fevane 7 Renin L) #4 (90 289] = 0 GHIDCF9-°=3.42) C90) i ae ate . . qt Sl = cor “Bro O24. Teta ireae - Coe rrictenT MMB RESISTANE (AL) X*R(2 + 0-008 (4-9) 78:0393.0 ee Mamuun ResieTALCe(A) — Rass TALES (AD, a oom cel a Arai ane Pee Seed oreses es ° 28-0542 er20 pure peut EAP e sleoeo ones oss tate onesie oons, erica rors ae ca ook ont ° reuse 5 D-RS pa uo Tray 2 te a Bim FZ 7 [O° O8LBT +0. O84 TaRmind wo eo- 121 Zi a argo y Tomar = AO ss BREE voce a meats mane Emin 2 DIS LE ASDWOUDD ence Scanned with CamScanner

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy