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Module 1 - Lecture 4

This document discusses a database management systems course at the University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata. It covers the relational model, in which data is stored in tables with rows and columns. It describes the data definition language used to define the database schema and data dictionary. It also discusses the data manipulation language, including SQL, for accessing and manipulating the organized data. Finally, it touches on database design approaches like entity relationship modeling and normalization theory.

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Kaustav Roy
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views

Module 1 - Lecture 4

This document discusses a database management systems course at the University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata. It covers the relational model, in which data is stored in tables with rows and columns. It describes the data definition language used to define the database schema and data dictionary. It also discusses the data manipulation language, including SQL, for accessing and manipulating the organized data. Finally, it touches on database design approaches like entity relationship modeling and normalization theory.

Uploaded by

Kaustav Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Course Name : Database Management System

Dr. Sandip Mandal


Dept. of CSE, UEM Kolkata
WhatsApp : +91-8449007365
Email : sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 1


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Module 1: Relational Model

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 2


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 3


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Relational Model Columns


• All the data is stored in various tables.
• Example of tabular data in the relational model

Rows

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 4


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

A Sample Relational Database

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sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Data Definition Language (DDL)


• Specification notation for defining the database schema
Example: create table instructor (
ID char(5),
name varchar(20),
dept_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2));
• DDL compiler generates a set of table templates stored in a data dictionary

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 6


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Data Definition Language (DDL)


• Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)
– Database schema
– Integrity constraints
• Primary key (ID uniquely identifies instructors)
– Authorization
• Who can access what

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 7


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Data Manipulation Language (DML)


• Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate
data model
– DML also known as query language
• Two classes of languages

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 8


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Data Manipulation Language (DML)


– Pure – used for proving properties about computational power and for
optimization
• Relational Algebra
• Tuple relational calculus
• Domain relational calculus
– Commercial – used in commercial systems
• SQL is the most widely used commercial language

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 9


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Database Design
The process of designing the general structure of the database:

• Logical Design – Deciding on the database schema. Database design requires


that we find a “good” collection of relation schemas.
– Business decision – What attributes should we record in the database?
– Computer Science decision – What relation schemas should we have and
how should the attributes be distributed among the various relation schemas?
• Physical Design – Deciding on the physical layout of the database

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 10


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Database Design (Cont.)


• Is there any problem with this relation?

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 11


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Design Approaches
• Need to come up with a methodology to ensure that each of the relations in the
database is “good”
• Two ways of doing so:
– Entity Relationship Model
• Models an enterprise as a collection of entities and relationships
• Represented diagrammatically by an entity-relationship diagram:
– Normalization Theory
• Formalize what designs are bad, and test for them
• Eliminating redundancy

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 12


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Thank You

09-Feb-21 Sandip Mandal WhatsApp - 8449007365 13


sandip.mandal@uem.edu.in

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