Gaurav Thombare

Roll no: 75
Explain following testing tools with examples.
(definition, introduction, Use for, Types, Procedure how to use, applicability)

1. Selenium
Ans:
Defination:
Selenium is a portable framework for testing web applications. Selenium provides a
playback tool for authoring functional tests without the need to learn a test scripting
language (Selenium IDE).

Introduction:

SELENIUM is a free (open-source) automated testing framework used to validate

web applications across different browsers and platforms. You can use multiple
programming languages like Java, C#, Python etc to create Selenium Test Scripts.
Testing done using the Selenium tool is usually referred to as Selenium Testing.
Selenium Software is not just a single tool but a suite of software, each piece catering
to different testing needs of an organization. Here is the list of tools
 Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
 Selenium Remote Control (RC)
 WebDriver
 Selenium Grid

Use of Selenium:
1.Open-Source:
As mentioned earlier, the biggest strength of Selenium is that it is a freeware and a
portable tool. It has no upfront direct costs involved. The tool can be freely
downloaded and the community-based support for it is freely available.

2.Language support:
Selenium supports a range of languages, including Java, Perl, Python, C#, Ruby,
Groovy, JavaScript, and more. It has its own script, but it is not limited by that
language. It can work with various languages – whatever the developers/testers are
comfortable with.

3. Supports Operating Systems:

Selenium can operate and support across multiple Operating Systems (OS) like
Windows, Mac, Linux, and UNIX. With Selenium suite of solutions, a tailored testing
suite can be created over any platform and then executed on another one. For
instance, you can create test cases using Windows OS and run it with ease on a
Linux–based system.

4.Support across browsers:

Selenium provides support across multiple browsers, namely, Internet Explorer,
Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari. This becomes highly resourceful while executing
tests and testing it across various browsers simultaneously.

5.Support for programming languages and framework

Selenium integrates with programming languages and various frameworks. For
instance, it can integrate with ANT or Maven type of framework for source code
compilation. Further, it can integrate with the TestNG framework for testing
applications and reporting purposes. It can integrate with Jenkins or Hudson for
Continuous Integration (CI) and can even integrate with other open-source tools to
support other features.
6.Tests across devices
Selenium Test Automation can be implemented for mobile web application
automation on Android, iPhone, and Blackberry. This can help in generating
necessary results and address issues on a continuous basis.

7.Constant updates
Selenium support is community–based, which enable constant updates and
upgrades. These upgrades are readily available and do not require specific training.
This makes Selenium resourceful and cost-effective as well.

8.Loaded Selenium suites

Selenium is not just a singular tool or utility, it a loaded package of various testing
tools and so, is referred to as a Suite. Each tool is designed to cater to different
testing needs and requirements of test environments.
Additionally, Selenium comes with capabilities to support Selenium IDE, Selenium
Grid, and Selenium Remote Control (RC)
.
9.Ease of implementation
Selenium offers a user-friendly interface that helps create and execute tests easily
and effectively. Its open-source features help users to script their own extensions that
make them easy to develop, customized actions and even manipulate at an
advanced level.
Tests run directly across browsers and the users can watch while the tests are being
executed. Additionally, Selenium’s reporting capabilities are one of the reasons for
choosing it, as it allows testers to extract the results and take follow-up actions.

10.Reusability and Add-ons

Selenium Test Automation framework uses scripts that can be tested directly across
multiple browsers. Concurrently, it is possible to execute multiple tests with Selenium,
as it covers almost all aspects of functional testing by implementing add-on tools that
broaden the scope of testing.
Types of Selenium:
A collection of four different tools or components namely are:

1. Selenium IDE:
Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the simplest framework in
the Selenium suite and is the easiest one to learn. It is a Firefox plugin that you can
install as easily as you can with other plugins. However, because of its simplicity,
Selenium IDE should only be used as a prototyping tool. If you want to create more
advanced test cases, you will need to use either Selenium RC or WebDriver.

2. Selenium Remote Control (Selenium RC):

Selenium RC was the flagship testing framework of the whole Selenium
project for a long time. This is the first automated web testing tool that allowed users
to use a programming language they prefer. As of version 2.25.0, RC can support
the following programming languages:

 Java
 C#
 PHP
 Python
 Perl
 Ruby

3. Selenium WebDriver:
The WebDriver proves itself to be better than both Selenium IDE and
Selenium RC in many aspects. It implements a more modern and stable approach in
automating the browser's actions. WebDriver, unlike Selenium RC, does not rely on
JavaScript for Automation. It controls the browser by directly communicating
with it.

The supported languages are the same as those in Selenium RC.

 Java
 C#
 PHP
 Python
 Perl
 Ruby
4. Selenium Grid :
Selenium Grid is a tool used together with Selenium RC to run parallel
tests across different machines and different browsers all at the same time. Parallel
execution means running multiple tests at once.

Procedure How to Use Selenium:

There are seven basic elements of a Selenium test script, which apply to any test
case and any application under test (AUT):

1. Create a WebDriver instance.

2. Navigate to a Web page.

3. Locate an HTML element on the Web page.

4. Perform an action on an HTML element.

5. Anticipate the browser response to the action.

6. Run tests and record test results using a test framework.

7. Conclude the test.

Applicability Of Selenium:

 Open Source and Portable – Selenium is an open source and portable Web
testing Framework.

 Combination of tool and DSL – Selenium is combination of tools and DSL

(Domain Specific Language) in order to carry out various types of tests.

 Easier to understand and implement – Selenium commands are categorized

in terms of different classes which make it easier to understand and implement.

 Less burden and stress for testers – As mentioned above, the amount of time
required to do testing repeated test scenarios on each and every new build is
reduced to zero, almost. Hence, the burden of tester gets reduced.

 Cost reduction for the Business Clients – The Business needs to pay the
testers their salary, which is saved using automation testing tool. The
automation not only saves time but gets cost benefits too, to the business.

 Increased test coverage – With the uses of Selenium, testing time gets
reduced and hence the tester can do more testing on other test scenarios at the
same time.

 Reduce test execution time – Selenium supports parallel test execution that
reduce the time taken in executing parallel tests.

 Lesser resources required – Selenium requires lesser resources when

compared to its competitors like UFT, RFT, etc.

 Supports Multiple Programming Languages – C#, Java, Python, PHP, Ruby,

Perl, and JavaScript

 Supports Multiple Operating Systems – Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, Mac,

Solaris.

 Supports Multiple Browsers – Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet

Explorer, Edge, Opera, Safari, etc.
 Parallel Test Execution – It also supports parallel test execution which reduces
time and increases the efficiency of tests.

 A flexible language – Once the test cases are prepared, they can be executed
on any operating system like Linux, Macintosh, etc.

 No installation Required – Selenium web driver does not require server

installation, test scripts interact directly with the browser.
2. Mantis Bug Tracker
Ans:
Defination:

Mantis Bug Tracker is a free and open source, web-based bug tracking system.
The most common use of MantisBT is to track software defects. However,
MantisBT is often configured by users to serve as a more generic issue tracking
system and project management tool.

Introduction:

Mantis is an open source bug tracking tool with a simple user interface powered
with many functionalities. Mantis Issue Tracker is a web based bug tracking
system made available to the public since 2000. It is available in API, Desktop
GUI and Mobile UI. Since then, it has developed vastly and gained much
popularity .It is very easy to understand and configurable within minutes of
installation. This issue tracker is built on PHP and supports Linux,
MacOs ,Windowsand variety of Unix Operating Systems on server side. The bug
tacker is compatible with Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera and IE10 +. MantisBT
supports multiple backend databases including MySQL, MS SQL and PostgreSQL.
This bug tracking tool is released under GPU(GNU General Public License).
Mantis was named after an insect which are desirable in agriculture. They look
elegant. So Mantis was given this name after preying insect Mantis. The BT word
was suffixed as Bug Tracker but later on it became famous as Mantis only.

Use of Mantis Bug Tracker:

 To track all bugs/issue throughout Defect lifecycle.

 To manage at Release level as well.
 Supports Analytic and Reporting features.
 Supports plug-in with other softwares and IDE to make it more strong and
effective.
Procedure of Mantis Bug Tracker:
There is no need to download Mantis, you can use the online demo.

Step 1) Log into Mantis.

Step 2) Once you login to Mantis your username will be displayed on the top of the
Mantis main screen and now you can report your issue into the Mantis by clicking on
the option "Report Issue" as shown below.

Step 3) In the next Screen

1. Enter Bug Category.

2. Enter Reproducibility.

3. Enter Severity.

4. Enter Priority.

5. Enter Platform Details.

6. Enter Summary of the Bug Report.

7. Enter Description.

8. Enter Steps to reproduce the error.

9. Click Submit Report.

Step 4) After entering all the details in the report window, we will submit a report and
soon our report will be displayed on the main window. As show in the screenshot
below, when you click on view issue, the issue will appear on the screen with the id
"0017896" also, it shows the status as new and also the date when it was created.
The issues in the Mantis Tool are highlighted according to the status of an issue. For
example, here the issue is in acknowledged status, therefore, highlighted in light
orange. For different statuses, different colors are allotted.

Step 5) When you click on your issue #id 0017896, it will show the issue in more
details like project reporter, its status, date submitted and last updated.
Step 6) Apart from these, you can add a file, documents, images to your bug .

Step 7) You can also add comments addressing your issue as shown in the
screenshot below.

Step 8) You can click history at top of the Issue Report, to see issue history. This
issue history has details like when the issue was created, or when the file was added
to the issue or if there is any note added to the issue.

Step 9) Once the issue is submitted the developer receives an email.

Applicability Of Mantis Bug Tracker:

 Email notifications: It sends out emails of updates, comments, resolutions to
the concerned stakeholders.
 Access Control: You can control user access at a project level
 Customize: You can easily customize Mantis as per your requirements.
 Mobile Support: Mantis supports iPhone, Android, and Windows Phone
Platforms.
 Plugins: An ever-expanding library of plugins to add custom functionality to
Mantis Issue Tracker
3. IBM Rational Functional Tester
Ans:
Defination:
Rational Functional Tester is a tool for automated testing of software
applications from the Rational Software division of IBM. It allows users to create
tests that mimic the actions and assessments of a human tester.

Introduction:
Rational Functional Tester is a software test automation tool used by quality
assurance teams to perform automated regression testing. Testers create scripts by
using a test recorder which captures a user's actions against their application under
test. The recording mechanism creates a test script from the actions. The test script is
produced as either a Java or Visual Basic.net application, and with the release of
version 8.1, is represented as series of screen shots that form a visual storyboard.
Testers can edit the script using standard commands and syntax of these languages,
or by acting against the screen shots in the storyboard. Test scripts can then be
executed by Rational Functional Tester to validate application functionality. Typically,
test scripts are run in a batch mode where several scripts are grouped together and
run unattended.
During the recording phase, the user may introduce verification points, which capture
an expected system state, such as a specific value in a field, or a given property of an
object, such as enabled or disabled. During playback, any discrepancies between the
baseline captured during recording and the actual result achieved during playback
are noted in the Rational Functional Tester log. The tester can then review the log to
determine if an actual software bug was discovered.
Use for:
1. Storyboard Testing:
Simplifies test visualization and editing using natural language and rendered
screenshots.
2. Automated Testing:
Enables testers to automate tests resilient to frequent application user interface
changes with Script Assure technology.
3. Data-driven Testing:
Let’s you perform the same series of test actions with a varying set of test data.
4. Test Scripting:
Combines a recorder of user actions with multiple customization options and
intelligent script maintenance capabilities.
5. Integrating with other Software:
Integrates with IBM Rational Team Concert and IBM Rational Quality Manager to
provide access to work items and logical or compound SCM test asset support.
6. Tests across devices:
Selenium Test Automation can be implemented for mobile web application
automation on Android, iPhone, and Blackberry. This can help in generating
necessary results and address issues on a continuous basis.
7. Support across browser:
Selenium provides support across multiple browsers, namely, Internet Explorer,
Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari. This becomes highly resourceful while executing
tests and testing it across various browsers simultaneously.
Procedure:
1.GETTING STARTED WITH IBM RATIONAL FUNCTIONAL TESTER:
View Functional Test Perspective:
Step 1: Click Start> Programs> IBM Software Delivery Platform> IBM Rational
Functional Tester> Eclipse Integration.
Step 2: Select a workspace window will open. Browse to select the appropriate path
to store the project and click ok.
Step 3: Close the welcome window once it open.
Step 4: If you are not already in the Functional Test perspective, click the Open a
Perspective button on the right tab. (If the button is not displayed, click Window>
Open Perspective >Other >Functional Test.).

Create a Functional Test Project:

Step 1: To create a project File->new->Functional Test Project.
Step 2: Functional Test Project window will open. Type project name as
Functionaltesproj and click finish to create a project.

View in Functional Test Perspective:

Step 1: Go to Window-> Show view and Enable it. Connect to an Existing Functional
Test Project:
Step 2 : Connect an Existing project by File->Connect to a functional Test Project.
Step 3: Click the Browse button to select the path of the existing file.
Step 4: Click Finish to connect to an existing functional test project.

Record a Script:
Step 1: Start->programs->IBM Software Delivery platform->IBM Rational functional
Tester->Eclipse Integration.
Step 2: Create a workspace as Recordwp and click ok.
Step 3: Create a project using File->new->Functional Test Project.
Step 4: Enter project name a Recordproj and click finish.
Step 5: Record a script using Record a functional Test script button (Red circle icon).
Step 6: Select a project as Recordproj and type the script name as placeorderscript1.
Step 7: Click next and by default private test object map is select in the test object
map.
Step 8: Click finish to start recording.
Step 9: Recording monitor window will open. In that click start application icon to
start the application.
Step 10: Select the application using Application name and click ok.
Step 11: Select a composer as Bach->violin concertos and then click place order
button.
Step 12: Member log on window will open and perform the task that you want to
perform.
Step 13: Close the window and stop recording using stop recording button.

View the Verification Point:

Step 1: Go to Script Explore->Expand verification point- >double click the vpimage.
Script Support functions:

Call Script:
Step 1: Record a script using Record a functional Test script button (Red circle
icon).
Step 2: Select a project as Recordproj and type the script name as callscript.
Step 3: Click next and by default private test object map is select in the test object
map.
Step 4: Click finish to start recording.
Step 5: Recording monitor window will open. In that click Insert Script support
command icon.
Step 6: Select Call Script and select placeorderscript1 and click Insert code and
select Placeordervpscript2 and click Insert code.
Step 7: Click close.
Step 8: Stop recording using stop recording button.
Run the Script:
Step 1: Run the Functional Test script (Callscript) by using Run Functional script
icon.
Step 2: Specify a log name to display log files.
Step 3: Click next and specify playback options window will open.
Step 4: By default click next.
Step 5: Click finish to start playback

Playback a script:
Step 1: Run the Functional Test script (placeorderscript1) by using Run Functional
script icon.
Step 2: Specify a log name to display log files.
Step 3: click next and specify playback options window will open.
Step 4: By default click next.
Step 5: Click finish to start playback.
Step 6: Playback monitor will open.

Record a Script:
Step 1: Record a script using Record a functional Test script button (Red circle
icon).
Step 2: Select a project as ObjectRecognproj and type the script name as
placeordervpscript5.
Step 3: Click next and by default private test object map is select in the test object
map.
Step 4: click finish to start recording.
Step 5: Recording monitor window will open. In that click start application icon to
start the application.
Step 6: Select the application using Application name (Classic JavaA) and click
ok.
Step 7: Select a composer as Bach->violin concertos and then click place order
button.
Step 8: Member log on window will open. Choose an existing customer as a Trent
culpito.
 Step 9: In the Recording Monitor, click the Insert Verification Point or Action
Command button to record verification point.
Step 10: In select the objects to test window, Drag the Object Finder tool icon over
the Remember Password checkbox and release the mouse button. Click Next.
Step11: Select an action window will open. Select Perform Data verification point
and click next.
Step 12: In the Data Value list, select CheckBox Visible Text, and then click Next.
Step 13: Click finish to create a verification point.

Set Recognition Score Threshold:

Step 1: Go to Windows->Preferences->Expand Functional test->expand playback.
Step 2: Click Script Assure and drag the warning level slider to no one. Step 3:
Playback the same script by using Run Functional script icon.
Step 4: log file will open.
Step 5: Now no recognition warning will display in the log file.

By carefully following the above procedures, the developed software is tested with
the help of RFT.

Applicability:
1. Efficiency and Cost: DevSecOps and Quality Engineering enable incident
resolution closer to the source; cognitive problem management offers advanced
analytics for root cause analysis; and extreme automation for self-heal keeps
workers steady.
2. Availability and Resilience: Site Reliability Engineering Practice provides
resilience by design with application maintenance and enhancements; potential
for no planned downtime with canary deployments and rolling updates.
3. Speed and Agility: Short release cycles are aligned with business outcomes
for improved time-tovalue; offers aggressive, integrated service level agreements.
4. Security and Reliability: Emerging security threat models with effective
governance, risk and compliance; provides Open Source for Enterprise for
improved governance and management of open source.
4. Spreadsheet package
Ans:

Defination:
A spreadsheet is a software application that enables a user to save, sort and manage
data in an arranged form of rows and columns.
A spreadsheet stores data in a tabular format as an electronic document. An
electronic spreadsheet is based on and is similar to the paper-based accounting
worksheet.
A spreadsheet may also be called a worksheet

Introduction:
A spreadsheet is a computer application for organization, analysis and storage
of data in tabular form.[1][2][3] Spreadsheets were developed as computerized
analogs of paper accounting worksheets.[4] The program operates on data entered in
cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results
of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of
other cells. A spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic document.[5][6][7]
Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated
values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases
can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet
software can have multiple interacting sheets and can display data either as text and
numerals or in graphical form.
Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern
spreadsheets provide built-in functions for
common financial and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present
value or standard deviation can be applied to tabular data with a pre-programmed
function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions,
functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate
on strings of text.
Spreadsheets have replaced paper-based systems throughout the business world.
Although they were first developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now
are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared.
 Use of Spreedsheet Packages:
Although spreadsheets are most often used with anything containing numbers, the
uses of a spreadsheet are almost endless. Below are some other popular uses of
spreadsheets.

Finance:
Spreadsheets are ideal for financial data, such as your checking account information,
budgets, taxes, transactions, billing, invoices, receipts, forecasts, and any payment
system.

Forms:
Form templates can be created to handle inventory, evaluations, performance
reviews, quizzes, time sheets, patient information, and surveys.

School and grades:

Teachers can use spreadsheets to track students, calculate grades, and identify
relevant data, such as high and low scores, missing tests, and students who are
struggling.

Lists:
Managing a list in a spreadsheet is a great example of data that does not contain
numbers, but still can be used in a spreadsheet. Great examples of spreadsheet lists
include telephone, to-do, and grocery lists.

Sports:
Spreadsheets can keep track of your favorite player stats or stats on the whole team.
With the collected data, you can also find averages, high scores, and statistical data.
Spreadsheets can even be used to create tournament brackets.
Types of Spread Sheet Packages:

1. Microsoft Excel
Excel from Microsoft has set the standard for all other spreadsheet packages. Excel
was the first to divide spreadsheets into workbooks. In 1984, Excel was written for the
Apple Macintosh computer. It was one of the first spreadsheets to use a graphical
interface. In 1987, when Windows was first released, Excel was the first application
designed to run on the new operating system. By late in the 1980s, other companies
had released their own versions of spreadsheet programs, many of them attempting
to emulate Excel in appearance and functionality.

2. Lotus 1-2-3 Release 9.8

In February 2008, Lotus 1-2-3 Release 9.8 became available and is now known as
Lotus SmartSuite. This version has a new tool using speech-enabled SmartMaster
templates, which allow users to perform common tasks using speech. The
@Functions have been improved to be more compatible with Microsoft Excel, and
users can skip typing formulas, since this new version recognizes terms such as
"total" and "average" along with dozens of other terms to return a result.

3. Quattro Pro From Corel

Corel's offering into the spreadsheet arena as part of the Word Perfect Office Suite is
Quattro Pro. Quattro Pro contains notebooks that are divided into worksheets. As with
other spreadsheet packages, additional worksheets can be added to the notebooks,
and a notebook can contain only one spreadsheet or multiple spreadsheets which are
compatible with Excel.
4. GS-Calc
This spreadsheet package is not as powerful as some of the others but does contain
some interesting features. GS-Calc is downloadable to most portable devices and
contains more than 2 million rows and over 2,000 columns. The program contains
around 300 built-in formulas. This package features password protection and
encryption and in the read-only mode formulas can be hidden. Text created in dBase
III and IV and Excel '02 files can be imported. GS-Calc features an amazing 20,000
undo and redo levels.

5. Bye Design Ltd.

A Microsoft partner, Bye Design Ltd., developed a freeware spreadsheet program
primarily for personal data assistants which can also be used on desktop computing
devices. The spreadsheet package supports hundreds of spreadsheet functions
including file editing, formatting, macro creation and form tools including check boxes,
drop-down lists and combo boxes. Spreadsheets created using Excel 95/97 and
Pocket Excel files can easily be imported into this program.
Procedure:
Step 1: Create a Workbook

When you open Excel, you’ll be presented with a screen like this. Create a new
workbook by clicking the New tab on the sidebar. The Recent tab below that will bring
up any workbooks you’ve recently opened. Below that is the Shared tab, which shows
workbooks that other Excel users have sent to you directly through the app (we won’t
focus on that right now). The final tab is Open, which opens a file browser so you can
select an existing workbook.

On the New tab, you can see a number of templates available, which can help you
jump straight into making specific types of spreadsheets, like budgets and task lists.
In this example, however, we’re going to build a spreadsheet from scratch.
Click Blank Workbook on the top left corner, then click Create.
Step 2: Plan Your Needed Data

Before you can create any kind of spreadsheet, you need to plan what it’ll include so
you can structure and format it accordingly. While it is possible to change the
spreadsheet structure later on, the more data you’ve added, the more inconvenient it
becomes. Plus, moving around entire rows and columns increases the chances of
accidentally changing formulas. In this example, we’re making a monthly budget, so
we’ll use a monthly time stamp. As we explored above, we can use other sheets in
this workbook to track other time increments, like weeks or years. Of course we want
to add all of our different expenses together, but we should also think of categories for
comparison. We could have one for necessities, and one for luxuries. We’ll need
subtotal rows, along with a comparison of budget to actual spending. At the end, we’ll
also want to easily compare the different parts of the budget together.

Now we know the elements we need, and can organize them accordingly.
Step 3: Create Headings

Since we know we want to compare month to month, we should use months as our
column headings - horizontally is usually best for time comparison. Since we know
we’ll also have categories of spending to label and sublabel, we should leave the A
and B columns open, and start at cell C1.

Here’s a useful trick: if you type a number or timestamp with a logical next entry, you
can click the lower right corner of that cell and drag in any direction to autofill the rest
of the sequence as far as you want. For this example, after typing “January” in C1,
you can drag it across to N1 and watch it fill in the rest of the months. To create the
diagonal names in the screenshot, navigate to the Home tab and find and click the
formatting option with a diagonal rising appearance. This makes the headings stand
out without changing the column width. We’ll also need an area on the sheet where
we can get row totals for more useful data, so create the heading Total in cell O1.
Step 4: Label the Rows

Create three blocks of entries on column B. Name the first block Necessities, which
will include everything you see, and end with a subtotal. Name the second
block Luxuries and include a few categories; also end with a subtotal. The last block
will have our Total, the budget to compare it to, and the difference between the two,
which we’ll call Saved (this amount represents the difference between the expected
and actual spent). To makes them stand out, use the Paint Bucket tool and select a
color (grey in this example).

For column A, we’ll create labels that clearly line up with our grey blocks, and position
the writing vertically so it doesn’t take too much space. To make the width of the
column smaller, grab the right edge of the A column and drag it to the left. To combine
all the cells for our category labels, highlight A2 through A7, and Merge & Center. To
get the writing vertical, navigate to the Home tab, find the formatting option and
click vertical writing. Finally, choose the height alignment as centered so the vertical
text will appear in the middle. Repeat this with cells A9 through A13.
Step 5: Add Boundaries

Add boundaries to the spreadsheet using the icon in the above graphic. Select each
collection of cells, and don’t adjust the spaces between the grey block groupings.
Click All Borders to draw distinct grids. Now, make the outer boundary of each block
thicker by selecting the entire area and choosing Thick Box Border. Finally, do the
same around the inner row of each box labeled Subtotal, to make these visually
distinct. Apply a Thick Box Border to Column O, Total, and leave spaces between
each row grouping. All of this improves spreadsheet readability.
Step 6: Create a Results Table

Use the side of your nicely-formatted spreadsheet to create the outlines of a simple
table which will contain your main results. This information will assist you in creating a
chart, later. Give it an appropriate label, and label its rows for the total
from Necessities, the total from Luxuries, and the total Saved for the year.
Step 7: Format and Write Formulas

This is where the spreadsheet gets a lot more powerful. It involves a series of steps:

A. First, select every cell that will contain a number, underneath columns C through O,
and also in the table for Portion of Budget. Now click the “$” on the keyboard to format
the cells with the standard dollar format with two decimals for cents.

B. Select cells C2 through C7 and click AutoSum. This creates a formula that adds
everything in this column, and places the sum into C7 (the last selected cell).

C. Use your cursor to grab the bottom right corner of cell C7, and drag it to the right
toward column O. This will duplicate your formula down the entire Subtotal row. This
means that while C7 = sum of C2 through C6, D7 = sum of D2 through D6, and so on.
Repeat the process for Luxuries.

D. For the Total, Budget, and Saved area, the process is a little different. Click cell
C15, and enter this formula: =C7+C13. This totals the two subtotals. Like you did with
the other formulas, drag and duplicate it across to column O.

F. Click cell C17, and input this formula: =C16-C15. This will make the Saved row
equal to the difference between Budget and Total.

E. Finally, add formulas to each empty cell of your Portion of Budget table. Q3=O7,
which will bring the yearly subtotal of all Necessities items to the Necessities part of
this table. Do the same for the Luxuries table annual subtotal and the Saved annual
total.
Step 8: Script Conditional Formatting

Before entering data, there’s one more bit of set up: conditional formatting. To do this,
click the drop down arrow on Conditional Formatting and click Manage Rules. Next,
click + to add a rule, which takes you to a new popup menu. Click Style: Classic. Then
choose Format only cells that contain, and click Cell Value greater than 0. Format this
with a standard option, green fill with dark green text. Now you’ll be returned to
the Manage Rules section, where you can select which range of cells it applies to.
Choose C17 through O17 to have it affect the Saved row only.

Now repeat the steps, but this time Format only cells that contain the Cell Value equal
to or less than 0. Use the standard option light red fill with dark red text, and apply it to
the same range of cells.

Now you have a conditional format for all the final calculated Saved row entries. If it’s
greater than 0, it gets marked green, and if it’s 0 or less, it gets marked red. When
your data is entered, you can instantly see which months you saved money in, and
which you didn’t.
Step 9: Enter Data and Watch the Calculations

First, enter an assumed budget, and copy it across the Budget row by dragging it
from its bottom right corner. In this case, the assumed budget is $3,000.00.

Next, enter your data for each month of last year, totaled from receipts and bank
statements, and categorized accordingly. Now for the magic of spreadsheets: as you
enter each bit of data, you’ll see your Subtotals, Totals, Saved rows filling in, as well
as the Portion of Budget table - all calculating and updating in real-time.
Step 10: Create a Pie Chart

Create a simple visualization. Select the entire Portion of Budget table, and then click
the Insert tab on the Ribbon, and choose Pie Chart. Because of how the table is set
up, the chart will be titled Portion of Budget, and each dollar amount will appear as a
percent of the pie chart with the necessary label. Don’t forget to click Save on the top
left of the Excel app.

Applicability:
1. Analyzing and storing data

2. Database Management

3. Progress Monitoring

4. Budgeting

5. Accounting

6. Graphical Representation of Data

5.Bugzilla
Ans:
Defination:
Bugzilla is a web-based bug tracking program developed by the Mozilla
Foundation. The program is used to keep track of Mozilla's projects, including the
Firefox web browser. The software allows users to submit tickets that the
developers can act on. As with Mozilla's other projects, Bugzilla has an
open-source license.

Introduction:
Bugzilla is an open-source web-based bug tracking program that, as the name
suggests, was created by the Mozilla Foundation. The program was first developed
by Netscape in 1998 when it relicensed its Netscape Navigator under an open-source
license as the original Mozilla suite. The software allows users to submit tickets and
for project members to assign bugs a severity level and to assign bugs to specific
developers.
Bugzilla was originally written by Terry Wiseman in Tcl before being reimplemented in
Perl. The bug tracking system is web-based and runs on a database management
system and Perl 5. It is primarily developed to track bugs for Mozilla's various projects,
including the Firefox browser and the Thunderbird email client. It is an example of
"dogfooding," or a company actually using the products they are developing. Besides
Mozilla, Bugzilla is also used for several other major open-source projects, including
FreeBSD, WebKit, the Linux Kernel and GNOME, among others.
Bugzilla is also self-hosting. The bugs in Bugzilla itself are also tracked in Bugzilla.
Bugzilla is famous for its unusual message when no bugs are found in its search
engine, "zarro boogs found." It is intended to be a humorous statement that no
software is completely free of bugs by intentionally misspelling the message that no
bugs have been found.

Use of bugzilla:
Bugzilla is an open-source tool used for issues and bugs tracking system.
It is widely used as a bug-reporting tool for all types of testing functions.
Procedure :
For log-in to Bugzilla
Step 1) Use the following link for your handons. To create an account in
Bugzilla tool or to login into the existing account go to New Account or Log
in option in the main menu.

Step 2) Now, enter your personal details to log into Bugzilla

1. User ID
2. Password
3. And then click on "Log in"
Step 3) You are successfully logged into Bugzilla system

Creating a Bug-report in Bugzilla

Step 1) To create a new bug in Bugzilla, visit the home-page of Bugzilla and
click on NEW tab from the main menu

Step 2) In the next window

1. Enter Product
2. Enter Component
3. Give Component description
4. Select version,
5. Select severity
6. Select Hardware
7. Select OS
8. Enter Summary
9. Enter Description
10. Attach Attachment
11. Submit
NOTE: The above fields will vary as per your customization of Bugzilla

NOTE: The mandatory fields are marked with *.

In our case field's

 Summary
 Description

Are mandatory

If you do not fill them you will get a screen like below
Step 4) Bug is created ID# 26320 is assigned to our Bug. You can also
add additional information to the assigned bug like URL, keywords,
whiteboard, tags, etc. This extra-information is helpful to give more detail
about the Bug you have created.

1. Large text box

2. URL
3. Whiteboard
4. Keywords
5. Tags
6. Depends on
7. Blocks

Attachments

Step 5) In the same window if you scroll down further. You can select
deadline date and also status of the bug. Deadline in Bugzilla usually gives
the time-limit to resolve the bug in given time frame.
Create Graphical Reports:
Graphical reports are one way to view the current state of the bug database.
You can run reports either through an HTML table or graphical
line/pie/bar-chart-based one. The idea behind graphical report in Bugzilla is
to define a set of bugs using the standard search interface and then
choosing some aspect of that set to plot on the horizontal and vertical axes.
You can also get a 3-dimensional report by choosing the option of "Multiple
Pages".

Reports are helpful in many ways, for instance, if you want to know which
component has the largest number of bad bugs reported against it. In order
to represent that in the graph, you can select severity on X-axis and
component on Y-axis, and then click on generate a report. It will generate a
report with crucial information.

The graph below shows the Bar chart representation for the Bugs severity in
component "Widget Gears". In the graph below, the most severe bug or
blockers in components are 88 while bugs with normal severity are at the
top with 667 number.
Likewise, we will also see the line graph for %complete Vs Deadline

Step 1) To view your report in a graphical presentation,

 Click on Report from Main Menu

 Click on the Graphical reports from the given option

Step 2) Let's create a graph of % Complete Vs Deadline

In here on the vertical axis we chose % Complete and on our horizontal

axis we chose Deadline. This will give the graph of amount of work done in
percentage against the set-deadline.
Now, set various option to present reports graphically

1. Vertical Axis
2. Horizontal Axis
3. Multiple Images
4. Format- Line graph, Bar chart or Pie chart
5. Plot data set
6. Classify your bug
7. Classify your product
8. Classify your component
9. Classify bug status
10. Select resolution
11. Click on generate a report

The image of the graph will appear somewhat like this

Browse Function
Step 1) To locate your bug we use browse function, click on Browse button
from the main menu.

Step 2) As soon as you click on browse button a window will open

saying "Select a product category to browse" as shown below, we
browse the bug according to the category.

 After clicking the browse button

 Select the product "Sam's Widget" as such you have created a bug
inside it
Step 3) It opens another window, in this click on component "widget
gears". Bugzilla Components are sub-sections of a product. For instance,
where our product is SAM'S WIDGET whose component is WIDGET
GEARS.

Step 4) when you click on the component, it will open another window. All
the Bugs created under particular category will be listed over here. From
that Bug-list, choose your Bug#ID to see more details about the bug.

It will open another window, where information about your bug can be seen
more in detail. In the same window, you can also change the assignee, QA
contact or CC list.
How to use Simple search option in Bugzilla
Bugzilla provides two ways of searching for bugs, they are Simple
Search and Advance Search methods.

Step 1) We will first learn the "Simple Search" method. Click on search
button from the main menu and then follow these steps

1. Click on "Simple Search" button

2. Choose the status of the Bug – choose Open if you are looking the
bug in Open status and closed for bug in closed status
3. Choose your category and component, and you can also put
keywords related to your bug
4. Click on the search
Step 2) Here we will search for both option open and closed status, first we
have selected closed status for bug and clicked search button.

For closed status, it fetched 12 bugs.

Step 3) Likewise we have searched for Open status as well, and it has
fetched 37 bugs related to our queries.

Also, at the bottom of the screen you have various options like how you
want to see your bug - an XML format, in Long format or just Time
summary. Apart from that you can also use other option like send mail to
bug assignee, change several bugs at once or change column of the
screen, etc.
In next step, we will demonstrate one of this function change column of
the screen, through which we will learn how to add or remove the column to
the existing column.

How to add or remove a column to default search screen

Step 1) Click on the Change Column as shown in above screen-shot. It will
open a new window where you have to follow these steps.

 Select any given option from the column you want to appear in the
main screen - here we have selected % complete
 Click on the arrow button, it will move % complete column
from  Available Column to the Selected column

These steps will move the selected column from left to right.

The % complete is moved from left to right as shown below, and once we
click on change column it will appear in the main screen
Before- Search result screen before using "Change Column" option-

 There is no % complete column appears in search screen result as

shown below

After- Search result screen after using "Change Column" option

 You can see % complete column added to the extreme right in the
existing column in the main screen, which was not their previously.

NOTE: Likewise you can remove or add any column you want.
How to use Advanced Search in Bugzilla
Step 1) After a Simple search we will look into the Advanced
Search option for that you have to follow the following steps.

1. Click on the advanced search option

2. Select option for a summary, how you want to search
3. Enter the keyword for your bug- for example, Widget gears twisted
4. Select the category of your Bug under classification, here we selected
Widget
5. Choose your product under which your Bug was created- Sam's
Widget
6. Component- Widget gears
7. Status- Confirmed
8. Resolution

Step 2) Once you select all the option, click on search button. It will detect
the bug you created
The advanced search will find your bug, and it will appear on the screen like
this

How to use preferences in BugZilla

Preferences in Bugzilla is used to customize the default setting made by
Bugzilla as per our requirement. There are mainly five preferences available

 General Preferences
 E-mail Preferences
 Saved Searches
 Account Information
 Permissions
General Preferences

For general preferences, you have a various option like changing

Bugzilla general appearance, a position of the additional comment box,
automatically add me to cc, etc. Here we will see how to change the
general appearance of the Bugzilla.

There are many changes you can do which are self-explanatory, and you
can choose the option as per your requirement.

Step 1)

 To set the background Skin of Bugzilla

 Go to Bugzilla general preference (Skin)
 Select the option you want to see as a change and submit the change
( DuskClassic )
 A message will appear on the window saying changes have been
saved, as soon as you submit the changes

After the skin preference is changed to Classic from Dusk, the background
color of the screen appears white
Likewise, for other default settings changes can be done.
E-mail preferences

E-mail preferences enable you to decide how to receive the message and
from whom to receive the messages.

Step 1) To set the e-mail preferences

1. Click on e-mail services

2. Enable or disable the mail to avoid receiving notification about
changes to a bug
3. Receiving a mail when someone asks to set a flag or when someone
sets a flag you asked for
4. When and from whom you want to receive mail and under which
condition. After marking your option at the end, submit the changes.
Saved Searches Preference

Saved searches preference gives you the freedom to decide whether to

share your bug or not to share.

Step 1) Click on saved searches, it will open window with the option
like edit bugs, don't share, can confirm, etc. Choose the option as per
your need.

Step 2) We can run our bug from "Saved Searches".

 Go to Saved Searches under preference

 Click on the "Run" button

As soon as you run your search from Saved Searches it opens your bug as
shown below
Step 3) In the same window we can also choose specific users with whom
we want to share the search by marking or unmarking the checkbox against
the users

That's all to BugZilla!

Applicability:
1. Bugzilla supports user configurable email notifications whenever the bug status
changes.
2. Bugzilla displays the complete bug change history.
3. Bugzilla provides inter bug dependency track and graphic representation.
4. Bugzilla allows users to attach Bug supportive files and manage it.
5. Bugzilla has integrated, product-based, granular security schema that makes it
more secure.
6. It has complete security audit and runs under the Perl’s taint mode.
7. Bugzilla supports a robust, stable RDBMS (Rational Data Base Management
System) back end.
8. It supports Web, XML, E-Mail and console interfaces.
9. Bugzilla has a wide range of customized, user preferences features. It supports
localized web user interface.