Design And Analysis of Composite

Steel Member
1. GENERAL
A composite steel member consists of a steel
member to which concrete is added in such a way
that the two materials act together and form a single
nonhomogeneous member. The design of composite
steel members is governed by AISC Specification
Chap. I, which is divided into the following sections.
I1 General Provisions
I2 Axial Force
I3 Flexural
I4 Shear
I5 Combined Axial Force and Flexure
I6 Load Transfer
I7 Composite Diaphragms and Collector Beams
I8 Steel Anchors
I9 Special Cases
The use of composite steel beams started in the mid
twentieth century and continues to develop. Their
design was first covered in the sixth edition of the
AISC Manual in 1963; the thirteenth (2005) and
fourteenth (2010) editions added significant new
material.
The AISC Manual includes the following types of
composite members.
• steel axial compression members
— steel members fully encased in concrete
— hollow structural sections filled with concrete
• steel flexural members
— steel members fully encased in concrete
— hollow structural sections filled with concrete
• steel beams anchored to concrete slabs in such a
way that they act together to resist bending
The fundamental design concept for a composite
steel member is that the concrete resists compression
forces and the steel resists tensile forces. The tensile
strength of concrete is neglected.
Composite members can have a number of benefits
over steel members,
1- less weight,
2- greater load-bearing capacity,
3- shallower construction depth, and greater system
stiffness.
Composite construction is more likely to be
economical for longer spans and heavier loads, but it
can be advantageous for shorter spans as well,
depending on the combination of loads and spans.
It’s important to consider load effects when designing
a composite member, whether axial or flexural. The
steel element must be designed to support the load
that will be imparted to it before the concrete
hardens. The completed member must be designed
so that it will support the critical load combination
when the concrete reaches its design strength.
2. DESIGN METHODS
The AISC Manual permits two types of design and
analysis for determining the nominal strength of a
composite member:
1- the plastic stress distribution method and the
strain-compatibility method.
In the plastic stress distribution method, the steel
components are assumed to reach a stress of Fy in
either tension or compression, while the concrete
components are assumed to reach a compressive
stress of 0.85fc′. (For round hollow structural sections
(HSS) members filled with concrete, a stress of 0.95fc′
is permitted for the concrete components in uniform
compression to account for the confinement of the
concrete.)
2- The strain-compatibility method is based on a
linear distribution of strains across the section. The
maximum concrete compressive strain should be
0.003 in/in. The stress – strain relationships for steel
and concrete are obtained from tests or published
sources.
3. MATERIAL LIMITATIONS
The following limits generally apply to the steel and
concrete in a composite system.
• The compressive strength of regular weight
concrete must be at least 3 ksi and no more than 10
ksi.
• The compressive strength of lightweight concrete
must be at least 3 ksi and no more than 6 ksi.
• For purposes of calculating column strength, the
specified minimum yield stress of steel must be no
more than 75 ksi.
Higher strengths may be used in calculations,
however, if they are supported by testing or analysis.
Steel headed stud anchors may be headed steel studs
or hot-rolled steel channels.
Headed steel studs must have a length after
installation of at least four stud diameters.
4. AXIAL MEMBERS
The AISC Manual recognizes two types of composite
axial members.
• encased composite columns (steel columns fully
encased in concrete)
• filled composite columns (HSS members filled with
concrete) Fully encased composite steel members
are in less common use because of the cost of
building concrete formwork to encase the beam.
HSS members filled with concrete are a more recent
development and were first covered in the AISC
Manual in the thirteenth edition; they avoid the
need for formwork, have better fire resistance than
unfilled HSS members, and have aesthetic appeal in
exposed structures.
5. ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
An encased composite column consists of concrete
encasement around a steel core. Figure below shows
some examples.

Encased composite columns must meet the

following limitations.
• The cross-sectional area of the core must be at
least 1% of the total cross sectional area.
• The concrete encasement must be reinforced
with continuous longitudinal bars and lateral ties
or spirals.
• The spacing of the transverse reinforcement must
be whichever of the following values is smallest:
half the smallest dimension of the member, 16
times the diameter of the longitudinal
reinforcement, or 48 times the diameter of the
lateral reinforcement.
• The continuous longitudinal reinforcement must
have a reinforcement ratio of at least 0.004.
The reinforcement ratio, ρsr, is the ratio of the area of
continuous steel reinforcement, Asr, to the gross area
of the column, Ag.
𝐴
𝑠𝑡 = 𝑠𝑡 AISC Eq. I2-1
𝐴𝑔
Compressive Strength
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, the design
compressive strength (LRFD), and the allowable
compressive strength (ASD) should be computed in
accordance with the
following.
For LRFD, with ϕc = 0.75,
Pu ≤φc Pn (1)
For ASD, with Ωc = 2.00,
AISC Eq. I2-2 (2)
Which formula should be used to calculate Pn
depends on the relation between the elastic buckling
load, Pe, and the nominal compressive strength of the
column, disregarding adjustments due to length, Pno.
When Pno/Pe ≤ 2.25, the nominal compressive
strength
𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑛 = 0.658 𝑃𝑒𝑃𝑛𝑜 AISC Eq. I2-2
When Pno/Pe > 2.25, the nominal compressive
strength is
Pn = 0.877 P e AISC Eq. I2-3
 /
𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑟 𝐴𝑠,𝑠𝑟 + 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 AISC Eq. I2-4

𝜋2 (𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐
𝑃𝑒 = AISC Eq. I2-5
(𝐾𝐿)2
In the above equation (𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐 , the effective
stiffness of the composite section is
(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 +0.5 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
AISC Eq. I2-6
The coefficient C1 is

𝐴𝑠
𝐶1 = 0.1 + 2 ≤ 0.3 AISC Eq. I2-7
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠
In any case, the available compressive strength of
the composite member does not need to be taken
as less than the available compressive strength of
the steel member alone

The nominal compressive strength of the composite

column is based on the assumption that both the
steel section and the reinforced concrete section
will reach their ultimate strengths (yield strength
for steel, and crushing strength for concrete).
In AISC Equ.12-4 the term Fy As represents the
plastic strength of the steel section; the remaining
terms represent the strength of the reinforced
concrete.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is found using
Eq. below . This equation is not dimensionally
consistent. The weight of the concrete, wc, must be
in pounds-force per cubic foot (pcf), and the
compressive strength of the concrete, fc′, must be
in pounds force per square inch (psi). The resulting
modulus of elasticity, Ec, is in pounds-force per
square inch
1.5 /
𝐸𝑐,𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 33𝑤𝑐,𝑝𝑐𝑓 𝑓𝑐,𝑝𝑠𝑖
Tensile Strength
The tensile strength for an encased composite
column is based on the tensile strength of
its steel only. The relatively small tensile strength of
the concrete is neglected. The nominal tensile
strength of the composite section is
Pn = Fy A s+ Fy,sr Asr
In calculating the design tensile strength, ɸ t Pn, use
ϕt = 0.90 (LRFD).
In calculating the allowable tensile strength,
Pn /Ωt, use Ωt = 1.67 (ASD).
For LRFD, with ϕt = 0.90, the required tensile
strength is Pu ≤φt Pn = 0.9 Pn
For ASD, with Ωt = 1.67, the required tensile
strength is
𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑎 ≤ =
Ω 1.67
6. FILLED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
A filled composite column consists of an HSS
member filled with concrete. Figure below
shows some examples.
A filled composite column must meet the general
requirement that
1- the cross-sectional area of the HSS member is at
least 1% of the total cross-sectional area.
2- the width-to-thickness ratio (b/t, h/t, or D/t,
depending on the shape of the member) must not
exceed the limit given by AISC Specification Table
I1.1A (for members subject to axial compression)
or Table I1.1B (for members subject to flexure).
The AISC Manual provides the following tables to
assist with the design or analysis of
filled composite columns.
Table 4-13 Rectangular HSS, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-14 Rectangular HSS, fc′ = 5 ksi
Table 4-15 Square HSS, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-16 Square HSS, fc′ = 5 ksi
Table 4-17 Round HSS, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-18 Round HSS, fc′ = 5 ksi
Table 4-19 Round Pipe, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-20 Round Pipe, fc′ = 5 ksi
Compressive Strength
The formula for the compressive strength of a filled
composite member subject to axial compression
depends on whether the section is compact,
noncompact, or slender. This classification is made on
the basis of the limiting width-to-thickness
ratios λp and λr as given in Eqs. Below
• A section is compact if each of its compression steel
elements has a width-to thickness ratio less than λp.
• A section is noncompact if one or more of its
compression steel elements has width-to-thickness
ratios of λp or more, but none has a ratio greater
than λr.
• A section is slender if one or more of its
compression steel elements has a width-to-
thickness ratio of λr or more.
For the walls of rectangular HSS,
• the width-to-thickness ratio is b/t
• the lower limit for noncompactness is
𝐸
𝜆𝑝 = 2.26 AISC Table I1-1A
𝐹𝑦
• the lower limit for slenderness is
𝐸
𝜆𝑟 = 3.00 AISC Table I1-1A
𝐹𝑦
For round HSS,
• the width-to-thickness ratio is D/t
• the lower limit for noncompactness is
𝐸
𝜆𝑝 = 0.15 AISC Table I1-1A
𝐹𝑦
• the lower limit for slenderness is
𝐸
𝜆𝑟 = 0.19 AISC Table I1-1A
𝐹𝑦
For compact sections, the nominal axial compressive
strength is
Pno = P b AISC Eq. I2-9a
In the above equation , the nominal bearing
strength, Pp, is

/ 𝐸
𝑃𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐶2 𝑓𝑐 [𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠𝑟 ( 𝑠 )] AISC Eq. I2-9b
𝐸𝑐

the coefficient C2 is 0.85 for rectangular sections

and 0.95 for round sections.
For noncompact sections, the nominal axial
compressive strength is
𝑃𝑏− 𝑃𝑦 2
𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝑃𝑏 − [ 2 ](𝜆 − 𝜆 𝑝 ) AISC Eq. I2-9c
(𝜆𝑟 −𝜆𝑝 )
In the above equation λ is the member’s width-to-
thickness ratio, b/t or D/t. λp and λr are the
appropriate limits .
The nominal bearing strength, Pp, is as defined in
AISC Eq. I2-9b. The axial yield strength, Py, is

/ 𝐸
𝑃𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 0.7𝑓𝑐 [𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠𝑟 ( 𝑠 )] AISC Eq. I2-9d
𝐸𝑐

For slender sections, the nominal axial compressive

strength is
/ 𝐸
𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑠 + 0.7𝑓𝑐 [𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠𝑟 ( 𝑠 )] AISC Eq. I2-9e
𝐸𝑐
For a rectangular filled section, the critical stress, Fcr,
9𝐸𝑠
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑏 2 AISC Eq. I2-10
( )
𝑡
For a round filled section, Fcr is
0.72 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐷 𝐹𝑦 AISC Eq. I2-11
[( )( )]0.2
𝑡 𝐸 𝑠
In any case, the available compressive strength of the
composite member does not need to be taken as less
than the available compressive strength of the steel
member alone
For all sections, the effective stiffness of the
composite section is
(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 +0.5 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶3 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
AISC Eq. I2-12
The coefficient C3 is

𝐴𝑠
𝐶3 = 0.62 + 2 ≤ 0.9 AISC Eq. I2-13
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠

Tensile Strength
The design tensile strength, φ t Pn (LRFD), and the
allowable tensile strength, Pn/Ωt (ASD), for filled
composite columns are determined for the limit state
of yielding from the nominal tensile strength as
defined in Eq. below.
Pn = Fy A s+ Fy,sr Asr AISC Eq. I2-14
In calculating the design tensile strength, ɸ t Pn, use
ϕt = 0.90 (LRFD).
In calculating the allowable tensile strength,
Pn /Ωt, use Ωt = 1.67 (ASD).
For LRFD, with ϕt = 0.90, the required tensile strength
is Pu ≤φt Pn = 0.9 Pn
For ASD, with Ωt = 1.67, the required tensile strength
is
𝑃 𝑃
𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑛 = 𝑛
Ω 1.67
7. LOAD TRANSFER
In order for the steel and concrete in a composite
column to work in a unified way to resist an axial
load, the longitudinal shear force must be distributed
between the two materials so that a state of
equilibrium is achieved over the cross section. Some
portion of the longitudinal shear force, then, must be
transferred through the interface between the two
materials.
The AISC Specification assumes plastic stress
distribution, so that the applied external force will be
distributed between the steel and reinforced
concrete sections in the same proportions as the two
materials contribute to the ultimate capacity of the
composite column.
An axial load can be applied to a composite column in
one of three ways. The entire load can be applied
directly to the steel section, the entire load can be
applied directly to the concrete fill or concrete
encasement, or the load can be applied to both the
steel and the concrete.
When the external force is applied directly to the
steel section, the force required to be
transferred to the concrete, Vr′, is calculated as
/ 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟 (1 − ) AISC Eq. I6-1
𝑃𝑛𝑜
When the external force is applied directly to the
concrete, the force required to be transferred to the
steel, Vr′, is calculated as
/ 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟 ( ) AISC Eq. I6-2
𝑃𝑛𝑜
In both Eq. AISC Eq. I6-1 and Eq. AISC Eq. I6-2
, Pr is the required external force being applied to the
composite member. The value for Pno is calculated
depending on the members for encased composite
members, or for filled composite members.
When the external force is applied to both steel and
concrete concurrently, Vr′ is the force that must be
transferred from one material to the other to
establish equilibrium across the cross section. In this
case, Vr′ may be calculated in either of two ways, as
the difference between
• the portion of the external force that is applied
directly to the concrete and the value given by Eq.
AISC Eq. I6-1 , or
• the portion of the external force that is applied
directly to the steel and the value given by Eq. AISC
Eq. I6-2
Force Transfer Mechanisms
Once it has been determined how much longitudinal
shear force must be transferred between the steel
and concrete, a means of transferring that force can
be selected. There are three mechanisms by which
the required transfer of force can be achieved:
1- direct bearing,
2- shear connection, and
3- direct bond interaction.
Force transfer mechanisms may not be
superimposed; however, it is acceptable to use the
mechanism that gives the largest nominal strength.
Direct Bearing
When force is transferred by direct bearing from a
bearing mechanism within the composite member
(for example, internal steel plates within a filled
composite member), the nominal bearing strength of
the concrete for the limit state of concrete
crushing is
/
𝑅𝑛 = 1.7 𝑓𝑐 𝐴1 [AISC Eq. I6-3]
A1 is the loaded area of concrete.
For LRFD, with φB = 0.65, the required bearing
strength is
Ru ≤ ɸB Rn
/
≤ ɸB 1.7 𝑓𝑐 𝐴1
For ASD, with Ω = 2.31, the required bearing strength
B

is
/
𝑅𝑛 1.7 𝑓𝑐 𝐴1
𝑅𝑎 = =
Ω 2.31
Shear Connection
When force is transferred by shear connection, the
available bearing strength of the shear connectors
(steel headed stud anchors or steel channel anchors)
is
Rn = ΣQcv [AISC Eq. I6-4]
ΣQcv is the sum of the available shear strengths of
the shear connectors.

Direct Bond Interaction

Direct bond interaction may be used only with filled
composite members. It may not be used with
encased composite members. When force is
transferred by direct bond interaction, the available
bond strength between the steel and concrete is
calculated as
1-For a rectangular steel section filled with concrete,
Rn = B2 Cin Fin [AISC Eq. I6-5]
2- For a round steel section filled with concrete,
Rn = 0.25 π D2 Cin Fin [AISC Eq. I6-6]
In the above equations B is the overall width of the
rectangular section along the face that is
transferring the load , D is the outer diameter of the
round section. In both equations, the coefficient Cin
is equal to 2 if the member extends to one side of
the load transfer point, and 4 if the member extends
to both sides of the load transfer point.
Fin is nominal bond stress and is taken as 0.06 ksi.
For LRFD, with φ = 0.45, the required bond strength
is
Ru ≤ɸ Rn ≤ 0.45 Rn
For ASD, with Ω = 3.33, the required bearing
strength is
𝑹𝒏 𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝒂 ≤ ≤
Ω 3.33
Steel Anchors
The following detailing requirements apply to the
installation of steel anchors.
• There must be at least 1 in of lateral clear concrete
cover.
• The center-to-center spacing of steel headed stud
anchors must be at least four diameters in any
direction, and may not exceed 32 times the shank
diameter.
• The diameter of steel headed stud anchors may not
be more than 2.5 times the thickness of the base
metal to which they are welded, unless the anchors
are welded to a flange directly over a web.
• The center-to-center spacing of steel channel
anchors may not be greater than 24 in.
These requirements are absolute limits; AISC
Specification Sec. I3 contains additional requirements
for steel anchors used to transfer loads for encased
composite members, filled composite members,
Example
A composite compression member consists of a W12
× 136 encased in a 20-in. × 22-in. concrete column as
shown in Figure below . Four #10 bars are used for
longitudinal reinforcement, and #3 ties spaced 10
inches center-to-center provide the lateral
reinforcement. Assume a concrete cover of 2.5 inches
to the center of the longitudinal reinforcement. The
steel yield stress is Fy = 50 ksi, and Grade 60
reinforcing bars are used. The concrete strength is fc/ =
5 ksi. Compute the available strength for an effective
length of 16 feet with respect to both axes.

Solution
1- Values needed for the AISC strength equations are
as follows. For the W12 × 136,
As = 39.9 in.2 and Is = Iy = 398 in.4
For the longitudinal reinforcement, Four #10
Asr = 4x1.27 = 5.08 in.2
20−2𝑥2..5 2
Isr =Σ Ad2 = 4 x5.08 x( ) = 285.5 in.4
2
For the concrete,
Net area f the concrete = Ac = 22x20 – As – Asr
AC = 22x20 – 39.9-5.08 = 395.0 in.2
2- Check the AISC requirements
1- The cross-sectional area of the core must be at
least 1% of the total cross sectional area.
As/Ag = 39.9 /22x20 = 0.09 > 0.01 OK
2- The spacing of the transverse reinforcement must
be whichever of the following values is smallest:
half the smallest dimension of the member, 16
times the diameter of the longitudinal
reinforcement, or 48 times the diameter of the
lateral reinforcement.
22/2 = 11 in > 10 in ok
16 x 10/8 = 20 in > 10 in ok
48x3/8 = 18 in > 10 in ok
3- The continuous longitudinal reinforcement must
have a reinforcement ratio of at least 0.004.
5.08
𝑠𝑡 = = 0.011 > 0.004
22𝑥20
3- Calculate the section strength
1.5 /
𝐸𝑐,𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 33𝑤𝑐,𝑝𝑐𝑓 𝑓𝑐,𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐸 = 33𝑥1451.5 5000 = 40742860 psi = 4074 ksi
 𝑏ℎ3 22𝑥 20 3
𝐼𝑐 = = = 14670 in.4
12 12
From AISC Equation I2-4,
Pno = Fy As + Fy,sr Asr + 0.85f c′ Ac
= 50(39.9) + 60(5.08) + 0.85(5)(395.0) = 3979 kips
From AISC Equation I2-7,
𝐴𝑠
𝐶1 = 0.1 + 2 ≤ 0.3
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠
39.9
𝐶1 = 0.1 + 2 = 0.2835 ≤ 0.3 OK
395+39.9
From AISC Equation I2-6,
(EI)eff = Es Is + 0.5Es Isr + C1Ec Ic
= 29,000(398) + 0.5(29,000)(285.8) +
0.2835(3904)(14,670) = 3.192X10 7 kip.in2
From AISC Equation I2.5,
𝜋2 (𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐 =
𝑃𝑒 =
(𝐾𝐿)2

𝜋2 𝑥3.192X10 7
𝑃𝑒 = = 8546 kips
(16𝑥12)2
Pno/Pe = 3979/ 8546 = 0.4656 ≤ 2.25
the nominal compressive strength
𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑛 = 0.658 𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑒 AISC Eq. I2-2
𝑃𝑛 = 0.6580.4656 𝑥 3979 = 3274 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
For LRFD, the design strength is
ɸc Pn = 0.75(3274) = 2456 kips.
For ASD, the allowable strength is
Pn/Ωc = 3274/2.00 = 1637 kips.
Example
A 12 in diameter, 30 ft standard steel pipe is filled
with concrete. It will be used as a column, laterally
braced in both axes top and bottom, and with pinned
connections top and bottom.
Section properties
outer diameter = 12.8 in
inner diameter = 12.0 in
t = 0.375 in , t des = 0.349 , D/t = 36.5 , A = 13.7 in2
I = 262 in4
Material properties
pipe is ASTM A53, Grade B, Fy = 35 ksi , Fu = 60 ksi
concrete is normal weight (150 lb/ft3)
fc′ = 6 ksi .
Determine the nominal strength, Pn, the design
strength, ϕc Pn, and the allowable strength, Pn /Ω.
Solution
The gross cross-sectional area of the pipe is
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋𝑥 12.82
Ag = = = 128.68 in2
4 4
The net cross-sectional area of the concrete is
AC = Ag – As = 128.68 – 13.7 = 114.98 in2
Check the general requirements for filled composite
columns. Check that the percentage of steel in the
cross-sectional area is at least 1%.
𝐴 13.7
%𝑠 = 𝑠 = x100 % = 10.65 > 1 % ok
𝐴𝑔 128.68
Check that the 𝜆𝑝 =D/t ratio is no more than
0.15E/Fy.
𝐷 𝐸
≤ 0.15
𝑡 𝐹𝑦
29000
36.5 ≤ 0.15 = 124.29 ok ,section is compact
35
1.5 /
𝐸𝑐,𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 33𝑤𝑐,𝑝𝑐𝑓 𝑓𝑐,𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐸𝑐,𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 33𝑥1501.5 6000 = 4695982 psi = 4696 ksi

Asr is zero because there is no reinforcing steel within

the composite column.
For compact sections, the nominal axial compressive
strength is
Pno = P b AISC Eq. I2-9a
In the above equation , the nominal bearing strength,
Pp, is
/ 𝐸
𝑃𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐶2 𝑓𝑐 [𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠𝑟 ( 𝑠 )] AISC Eq. I2-9b
𝐸𝑐
C2 = 0.95 for circular section

29000
𝑃𝑏 = 35𝑥13.7 + 0.95𝑥6[114.98 + 0𝑥 ( )]
4696
= 1135 kips
The moment of inertia of the concrete is
𝜋𝐷 4 𝜋𝑥 12.04
Ic = = = 1018 in4
64 64
Find the effective stiffness
The coefficient C3 , from AISC Eq. I2-13, is
13.7
𝐶3 = 0.62 + 2 = 0.81 ≤ 0.9 ok
114.98+13.7

From AISC Eq. I2-12

(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐 = 29000𝑥 262 +0.5x29000x0

+0.81𝑥4696𝑥1018 = 11470228 kips.in2

calculate the elastic buckling load from AISC

Equation I2.5,
𝜋2 (𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐 =
𝑃𝑒 =
(𝐾𝐿)2
𝜋2 𝑥11470228
𝑃𝑒 = = 873 kips
(1.0 𝑥30𝑥12)2
Pno/Pe = 1135/ 873 = 1.3 ≤ 2.25
the nominal compressive strength
𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑛 = 0.658 𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑒 AISC Eq. I2-2
𝑃𝑛 = 0.6581.3 𝑥 1135 = 658.73 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

For LRFD, the design strength is

ɸc Pn = 0.75(658.73) = 494 kips.

For ASD, the allowable strength is

Pn/Ωc = 658.73/2.00 = 329 kips.
Tables for Analysis and Design
Part 4 of the Manual, “Design of Compression
Members,” contains tables that give the compressive
strength of concrete-filled HSS (rectangular, square,
and round) and steel pipe. Tables 4-13 through 4-20
give capacities for both f ′c = 4 ksi and f ′c = 5 ksi
concrete.
For those cases where KxL ≠ KyL (rectangular HSS),
Tables 4-13 and 4-14 give values of rmx /rmy, the ratio
of weak axis radius of gyration to strong axis radius of
gyration. Both design strength (LRFD) and allowable
strength (ASD) are given.
The Manual does not contain design aids for
concrete-encased steel shapes.
The AISC Manual provides the following tables to
assist with the design or analysis of
filled composite columns.
Table 4-13 Rectangular HSS, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-14 Rectangular HSS, fc′ = 5 ksi
Table 4-15 Square HSS, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-16 Square HSS, fc′ = 5 ksi
Table 4-17 Round HSS, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-18 Round HSS, fc′ = 5 ksi
Table 4-19 Round Pipe, fc′ = 4 ksi
Table 4-20 Round Pipe, fc′ = 5 ksi
Example
A 16-foot-long compression member must support
a total service load of 500 kips, consisting of equal
parts of dead load and live load. The member is
pinned at both ends, with additional support at
mid-height in the weak direction. Use the tables in
Part 4 of the Manual to select a concrete-filled
rectangular HSS. Use f ′c = 5 ksi.

Solution
Strong-axis buckling will control when
𝐾𝑥 𝐿
𝑟𝑚𝑥 > 𝐾𝑦 𝐿
𝑟𝑚𝑦

that is, whenever

𝑟𝑚𝑥 𝐾𝑥 𝐿 16
𝑟𝑚𝑦 < = = 2.0
𝐾𝑦 𝐿 8
An inspection of Table 4-14 shows that rmx/rmy is
always < 2, therefore x-axis buckling always controls.
We will select the lightest shape for various values
of rmx/rmy , then choose the lightest shape overall.
The ratios given in Table 4-14 can be placed into six
groups: those with approximate values of rmx/rmy of
1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, and 1.8.
The factored axial load is
Pu = 1.2(250) + 1.6(250) = 700 kips
Starting with the smallest ratio of 1.2, we compute
the approximate value
 𝐾𝑥 𝐿 16
𝑟𝑚𝑥 = = 13.3
𝑟𝑚𝑦 1.2
An HSS12 × 10 × 3⁄8, weighing 53.0 lb/ft, is a
possibility. For an effective length of
𝐾 𝐿 16
𝐾𝑦 𝐿 = 𝑟𝑚𝑥𝑥 = = 13.7 ft
𝑟𝑚𝑦 1.17
the design strength is 726 kips (for KL = 14 ft).
The results of all searches are summarized in the
following tabulation
𝑟𝑚𝑥 𝐾𝑥 𝐿 Shape Actual ɸc Pn Weight
𝑟𝑚𝑦 𝑟𝑚𝑥
𝑟𝑚𝑥 Ib/ft
𝑟𝑚𝑦 𝑟𝑚𝑦

1.2 13.3 HSS12 × 1.17 726 53.0

10 × 3⁄8
1.3 12.3 HSS12 × 1.34 701 39.4
10 × 1/4
1.4 11.4 HSS12 × 1.41 > 720 62.5
8 × 1/2
1.5 10.7 HSS20 × 1.55 > 1750 127.0
12 × 5/8
1.6 10 HSS20 × 1.56 > 1350 78.5
12 × 3/8
1.8 8.9 HSS16 × 1.82 > 757 48.9
8 × 5/16
The HSS14 × 10 × 1⁄4 is the lightest shape.
Use an HSS14 × 10 × 1⁄4.
8. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
The AISC Manual recognizes three types of composite
flexural members.
• encased composite beams (steel beams fully
encased in concrete)
• filled composite beams (HSS members filled with
concrete)
• steel beams with mechanical anchorage to a
concrete slab
The first two types are similar to the two types of
composite axial members. In the third type, the steel
beams are anchored to the slab with shear studs or
other types of connectors so that the steel and
concrete act together as a single, nonhomogeneous
member to resist bending. (See Fig. below ) This form
of construction is in common use, and it is generally
most cost effective when used with a formed steel
deck.
Design Basis
The design of a composite flexural member requires a
two-stage design or analysis.

In the first stage, the steel member must be designed

to support all the loads that will be imparted to it
before the concrete has hardened (to 75% of its
required strength). The only exceptions are loads
supported by temporary shoring, but temporary
shoring increases the cost of the installation and
consequently is seldom used.

In the second stage, the transformed composite

section must be designed to support all the loads,
dead and live, that are to be supported after the
concrete has hardened.
Concrete tensile stresses are ignored.
The following should be considered when a formed
steel deck is used in conjunction with composite
beams.
• The area taken up by the formed steel deck can
carry no compressive force.
• The direction of the deck with respect to the
composite beam matters.
• The strength of the shear studs should be adjusted
(reduced) to account for the deck.
Effective Concrete Width for Composite Slabs
An effective width, be , for the supported portion of
the concrete slab is used in designing the composite
beam. The effective width of the half-slab on each
side of the centerline of the beam is the smallest of
• one-eighth of the beam span (measured from
center to center of the supports)
• one-half of the beam spacing (measured from the
beam centerline to the centerline of the adjacent
beam)
• the distance from the beam centerline to the edge
of the slab
The effective width of the entire slab is the sum of
the effective widths of its two halves. Figure below
illustrates how the effective width is calculated, both
for beams at the edge of the slab and for interior
beams.
Flexural Strength
In most cases, the nominal flexural strength will be
reached when the entire steel cross section yields
and the concrete crushes in compression (for positive
bending moment).
The corresponding stress distribution on the
composite section is called a plastic stress
distribution. The AISC Specification provisions for
flexural strength are as follows:
• For shapes with compact webs—that is,
𝐸
h/tw ≤ 3.76 —
𝐹𝑦
the nominal strength Mn is obtained from the plastic
stress distribution.
𝐸
• For shapes with h/tw >3.76 —
𝐹𝑦
Mn is obtained from the elastic stress distribution
corresponding to first yielding of the steel.
• For LRFD, the design strength is
ɸb Mn, where ɸb = 0.90.
• For ASD, the allowable strength is Mn/Ωb, where
Ωb = 1.67.
All W, M, and S shapes tabulated in the Manual have
compact webs (for flexure) for Fy ≤ 50 ksi, so the first
condition will govern for all composite beams except
those with built-up steel shapes.
When a composite beam has reached the plastic limit
state, the stresses will be distributed in one of the
three ways shown in Figure below . The concrete
stress is shown as a uniform compressive stress of
0.85fc′, extending from the top of the slab to a
depth that may be equal to or less than the total slab
thickness. This distribution is the Whitney equivalent
stress distribution, which has a resultant that matches
that of the actual stress distribution (ACI, 2014).
Figure -a shows the distribution corresponding
to full tensile yielding of the steel and partial
compression of the concrete, with the plastic neutral
axis (PNA) in the slab.
The tensile strength of concrete is small and is
discounted, so no stress is shown where tension is
applied to the concrete. This condition will usually
prevail when there are enough stud anchors provided
to prevent slip completely—that is, to ensure full
composite behavior. In Figure -7b, the concrete
stress block extends the full depth of the slab, and
the PNA is in the flange of the steel shape. Part of the
flange will therefore be in compression to augment
the compressive force in the slab.
The third possibility, the PNA in the web, is shown in
Figure - c. Note that the concrete stress block need
not extend the full depth of the slab for any of these
three cases.
In each case shown in Figure, we can find the nominal
moment capacity by computing the moment of the
couple formed by the compressive and tensile
resultants.
This can be accomplished by summing the moments
of the resultants about any convenient point. Because
of the connection of the steel shape to the concrete
slab, lateral-torsional buckling is no problem once the
concrete has cured and composite action has been
achieved.
To determine which of the three cases governs,
compute the compressive resultant as the smallest of
1. As Fy
2. 0.85fc′Ac
3. ΣQn
where
As = cross-sectional area of steel shape
Ac = area of concrete = tb
ΣQn = total shear strength of the stud anchors
Each possibility represents a horizontal shear force at
the interface between the steel and the concrete.
When the first possibility controls, the steel is being
fully utilized, and the stress distribution of Figure - a
applies.
The second possibility corresponds to the concrete
controlling, and the PNA will be in the steel (Figure -b
or c).
The third case governs only when there are fewer
studs than required for full composite behavior,
resulting in partial composite behavior. Although
partial composite action can exist with either solid
slabs or slabs with formed steel deck.
The plastic neutral axis (PNA) may be located in the
concrete, in the flange of the steel beam, or in the
web of the steel beam.
If As Fy < 0.85fc′Ac, then steel controls the design
and the PNA is in the concrete.
If As Fy > 0.85fc′Ac, then concrete controls the
design and the PNA is in the steel.
Once the location of the PNA has been determined,
all element forces can be determined.
• Concrete in compression is stressed to 0.85fc′.
• Concrete in tension is ignored.
• Steel in compression is stressed to Fy.
• Steel in tension is stressed to Fy.
When the location of the PNA is known, AISC
Manual Table 3-19 can be used to find the available
strength in flexure.
In this table, the available strength in flexure is given
for seven possible locations of the PNA;
interpolation is used if the PNA is between two of
these locations.
Figure below shows these seven locations.
As shown from the figure five are in the beam flange.
Locations 1 and 5 are at the top of the steel flange
(TFL) and bottom of the steel flange (BFL),
respectively. Locations 2, 3, and 4 are equally spaced
between the TFL and BFL. The other two locations are
in the web. Location 7 is at the point where ΣQn is
equal to 0.25FyAs, and location 6 is at the point
where the value of ΣQn is halfway between the
values at locations 5 and 7.

Σ𝑄𝑛,7 = 0.25 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠

𝑄𝑛,5 +𝑄𝑛,7
Σ𝑄𝑛,6 =
2
Example
A composite beam consists of a W16 × 36 of A992
steel with a 5-inch thick x 87-inch-wide reinforced
concrete slab at the top. The strength of the
concrete is fc′ = 4 ksi. Determine the maximum
stresses in the steel and concrete resulting from
a positive bending moment of 160 ft-kips.. Assume
that sufficient stud anchors are provided for full
composite behavior.

Solution-
Determine the compressive force C in the concrete
(horizontal shear force at the interface between the
concrete and steel is ignored ).
Because there will be full composite action, this
force will be the smaller of As Fy and 0.85fc′Ac:
As Fy = 10.6(50) = 530 kips
0.85fc′Ac = 0.85(4)(5 × 87) = 1479 kips
The steel controls;
C = 530 kips. This means that the full depth of the
slab is not needed to develop the required
compression force. The stress distribution shown in
Figure below will result.
The resultant compressive force can also be
expressed as
C= 0.85fc′ a b
from which we obtain
C 530
𝑎= = = 1.792 in
0.85fc′ b 0.85x4x87

The force C will be located at the centroid of the

compressive area at a depth of a/2 from the top of
the slab.
The resultant tensile force T (equal to C) will be
located at the centroid of the steel area.
The moment arm of the couple formed by C and T is
𝑑 𝑎 15.9 1.792
𝑦 = +𝑡− = +5− = 12.05 in
2 2 2 2
The nominal strength is the moment of the couple,
or
Mn = Cy = Ty = 530(12.05) = 6387 in.-kips
= 532.2 ft-kips
For LRFD, the design strength is
ɸb Mn = 0.90(532.2) = 479 ft-kips.
For ASD, the allowable strength is
Mn/Ωb = 532.2 /1.67 = 319 ft-kips.
Example
A W12 × 50 acts compositely with a 4-inch-thick
concrete slab. The effective slab width is 72 inches.
Shoring is not used, and the applied bending
moments are as follows:
from the beam weight, Mbeam = 13 ft-kips; from the
slab weight, Mslab = 77 ft-kips; and from the live load,
ML = 150 ft-kips. Steel is A992, and fc′ = 4 ksi.
Determine whether the flexural strength of this beam
is adequate. Assume full composite action and
assume that the formwork provides lateral support of
the steel section before curing of the concrete.
Solution
Compute the nominal strength of the composite
section. The compressive force C is the smaller of
As Fy = 14.6(50) = 730 kips
or
0.85 fc′ Ac = 0.85(4)(4 × 72) = 979.2 kips
The PNA is in the concrete and C = 730 kips.
The depth of the compressive stress block is
C 730
𝑎= = = 2.982 in
0.85fc′ b 0.85x4x72
The moment arm of the couple formed by C and T is
𝑑 𝑎 12.2 2.982
𝑦 = +𝑡− = +4− = 8.609 in
2 2 2 2
The nominal strength is the moment of the couple, or
Mn = Cy = Ty = 730(8.609) 6285 in.-kips
= 523.8 ft-kips
1- LRFD
Before the concrete cures, there is only dead load (no
construction load in this example). Hence, load
combination A4-1 controls, and the factored load
moment is
Mu = 1.4(MD) = 1.4(13 + 77) = 126 ft-kips
From the Zx table in Part 3 of the Manual,
ɸb Mn = ɸb Mp = 270 ft-kips > 126 ft-kips (OK)
After the concrete has cured, the factored load
moment that must be resisted by the composite
beam is
Mu = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 1.2(13 + 77) + 1.6(150)
= 348 ft-kips
The design moment is
ɸMn = 0.9(523.8) = 471 ft-kips > 348 ft-kips (OK)
The beam has sufficient flexural strength.
2- ASD
Before the concrete cures, there is only dead load
(there is no construction load in
this example).
Ma = MD = 13 + 77 = 90 ft-kips
From the Zx table in Part 3 of the Manual,
Mn/Ωb = MP /1.67 = 179 ft-kips.> 90 ft-kips ok
After the concrete has cured, the required moment
strength is
Ma = MD + ML = (13 + 77) + (150)
= 240 ft-kips
Mn/Ωb = 532.2 /1.67 = 314 ft-kips.> 240 ft-kips ok

Example
A composite floor system consists of W18 × 35 steel
beams spaced at 9 feet and supporting a 4.5-inch-
thick reinforced concrete slab. The span length is 30
feet. In addition to the weight of the slab, there is a
20 psf partition load and a live load of 125 psf (light
manufacturing). The steel is A992, and the concrete
strength is fc′ = 4 ksi. Investigate a typical interior
beam for compliance with the AISC Specification if no
temporary shores are used. Assume full lateral
support during construction and an additional
construction load of 20 psf. Sufficient steel anchors
are provided for full composite action. Use LRFD

Solution
The loads and the strength of the composite section
are common to both the LRFD and ASD solutions.
These common parts will be presented first, followed
by the LRFD solution and then the ASD solution.
Loads applied before the concrete cures:
Loads applied before the concrete cures:
4.5
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥150 = 56.25 𝑝𝑠𝑓
12
For a beam spacing of 9 feet, the dead load is
𝑖𝑏
56.25𝑥9 = 506.3
𝑓𝑡
+ beam weight= 35.0 ib/ft
= 541.3 ib/ft
The construction load is 20(9) = 180 lb/ft, which is
treated as live load.
Loads applied after the concrete cures:
After the concrete cures, the construction loads do
not act, but the partition load does, and it will be
treated as live load
wD = 506.3 + 35 = 541.3 lb/ft
The live load is
wL = (125 + 20)(9) = 1305 lb/ft

Strength of the composite section:

To obtain the effective flange width, use either
Span/4 = 30x12/4=90 in
Or beam spacing 9x12 = 108 in
Since this member is an interior beam, the third
criterion is not applicable. Use b = 90 inches as the
effective flange width. Then, as shown in Figure
below, the compressive force is the smaller of
As Fy = 10.3(50) = 515.0 kips
or
0.85f′c Ac = 0.85(4)(4.5 × 90) = 1377 kips
The PNA is in the concrete and C = 515 kips.
The depth of the compressive stress block is
C 515
𝑎= = = 1.683 in
0.85fc′ b 0.85x4x90
The moment arm of the couple formed by C and T is
𝑑 𝑎 1.683
𝑦 = + 𝑡 − =8.85 + 4.5 − = 12.51 in
2 2 2
The nominal strength is the moment of the couple, or
Mn = Cy = Ty = 515 (12.51) = 6443 in.-kips
= 536.9 ft-kips
Before the concrete cures, the factored load and
moment are
Wu = 1.2 wD + wL = 1.2x541.3 + 1.6x 180 = 937.6 ib/ft
𝑤𝐿2 937.6 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 106 ft.kip
8 8 𝑥1000
From the Zx table,
ɸb Mn = ɸbMp = 249 ft-kips > 106 ft-kips (OK)
After the concrete cures, the factored load and
moment are
Wu = 1.2 wD + wL = 1.2x541.3 + 1.6x 1305
= 2738 ib/ft
𝑤𝐿2 2738 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 308 ft.Kips
8 8 𝑥1000

The design strength of the composite section is

ɸb Mn = 0.90(536.9) = 483 ft-kips > 308 ft-kips (OK)
Check shear:
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 2738 𝑥30
𝑉𝑢 = = = 41.1 Kips
2 2𝑥1000
From the Zx table,
ɸvVn = 159 kips > 41.1 kips (OK)
The beam complies with the AISC Specification.

STEEL HEADED STUD ANCHORS

As we have shown, the horizontal shear force to be
transferred between the concrete and the steel is
equal to the compressive force in the concrete, C. We
denote this horizontal shear force V ′. Thus V ′ is given
by the smallest of As Fy, 0.85fc′Ac, or ΣQn. If As Fy or
0.85fc′Ac controls, full composite action will exist and
the number of anchors required between the points
of zero moment and maximum moment is
 𝑉/
𝑁1 =
𝑄𝑛
where Qn is the nominal shear strength of one
anchor. The N1 anchors should be uniformly spaced
within the length where they are required.
The AISC Specification gives equations for the
strength of both stud and channel anchors.
As indicated at the beginning of this chapter, stud
anchors are the most common, and we consider only
this type.
For one stud,
/
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝑓𝑐 𝐸𝑐 < Rg Rp Asa Fu (AISC Equation I8-1)
where
Asa = cross-sectional area of stud (in.2)
fc′ = 28-day compressive strength of the concrete (ksi)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of the concrete (ksi)
Rg = 1.0 for solid slabs (no formed steel deck)
Rp = 0.75 for solid slabs
Fu = minimum tensile strength of stud (ksi)
When a formed steel deck is used, Rg and Rp depend
on the deck properties.
For studs used as anchors in composite beams, the
tensile strength Fu is 65 ksi . Values given by AISC
Equation I8-1 are based on experimental studies.
No factors are applied to Qn (neither a resistance
the overall flexural resistance factor or safety factor
accounts for all strength uncertainties.
AISC Equation I8-1 gives the number of anchors
required between the point of zero moment and the
point of maximum moment. Consequently, for a
simply supported, uniformly loaded beam, 2N1
anchors will be required, and they should be
equally spaced. When concentrated loads are
present, AISC I8.2c requires that enough of the N1
anchors be placed between the concentrated load
and the adjacent point of zero moment to develop
the moment required at the load. We denote this
portion N2, and this requirement is illustrated in
Figure below . Note that the total number of studs is
not affected by this requirement.
Requirements for Steel Headed Stud Anchors
The following requirements are from AISC I8.1, I8.2,
and I8.2d:
• Maximum diameter = 2.5 × flange thickness of steel
shape (unless placed directly over the web)
• Minimum length = 4 × stud diameter
• Minimum longitudinal spacing (center-to-center) =
6 × stud diameter
• Maximum longitudinal spacing (center-to-center) =
8 × slab thickness ≤ 36″
• Minimum transverse spacing (center-to-center) = 4
× stud diameter
• Minimum concrete cover in the direction
perpendicular to the shear force, V ′, = 1 inch
• Minimum distance from the center of a stud to a
free edge in the direction of the shear force = 8
inches for normal-weight concrete and 10 inches for
lightweight concrete.
Note that there is no minimum vertical cover except
when formed steel deck is used.
The AWS Structural Code (AWS, 2008) lists standard
stud diameters of 1⁄2, 5⁄8, 3⁄4, 7⁄8, and 1 inch.
Matching these diameters with the minimum lengths
prescribed by AISC, we get the common stud sizes of
1⁄2 × 2, 5⁄8 × 21⁄2, 3⁄4 × 3, 7⁄8 × 31⁄2, and 1 × 4
(but longer studs may be used).
Example
Design steel headed stud anchors for the floor system
in the previous example.
Solution
Summary of data from the previous example :
W18 × 35, A992 steel
fc′ = 4 ksi
Slab thickness t = 4.5 in.
Span length = 30 ft
the horizontal shear force V ′ corresponding to full
composite action is
V ′ = C = 515 kips
Try 1⁄2 in. 2-in. studs. The maximum permissible
diameter is
2.5tf = 2.5(0.425) = 1.063 in. > 0.5 in. (OK)
The cross-sectional area of one stud is
𝜋(0.5)2
𝐴𝑠𝑎 = = 0.1963 in2
4
If we assume normal-weight concrete, the modulus of
elasticity of the concrete is
/
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐1.5 𝑓𝑐 = 1451.5 4 = 3492 ksi
From AISC Equation I8-1, the nominal shear strength
of one stud is
/
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝑓𝑐 𝐸𝑐 < Rg Rp Asa Fu
= 0.5x 0.1963 x 4 𝑥3492 = 11.6 kips
Rg Rp Asa Fu = 1.0x 0.75 x0.1963 x65
= 9.57 kips < 11.6 kips
Use 𝑄𝑛 = 9.57 kips
and
Minimum longitudinal spacing is 6d = 6(0.5) = 3 in.
Minimum transverse spacing is 4d = 4(0.50) = 2 in.
Maximum longitudinal spacing is 8t = 8(4.5) = 36 in.
(upper limit is 36 in )
The number of studs required between the end of
the beam and midspan is
𝑉/ 515
𝑁1 = = = 53.8 studs
𝑄𝑛 9.57
Use a minimum of 54 for half the beam, or 108 total.
If one stud is used at each section, the required
spacing will be
30𝑥12
𝑠= = 3.33 in
2𝑥𝑥54
For two studs per section,
S= 2x3.33 = 6.67 in
Use 108 studs, ⁄ in. × 2 in., placed as shown in Figure
1 2

below .
9- DESIGN
The first step in the design of a floor system is to
select the thickness of the floor slab, whether it is
solid or ribbed (formed with steel deck). The
thickness will be a function of the beam spacing, and
several combinations of slab thickness and beam
spacing may need to be investigated so that the most
economical system can be found.
The design of the slab is beyond the scope of this
text, however, and we will assume that the slab
thickness and beam spacing are known. Having made
this assumption, we can take the following steps to
complete the design of an unshored floor system.
1. Compute the moments acting before and after the
concrete cures.
2. Select a steel shape for trial.
3. Compare the available strength of the steel shape
to the required moment strength acting before the
concrete cures. Account for the unbraced length if
the formwork does not provide adequate lateral
support. If this shape is not satisfactory, try a larger
one.
4. Compute the available strength of the composite
section and compare it to the total required
moment strength. If the composite section is
inadequate, select another steel shape for trial.
5. Check the shear strength of the steel shape.
6. Design the steel anchors:
a. Compute V ′, the horizontal shear force at the
interface between the concrete and the steel.
b. Divide this force by Qn, the shear capacity of a
single stud, to obtain Nl , which, in most cases, is
half the total number of studs required. Using
this number of studs will provide full composite
behavior. If partial composite action is desired,
the number of studs can be reduced
7. Check deflections
The major task in the trial-and-error procedure just
outlined is the selection of a trial steel shape.
A formula that will give the required area (or,
alternatively, the required weight per foot of length)
can be developed if a beam depth is assumed.
Assuming full composite action and the PNA in the
slab (i.e., steel controlling, the most common case for
full composite action), we can write the nominal
strength as
Mn = Ty = As. Fy . Y
LRFD Procedure. Equate the design strength to the
factored load moment and solve for As:
ɸb Mn = ɸb As. Fy . Y
ɸb Mn
𝐴𝑠 =
ɸb. Fy . Y
 Mu
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑑 𝑎
ɸb. Fy . ( + 𝑡 − )
2 2

The above Equation can also be written in terms of

weight rather than area. Since one foot of length has
a volume of As/ 12x12(1.0) cubic feet and structural
steel weights 490 pounds per cubic foot,
the estimated weight per foot is, therefore,
𝐴𝑠
𝑤= x490 = 3.4𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛
12𝑥12
Substitute the value of As in terms of weight in the
above equation get
3.4𝑀𝑢
𝑤= 𝑑 𝑎 ib/ft
ɸb. Fy . (2+𝑡−2)
where Mu is in in.-kips; Fy is in ksi; and d, t, and a are
in inches.
ASD Procedure.
Equate the allowable strength to the service load
moment and solve for As:
𝑀𝑛 As. Fy . Y
= = Ma
Ω Ω

Ω𝑀𝑎
𝐴𝑠 =
Fy . Y

Ω𝑀𝑎
𝐴𝑠 =
Fy .(𝑑2+𝑡−𝑎2)

3.4 Ω𝑀𝑎
𝑤= 𝑑 𝑎 ib/ft
Fy .( 2
+𝑡− 2
)
where Ma is in in.-kips; Fy is in ksi; and d, t, and a
are in inches.
Both Equations for (LRFD) and (ASD) require an
assumed depth and an estimate of d/2. The stress
block depth will generally be very small;
consequently, an error in the estimate of a/ 2 will
have only a slight effect on the estimated value of
As.
An assumed value of a/2 = 0.5 inch is suggested.
Example
The span length of a certain floor system is 30 feet,
and the beam spacing is 10 feet center-to-center.
Select a rolled steel shape and the steel anchors
needed to achieve full composite behavior with a 3.5-
inch-thick reinforced concrete floor slab.
Superimposed loading consists of a 20 psf partition
load and a 100 psf live load. Concrete strength is fc′ =
4 ksi, and A992 steel is to be used. Assume that the
beam has full lateral support during construction and
that there is a 20 psf construction load.
Solution
1- LRFD
Loads to be supported before the concrete cures are
Slab: (3.512)(150) = 43.75 psf
Weight per linear foot: 43.75(10) = 437.5 lb/ft
Construction load: 20(10) = 200 lb/ft
(The beam weight will be accounted for later.)
Loads to be supported after the concrete cures are
wD = wslab = 437.5 lb/ft
wL = (100 + 20)(10) = 1200 lb/ft
where the 20 psf partition is treated as a live load.
The composite section must resist a factored load and
moment of
wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(437.5) + 1.6(1200) = 2445 lb/ft
𝑤𝐿2 2445 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 275 ft.Kips
8 8 𝑥1000
Try a nominal depth of d = 16 inches, assume a/2 =
o.5 in. From Equation below , the estimated beam
weight is
3.4𝑀𝑢 3.4𝑥275𝑥12
𝑤= = 16 = 22.7Ib/ft
ɸb. Fy . (2+𝑡−2) 0.9x50. ( 2 +3.5−0.5)
𝑑 𝑎

Try a W16 x 26.

Check the unshored steel shape for loads applied
before the concrete cures (the weight of the slab, the
weight of the beam, and the construction load).
wu = 1.2(0.4375 + 0.026) + 1.6(0.200) = 0.8762 kips/ft
𝑤𝐿2 0.8762 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 98.6 ft.Kips
8 8
From the Zx table,
ɸb Mn = ɸbMp = 166 ft-kips > 98.6 ft-kips (OK)
After the concrete cures and composite behavior has
been achieved,
Wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL = 1.2(0.4635) + 1.6(1.200)
= 2.476 kips/ft
𝑤𝐿2 2.476 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 279 ft.Kips
8 8

Determine the effective slab width.

For an interior beam, the effective width is the
smaller of
Span/4 = 30x12/4=90 in
Or beam spacing 10x12 = 120 in
Use b= 90 in
For full composite behavior, the compressive force in
the concrete at ultimate (equal to the horizontal
shear at the interface between the concrete and
steel) will be the smaller of
As Fy = 7.68(50) = 384 kips ,or
0.85 fc′ Ac = 0.85(4)(90)(3.5) = 1071 kips
Use C = V ′ = 384 kips. The depth of the compressive
stress block in the slab is
C 384
𝑎= = = 1.255 in
0.85fc′ b 0.85x4x90
The moment arm of the couple formed by C and T is
𝑑 𝑎 15.7 1.255
𝑦 = +𝑡− = + 3.5 − = 10.72 in
2 2 2 2
The nominal strength is the moment of the couple, or
ɸb Mn =ɸ C.y = 384 (10.72) = 3705 in.-kips
= 309 ft-kips > 279 ft-kips OK
Check shear:
𝑤 𝐿 2.476 𝑥30
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑢 = = 37.1 Kips
2 2
From the Zx table,
ɸvVn = 106 kips > 371.1 kips (OK)
The beam complies with the AISC Specification.
Use a W16 × 26.
Design the steel anchors.
Maximum diameter = 2.5tf = 2.5(0.345) = 0.863 in.
Try 1⁄2 in x 2 in. studs.

d= ½ in < 0.863 in OK
The cross-sectional area of one stud is
𝜋(0.5)2
𝐴𝑠𝑎 = = 0.1963 in2
4
If we assume normal-weight concrete, the modulus of
elasticity of the concrete is
/
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐1.5 𝑓𝑐 = 1451.5 4 = 3492 ksi
From AISC Equation I8-1, the nominal shear strength
of one stud is
/
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝑓𝑐 𝐸𝑐 < Rg Rp Asa Fu
= 0.5x 0.1963 x 4 𝑥3492 = 11.6 kips
Rg Rp Asa Fu = 1.0x 0.75 x0.1963 x65
= 9.57 kips < 11.6 kips
Use 𝑄𝑛 = 9.57 kips
Minimum longitudinal spacing is 6d = 6(0.5) = 3 in.
Minimum transverse spacing is 4d = 4(0.50) = 2 in.
Maximum longitudinal spacing is 8t = 8(3.5) = 28 in.
(Less than the upper limit = 36 in )
The number of studs required between the end of
the beam and midspan is
𝑉/ 384
𝑁1 = = = 40.1 studs
𝑄𝑛 9.57
Use a minimum of 41 for half the beam, or 82 total. If
one stud is used at each section, the required spacing
will be
30𝑥12
𝑠= 4.4 in
2𝑥41
This spacing is between the upper and lower limits
and is therefore satisfactory.

2- ASD
The same steps can be used for the ASD design
without using load factors , but using the safety factor
Ω
10 -COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH FORMED STEEL DECK
The floor slab in many steel-framed buildings is
formed on ribbed steel deck, which is left in place to
become an integral part of the structure. Although
there are exceptions, the ribs of the deck are usually
oriented perpendicular to floor beams and parallel
to supporting girders. In Figure below , the ribs are
shown perpendicular to the beam. The installation
of steel headed stud anchors is done in the same
way as without the deck; the studs are welded to
the beam flange directly through the deck

The attachment of the deck to the beam can be

considered to provide lateral support for the beam
before the concrete has cured.
The design or analysis of composite beams with
formed steel deck is essentially the same as with
slabs of uniform thickness, with the following
exceptions.
1. The concrete in the ribs—that is, below the top of
the deck—is neglected in determining section
properties when the ribs are perpendicular to the
beam [AISC I3.2c(2)]. When the ribs are parallel to
the beam, the concrete may be included in
determining section properties, and it must be
included in computing Ac [AISC I3.2c(3)].
2. The shear strength of the studs could be reduced
when a deck is used. This will depend on the
placement of the studs in the ribs.
3. Full composite behavior will not usually be
possible. The reason is that the spacing of the studs
is limited by the spacing of the ribs, and the exact
number of required studs cannot always be used.
Although partial composite design can be used
without formed steel deck, it is covered here
because it is almost a necessity with formed steel
deck. This is not a disadvantage; in fact, it will be
the most economical alternative.
Shear Strength of Anchors Used with Steel Deck
The shear strength of one stud depends on the values
of Rp and Rg in
/
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝑓𝑐 𝐸𝑐 < Rg Rp Asa Fu (AISC Equation I8-1)
If the studs are welded directly to the top flange of
the steel beam (no deck), Rp = 1.0 and Rg = 0.75.
With a formed steel deck, these constants can take on
different values.

For deck ribs oriented perpendicular to the beam, the

values are
Rg = 1.0 for one stud per rib
= 0.85 for two studs per rib
= 0.7 for three or more studs per rib

Rp = 0.75 for emid-ht ≥ 2 in.

= 0.6 for emid-ht < 2 in.
emid-ht = distance from mid-height of the rib to the
stud, measured in the loadbearing direction
(toward the point of maximum moment in a
simply supported beam)
Most steel deck is manufactured with a longitudinal
stiffener in the middle of the rib, so the stud must be
placed on one side or the other of the stiffener. Tests
have shown that placement on the side farthest from
the point of maximum moment results in a higher
strength. Since it is difficult to know in advance where
the stud will actually be placed, it is conservative to
use a value of Rp = 0.6. In this book, we will use
Rp = 0.6 when formed steel deck is used.
Example
Determine the shear strength of a 1⁄2-in. × 21⁄2-in.
stud, where there are two studs per rib. The 28-day
compressive strength of the concrete is fc′ = 4 ksi (Ec
= 3492 ksi).
Solution
𝜋(0.5)2
𝐴𝑠𝑎 = = 0.1963 in2
4
From AISC Equation I8-1, the nominal shear strength
of one stud is
/
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝑓𝑐 𝐸𝑐 < Rg Rp Asa Fu
= 0.5x 0.1963 x 4 𝑥3492 = 11.6 kips
Rg Rp Asa Fu = 0.85x 0.6 x0.1963 x65
= 6.51 kips < 11.6 kips
Use 𝑄𝑛 = 6.51 kips
11- TABLES FOR COMPOSITE BEAM ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN
When the plastic neutral axis is within the steel
section, computation of the flexural strength can be
laborious, but the tables presented in Part 3 of the
Manual are more convenient.
Three tables are presented: strengths of various
combinations of shapes and slabs; tables of lower-
bound moments of inertia; and a table of steel
headed stud anchor strength Qn for various
combinations of stud size, concrete strength, and
deck geometry.
The available flexural strength is given in Table 3-19 of
the Manual for seven specific locations of the plastic
neutral axis, as shown in Figure below :
top of the flange (TFL), bottom of the top flange
(BFL), three equally spaced levels within the top
flange, and two locations in the web. Strengths given
for PNA location 1 (TFL) are also valid for PNA
locations within the slab.
The lowest PNA location, level 7, corresponds to the
recommended lower limit of
ΣQn = 0.25AsFy .
PNA location 6 corresponds to a ΣQn midway
between ΣQn for level 5 and ΣQn for level 7.
For each combination of shape and slab, two
strengths are given in Table 3-19. For LRFD, the
design strength ɸb Mn is tabulated. For ASD, the
allowable strength Mn/Ωb is tabulated.
To use the tables for analysis of a composite beam,
first find the portion of the table corresponding to
the steel shape and proceed as follows:
1. Select ΣQn. This is the Manual’s notation for the
compressive force C, which is the smallest of
As Fy, 0.85fc′Ac, and the total steel anchor
strength (which we have been calling ΣQn).
2. Select Y2. The distance from the top of the steel
shape to the resultant compressive force in the
concrete is computed as
𝑎
Y2 = t-
2
This dimension, which we used in computing the
lower-bound moment of inertia, is illustrated in
Figure below .
3. Read the available strength, interpolating if
necessary.
For design, the tables can be entered with the
required strength, and a combination of steel shape
and ΣQn can be selected. A value of Y2 will be
needed, so the depth of the concrete compressive
stress distribution must be assumed and then revised
after an iteration.
The tables also give values of ɸbMp and Mp/Ωb for
the steel shape, which may be needed for checking
unshored beams during the curing of the concrete;
and Y1, the distance from the top of the steel to the
plastic neutral axis.

Example
A composite beam consists of a W16 × 36 of A992
steel with a 5-inch-thick × 87-inch-wide reinforced
concrete slab at the top. The strength of the concrete
is fc′ = 4 ksi. Compute the available strength of the
composite beam. Use the tables in Part 3 of the
Manual. Resulting from a positive bending moment
of 160 ft-kips.
The compressive force in the concrete is the smaller
of
As Fy = 10.6(50) = 530 kips
or
0.85fc′Ac = 0.85(4)(5 × 87) = 1487 kips
Use C = 530 kips.
The depth of the compressive stress block is
C 530
𝑎= = = 1.792 in
0.85fc′ b 0.85x4x87

The distance from the top of the steel to the

compressive force C is
𝑎 1.792
Y2 = t- =5 - = 4.104 in
2 2
1-LRFD
Enter the tables with ΣQn = 530 kips and Y2 = 4.104
inches. Since 530 kips is larger than the value of ΣQn
for PNA location TFL, the plastic neutral axis is in the
slab, and PNA location TFL can be used.
By interpolation,
ɸb Mn = 477 ft-kips
Design strength = 477 ft-kips
2- ASD
Enter the tables with ΣQ = 530 kips and Y2 = 4.104. By
n

interpolation, Mn /Ω = 318 ft-kips

Allowable strength = 318 ft-kips
Example
Use the Tables in Part 3 of the Manual and select a
W-shape of A992 steel and steel headed stud
anchors for the following conditions:
The beam spacing is 5 feet 6 inches, and the span
length is 30 feet. The slab has a total thickness of
41⁄2 inches and is supported by a formed steel
deck, the cross section of which is shown in Figure
Below . The 28-day compressive strength of the
concrete is fc′ = 4 ksi. The loads consist of a 20-psf
construction load, a 20-psf partition load, a ceiling
weighing 5 psf, and a live load of 150 psf. The
maximum live-load deflection cannot exceed
L/240.

Solution
1-LRFD
Loads to be supported before the concrete cures:
4.5
Slab weight = 𝑥 150 = 56.25 𝑝𝑠𝑓
12
Wslab = 56.25x 5.5= 309.4 Ib/ft
Construction load = 20x(5.5) = 110.0 lb/ft
After the concrete cures,
Partition load = 20x(5.5) = 110.0 lb/ft
Live load: 150x (5.5) = 825.0 lb/ft
Ceiling: 5x(5.5) = 27.5 lb/ft
Loads to be carried by the composite section:
WD = wslab + wceil = 309.4 + 27.5= 336.9 Ib/ft
WL = 110 + 825 = 935 Ib/ft
wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(0.3369) + 1.6(0.935)
= 1.900 kips/ft
𝑤𝐿2 1.900 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 214 ft.Kips
8 8
Assume a = 2 in.:
𝑎 2.0
Y2 = t- =4.5- = 3.5 in
2 2

From Table 3-19 in the Manual, any combination of

steel shape, ΣQn, and Y2 that furnishes a design
strength of more than 214 ft-kips will be an
acceptable trial beam.
Two possibilities are summarized in Table below

Shape PNA ΣQn ɸb Mn

Location
W14x26 6 135 230

W14x22 3 241 230

The W14 × 22 is the lighter shape, but because ΣQn is
larger, it will require more steel anchors. For this
reason, try the W14x 26.
Compute the design strength:
b = beam spacing or span length ÷ 4
b = 5.5x (12) = 66 in. or 30x(12)/4 = 90 in.
Use b= 66 in
From C = ΣQn,
C 135
𝑎= = = 0.6016 in
0.85fc′ b 0.85x4x66
The distance from the top of the steel to the
compressive force C is
𝑎 0.6016
Y2 = t- =4.5 - = 4.199 in
2 2
From Table 3-19 in the Manual, by interpolation,
φb Mn = 237 ft-kips > 214 ft-kips (OK)
Adjust Mu for the beam weight:
wu = 1.9 + 1.2 x 0.026 = 1.931 kips/ft
𝑤𝐿2 1.931 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 217 ft.Kips< 237 ft.Kips OK
8 8
Check shear:
𝑤 𝐿 1.931 𝑥30
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑢 = = 29.0 Kips
2 2
From the Zx table, ɸvVn = 106 kips.> 29 .0 kips OK
Before the concrete cures,
WD = 309.4 + 26= 335.4 Ib/ft
WL = 110 ib /ft
Wu = 1.2wD + wL=1.2X0.3354 +1.6x 0.11= 0.5785kip/ft
 𝑤𝐿2 0.5785 (30)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 65.1 ft.Kips
8 8
From the Zx table,
ɸb Mn = ɸbMp = 151 ft-kips > 65.1 ft-kips (OK)
The live-load deflection will be checked after the stud
anchors have been selected, because the plastic
neutral axis location may change, and this would
affect the lower-bound moment of inertia.
The maximum stud diameter is 2.5tf = 2.5(0.420) =
1.05 in., but the maximum diameter with formed
steel deck = 3⁄4 in.
The minimum length is 4d = 4(3⁄4) = 3 in.
or hr + 1.5 = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 in.
For a length of 3 in., the cover above the top of the
stud is
4.5 – 3 = 1.5 in. > 0.5 in. (OK
Try 3/4 in x 3 in. studs.
The cross-sectional area of one stud is
𝜋(0.75)2
𝐴𝑠𝑎 = = 0.4418 in2
4
From AISC Equation I8-1, the nominal shear strength
of one stud is
/
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝑓𝑐 𝐸𝑐 < Rg Rp Asa Fu
= 0.5x 0.4418 x 4 𝑥3492 = 26.11 kips
Rg Rp Asa Fu = 1.0x 0.60 x0.4418 x65
= 17.28 kips < 26.11 kips
Use 𝑄𝑛 = 17.23 kips
The number of studs required between the end of
the beam and midspan is
𝑉/ 135
𝑁1 = = = 7.84 studs
𝑄𝑛 17.23
Use a minimum of 8 for half the beam, or 16 total.
The approximate spacing is
30𝑥12
𝑠= =22.5 in
16
Minimum longitudinal spacing is 6d = 6(3/4) = 4.5 in.
Maximum longitudinal spacing is 8t < 36 in.
8x4.5 = 36 in
Try one stud every 3rd rib:
Spacing = 3(6) = 18 in. < 36 in. (OK)
Total number of studs = 30x12/18 =20
For N1 = 20/2 =10
ΣQ = 10x17.23 =172.3 kips
From C = ΣQ
C 172.3
𝑎= = = 0.7678 in
0.85fc′ b 0.85x4x66
The distance from the top of the steel to the
compressive force C is
𝑎 0.7678
Y2 = t- =4.5 - = 4.116 in
2 2
From Table 3-19 in the Manual, by interpolation,
φb Mn = 250 ft-kips > 217 ft-kips (OK)
Check the live load deflection: For ΣQn = 172.3 kips
and Y2 = 4.116 in., the lower bound
moment of inertia from Table 3-20 in the Manual is
ILB = 538 in.4 (by interpolation)
and the live load deflection is
0.935
5𝑤𝐿 𝐿4 5𝑋 12
(30𝑋12)4
∆= = = 1.09 in
384𝐸𝐼𝐿𝐵 384𝑥29000𝑥538
The maximum permissible live load deflection is
L/240 =30x12/240 = 1.5 in > 1.09 in OK

2- ASD
The same steps can be used for the ASD design
without using load factors , but using the safety
factor
Ω