SIGNALS AND SYSTEM

SURAJ MISHRA
SUMIT SINGH
AMIT GUPTA
PRATYUSH SINGH
(E.C 2ND YEAR ,MCSCET)
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Topics
 Introduction
 Classification of Signals
 Some Useful Signal Operations
 Some useful signal models

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 Introduction
 The concepts of signals and systems
arise in a wide variety of areas:
 communications,

 circuit design,

 biomedical engineering,

 power systems,

 speech processing,

 etc. 3
What is a Signal?
SIGNAL
 A set of information or data.
 Function of one or more
independent variables.
 Contains information about the
behavior or nature of some
phenomenon.
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Examples of Signals
 BRAIN WAVE

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Examples of Signals
 Stock Market data as signal (time series)

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What is a System?
SYSTEM
Signals may be processed further
by systems, which may modify
them or extract additional from
them.
A system is an entity that
processes a set of signals
(inputs) to yield another set of
signals (outputs). 7
What is a System? (2)
A system may be made up of
physical components, as in
electrical or mechanical systems
(hardware realization).
A system may be an algorithm
that computes an outputs from
an inputs signal (software
realization). 8
Examples of signals and systems
 Voltage (x1) and current (x2) as functions of
time in an electrical circuit are examples of
signals.
 A circuit is itself an example of a system (T),
which responds to applied voltages and
currents.

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Some Useful Signal
Models

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Signal Models: Unit Step Function
 Continuous-Time unit step function, u(t):

 u(t) is used to start a signal, f(t) at t=0

 f(t) has a value of ZERO for t <0

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 Signal Models: Unit Impulse Function
A possible approximation
to a unit impulse:
An overall area that has
been maintained at
unity.

 Multiplication of a
Graphically, it is
represented by an arrow
"pointing to infinity" at
function by an Impulse?
t=0 with its length equal  bδ(t) = 0; for all t≠0
to its area.
is an impulse function 12

which the area is b.

Signal Models: Unit Impulse Function
(3)
 May use functions other than a rectangular
pulse. Here are three example functions:
 Note that the area under the pulse function
must be unity.

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Signal Models: Unit Ramp Function
 Unit ramp function is defined by:
 r(t) = t∗u(t)
 Where can it be used?

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Signal Models: Exponential Function
est
 Most important function in SNS where s is
complex in general, s = σ+jϖ
 Therefore,
est = e(σ+jϖ)t = eσtejϖt = eσt(cosϖt + jsinϖt)
(Euler’s formula: ejϖt = cosϖt + jsinϖt)

 If s∗ = σ-jϖ,
 es∗ t = e(σ-jϖ)t = eσte-jϖt = eσt(cosϖt - jsinϖt)

 From the above, e cosϖt = ½(e +e )

σt st -st 15
Signal Models: Exponential Function
est (2)
 Variable s is complex frequency.
 est = e(σ+jϖ)t = eσtejϖt = eσt(cosϖt + jsinϖt)
es∗ t = e(σ-jϖ)t = eσte-jϖt = eσt(cosϖt - jsinϖt)
eσtcosϖt = ½(est +e-st )
 There are special cases of est :
1. A constant k = ke0t (s=0  σ=0,ϖ=0)
2. A monotonic exponential eσt (ϖ=0, s=σ)
3. A sinusoid cosϖt (σ=0, s=±jϖ)
4. An exponentially varying sinusoid eσtcosϖt
(s= σ ±jϖ) 16
Signals Classification
 Signals may be classified into:
 1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
 2. Deterministic and Stochastic Signal
 3. Periodic and Aperiodic signals
 4. Even and Odd signals
 5. Energy and Power signals

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Continuous v/S Discrete Signals
 Continuous-time
A signal that is
specified for every
value of time t.

 Discrete-time
A signal that is
specified only at
discrete values
of time t.
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Deterministic v/s Stochastic
Signal
 Signals that can be written in any
mathematical expression are called
deterministic signal.
 (sine,cosine..etc)

 Signals that cann’t be written in mathematical

expression are called stochastic signals.
 (impulse,noise..etc)

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Periodic v/s Aperiodic Signals
 Signals that repeat itself at a proper interval
of time are called periodic signals.
 Continuous-time signals are said to be
periodic.
 Signals that will never repeat themselves,and
get over in limited time are called aperiodic or
non-periodic signals.

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Even v/s Odd Signals

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Even v/s Odd Signals
A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even
signal if
 CT:
 DT:

A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd

signal if
 CT:
 DT:
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Even and Odd Functions: Properties
 Property:

 Area:
 Even signal:

 Odd signal:
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Even and Odd Components of a
Signal (1)
 Everysignal f(t) can be expressed as a sum
of even and odd components because

 Example, f(t) = e-atu(t)

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Energy v/s Power Signals
 Signal with finite energy (zero power)

 Signal with finite power (infinite energy)

 Signals that satisfy neither property are referred

as neither energy nor power signals
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Size of a Signal, Energy (Joules)
 Measured by signal energy Ex:

 Generalize for a complex valued signal to:

 CT: DT:

 Energy must be finite, which means

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Size of a Signal, Power (Watts)
 If
amplitude of x(t) does not → 0 when t → ∞,
need to measure power Px instead:

 Again, generalize for a complex valued signal

to:
 CT:

 DT:
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OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS
 It includes the transformation of independent
variables.
 It is performed in both continuous and
discrete time signals.
 Operations that are performed are-

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1.ADDITION &SUBSTRACTION
 Let two signals x(t) and y(t) are given,
 Their addition will be,
z(t) = x(t) + y(t)

 Their substraction will be,

z(t) = x(t) – y(t)

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2.MULTIPLICATION OF
SIGNAL BY A CONSTANT
 If a constant ‘A’ is given with a signal x(t)
z(t) = A.x(t)

 If A>1,it is an amplified signal.

 If A<1,it is an attenuated signal.

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3.MULTIPLICATION OF TWO
SIGNALS
 If two signals x(t) and y(t) are given,than their
multiplication will be

z(t) = x(t).y(t)

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4.SHIFTING IN TIME
 Let a signal x(t),than the signal x(t-T)
represented a delayed version of x(t),which is
delayed by T sec.

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Signal Operations: Time Shifting
 Shifting of a signal in time
  adding or subtracting the amount of the
shift to the time variable in the function.
 x(t)  x(t–t )
o
 to > 0 (to is positive value),
signal is shifted to the right (delay).
 to < 0 (to is negative value),
signal is shifted to the left (advance).
 x(t–2)? x(t) is delayed by 2 seconds.
 x(t+2)? x(t) is advanced by 2 seconds.
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Signal Operations: Time Shifting (2)
 Subtracting a fixed amount from the time
variable will shift the signal to the right that
amount.

 Adding to the time variable will shift the signal

to the left.

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Signal Operations: Time Shifting
 Shifting of a signal in time

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5.COMPRESSION/EXPANSION
OF SIGNALS
 This is also known as ‘Time Scaling’ process.
 Let a signal x(t) is given,we will examine as
x(at)
where a =real number
 and how it is related to x(t) ?

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Time Scaling

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Signal Operations: Time Inversion

 Reversal of the time axis, or folding/flipping

the signal (mirror image) over the y-axis.

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THANKS....................... FOR
YOUR

ATTENTION !
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