1

Cell Range of Base Station in GSM-900 MHz

Arrangement Proposal for Tatkon Township
1. Introduction of The Evolution of Mobile Telephone System

Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunication

applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new
telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 million
cellular subscribers worldwide, and nearly 50 percent of those subscribers are located
in United Stage. It is forecasted that cellular system using a digital technology will
become the universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters
predict that there will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers worldwide. It has
even been estimated that some countries may have more mobile phones than fixed
phones by the year 2000.

The concept of cellular service is the use of low-power transmitters where

frequencies can be reused within a geographic area. The idea of cell-based mobile
radio service was formulated in United States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s.
However, the Nordic countries were the first to introduce cellular services for
commercial use with the introduction of Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981.

Cellular system began in United States with the release of the advanced mobile
phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS standard was adopted by Asia,
Latin America, and Oceanic countries, creating the largest potential market in the
world for cellular.

In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone system were analog than digital, like
today’s newer systems. One challenge facing analog system was the inability to handle
the growing capacity needs in a cost-efficient manner. As a result, digital technology
was welcomed. The advantages of digital systems over analog systems include ease of
signaling, lower levels of interface, integration of transmission and switching, and
increased ability to meet capacity demands.

2. History of GSM

2.1 History beginning

During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing
rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also
in France and Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was
incompatible with everyone else's in equipment and operation. This was an
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undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation
within national boundaries, which in an Europe were increasingly unimportant, but
there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale
and the subsequent savings could not be realized.

The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European
Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Group Special Mobile
(GSM) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. The proposed
system had to meet certain criteria: good subjective speech quality, low terminal and
service cost, support for international roaming, ability to support hand terminals,
support for range of new services and facilities, spectral efficiency, and ISDN
compatibility.

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European

Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications
were published in 1990. Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993
there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries, with 25 additional countries having
already selected or considering GSM [6]. Although standardized in Europe, GSM is
not only a European standard. GSM networks are operational or planned in almost 60
countries in Europe, the Middle East, the Far East, Africa, South America, and
Australia. In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide
[18]. By the beginning of 1995, there were over 5 million subscribers [21]. The
acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.

The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time) digital system, as
opposed to the then standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States
and TACS in the United Kingdom .They had faith that advancements in compression
algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original
criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost. The
nearly 6000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow ability and competitive
innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee the
proper interworking between the components of the system. This is done by providing
functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the
system.

2.2: Frequencies

Originally it had been intended that GSM would operate on frequencies in the
900 MHz cellular band. In September 1993, the British operator Mercury One-to-One
launched a network. Termed DCS 1800 it operated at frequencies in a new 1800 MHz
band. By adopting new frequencies new operators and further competition was
 3

introduced into the market apart from allowing additional spectrum to be used and
further increasing the overall capacity.

This trend was followed in many countries, and soon the term DCS 1800 was
dropped in our calling it GSM as it was purely the same cellular technology but
operating on a different frequency band. In view of the higher frequency used the
distances the signals travelled was slightly shorter but this was compensated for by
additional base stations.

In the USA as well a portion of spectrum at 1900 MHz was allocated for
cellular usage in 1994. The licensing body, the FCC, did not legislate which
technology should be used, and accordingly this enabled GSM to gain a foothold in
the US market. This system was known as PCS 1900 (Personal Communication
System).

2.3: GSM success

Looking back on the way GSM developed, the way it was deployed and grew
over the years, shows the GSM history is a story of success. GSM was used in many
countries outside Europe. Deployment on this scale had not been anticipated and it
resulted in its name change from Group Special Mobile to Global System for Mobile
communications.

The number of subscribers grew rapidly and by the beginning of 2004 the total
number of GSM subscribers reached the 1 billion mark - a major milestone in the
history of cellular telecommunications as well as for GSM itself. Attaining this figure
was celebrated at the Cannes 3GSM conference held that year. Figures continued to
rise, reaching and then well exceeded the 3 billion mark. In this way the history of
GSM has shown it was a major success.

2.4: GSM history key dates

Key GSM history dates & Milestones

1982 Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) is formed by the Confederation of

European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) to design a pan-
European mobile technology.

1984 France and Germany sign a joint development agreement for GSM.

1985 ‘GAP’ (Groupe d’Analyse et de Prevision’) meetings took place

that led to the European Commission endorsement of the GSM
project.
 4

1986 EU Heads of State endorse the GSM project. The European

Commission initiative proposes to reserve 900MHz spectrum band
for GSM, agreed in the EC Telecommunications Council.

Quadripartite agreement between France, Germany, Italy and the

UK cooperation agreement signed (to support the standards work
and exchange research data).

Trials of different digital radio transmission schemes and different

speech codecs in several countries, with comparative evaluation by
CEPT GSM in Paris.

1987 Basic parameters of the GSM standard agreed in February.

Proposal agreed by four ministers from the quadripartite countries

to create an Operator Agreement in the form of a ‘Memorandum of
Understanding’. The ‘MoU’ was drawn up and signed in
Copenhagen in September by 15 members from 13 countries that
committed to deploying GSM.

1988 Completion of first set of detailed GSM specifications for

infrastructure tendering purposes.

Simultaneous issue of invitation to tender for networks by ten

GSM network operators – all subsequently signed in the same year.

1989 Groupe Speciale Mobile (transferred to an ETSI technical

committee) defines the GSM standard as the internationally
accepted digital cellular telephony standard.

The UK’s Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) produced a

document ‘Phones on the Move’ that first proposed PCN (Personal
Communications Networks (later known as DCS 1800 and
subsequently GSM 1800) networks to operate in the 1800 MHz
frequency band.

1990 GSM adaptation work started for the DCS1800 band.

1991 First GSM call made by Radiolinja in Finland.

1992 First international roaming agreement signed between Telecom

Finland and Vodafone UK.

First SMS sent.

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1993 Telstra Australia becomes the first non-European operator to sign

the GSM MoU 32 networks on air in 18 countries or territories.

First truly hand portable terminals are launched commercially.

World’s first DCS1800 (later GSM1800) network opened in the
UK.

1994 GSM Phase 2 data/fax bearer services launched.

GSM MoU membership surpasses 100 operators.

GSM connections hit one million.

1995 GSM MoU group is formally registered as the GSM MoU

Association in Switzerland.

Global GSM subscribers exceed 10 million.

GSM World Congress held in Madrid, Spain.

Formation of GSMA Regional Interest Groups (RIGs).

Fax, data and SMS services started, video over GSM demonstrated.

The first North American PCS 1900 (now GSM 1900) network
opened – via a phone call by US Vice President Al Gore.

1996 First GSM networks in Russia and China go live.

Prepaid GSM SIM cards launched.

GSM MoU membership approaches 200 operators from nearly 100

countries.

167 networks live in 94 countries.

GSM World Congress moves to Cannes, France.

GSM subscribers hit 50 million.

GSMA Awards launched.

1997 15 GSM networks on air in the USA using the 1900MHz band.

100 countries on air globally.

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First tri-band handsets launched.

1998 Global GSM connections surpass 100 million.

1999 WAP trials begin in France and Italy.

Contracts placed for GPRS systems.

2000 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 0.7 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 0.6 billion.

First commercial GPRS services launched.

3G license auctions commence.

First GPRS handsets enter the market.

Five billion SMS messages sent in one month.

2001 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 1 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 0.8 billion.

First 3G WCDMA (3GSM) network goes live.

3GSM World Congress held in Cannes, France.

50 billion SMS messages sent in first three months.

GSM connections exceed 500 million.

First mobile phone colour screens launched.

2002 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 1.2 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 0.9 billion.

GSM introduced for 800MHz band.

First Multimedia Messaging Services go live.

95% of nations worldwide have GSM networks.

400 billion SMS messages sent in the year.

First mobile camera phones launched.

2003 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 1.4 billion.

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UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 1.1 billion.

First EDGE networks go live.

GSMA creates new CEO-level Board.

GSMA membership breaks through 200-country barrier.

Over half a billion handsets produced in a year.

2004 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 1.7 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 1.3 billion.

GSM connections surpass 1 billion.

More than 50 WCDMA networks live.

GSMA and Ovum announce market data venture: Wireless

Intelligence.

2005 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 2.2 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 1.6 billion.

More than 1.5 billion GSM connections.

GSM accounts for three-quarters of global mobile market.

First HSDPA network goes live.

Over 100 WCDMA networks launched.

120+ WCDMA handset models launched or announced.

First sub-$30 mobile phone announced.

Over one trillion SMS sent in the year.

2006 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 2.7 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 1.8 billion.

GSM surpasses 2 billion connections.

Over 120 commercial WCDMA networks live in more than 50

countries; almost 100 million connections.
 8

Approximately 85 HSDPA networks in commercial launch by year

end.

66 HSDPA devices available from 19 suppliers, including 32

handset models.

GSMA membership exceeds 900 companies (including over 700

operators).

Over 980 million handsets sold.

2007 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 3.4 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 2 billion.

Further HSDPA network launches and introduction of HSUPA.

First GSMA Mobile Asia Congress held in Macau SAR, China.

GSMA celebrates 20th anniversary.

2008 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 4 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 2.3 billion.

HSPA surpasses 50 million connections.

191 HSPA networks live and 740 HSPA devices available.

More than 55,000 visitors to the GSMA’s Mobile World Congress

in Barcelona.

4G-LTE standards completed.

GSMA passes a resolution enabling LTE operators to join the

Association.

2009 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 4.7 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 2.6 billion.

First commercial HSPA+ network launched.

Mobile Asia Congress held in Hong Kong.

First commercial LTE networks launched.

More than 165 million HSPA connections worldwide.

 9

285 HSPA commercial networks supported by more than 1,600

HSPA devices.

2010 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 5.4 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 2.8 billion.

More than 300 million HSPA connections worldwide.

162 HSPA networks and 52 HSPA+ networks live.

17 LTE commercial LTE networks.

1.6 billion worldwide mobile device sales to end users.

2011 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 6 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 3 billion.

More than 60,000 visitors to the Mobile World Congress in

Barcelona.

Anne Bouverot appointed as Director General of the GSMA.

GSMA selects Barcelona as the Mobile World Capital.

More than 500 million HSPA connections worldwide.

2012 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 6.5 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 3.2 billion.

GSMA celebrates 25th anniversary.

Mobile Wold Congress attracts 67,000 visitors in its final year at

Fira de Barcelona Montjuic.

The first Mobile Asia Expo is held in Shanghai, China,

attracts15,500 visitors.

20th anniversary of the first SMS message being sent (December

1992).

2013 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 6.8 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 3.5 billion.

 10

Mobile broadband connections surpass 2 billion.

Launch of Mobile World Centre in Barcelona.

Mobile World Congress relocates to Fira Gran Via in Barcelona;

attracts a record 72,000 visitors.

20,500 visitors to Mobile Asia Expo 2013.

Launch of GSMA Intelligence.

GSMA launches ‘Mobile 360’ event series.

Telenor President and CEO Jon Fredrik Baksaas elected as GSMA

chairman.

More than 250 LTE networks live in almost 100 countries.

219 Mobile Money services launched across 84 countries.

2014 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 7.3 billion.

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 3.6 billion.

LTE connections surpass 500 million.

M2M connections surpass 250 million.

85,000 visitors to Mobile World Congress 2014.

26,000 visitors to Mobile Asia Expo in Shanghai.

2015 GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 7.5 billion

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 4.5 billion

4G connections reach one billion

More than 93,000 visitors to Mobile World Congress 2015

Barcelona confirmed as Mobile World Capital through 2023

Launch of Humanitarian Connectivity Charter

40,000+ visitors attend first Mobile World Congress Shanghai

First commercial launches of GSMA Embedded SIM specification

 11

GSMA successfully lobbies for release of additional mobile

spectrum at WRC-15

2016 Mats Granryd joins the GSMA as Director General

GLOBAL MOBILE CONNECTIONS: 7.9 billion

UNIQUE SUBSCRIBERS: 4.8 billion

More than 100,000 visitors attend Mobile World Congress 2016

GSMA’s Mobile IoT Initiative drives adoption of standardised

LPWA solutions

More than 53,000 visitors to Mobile World Congress Shanghai

GSMA and CTIA partner to launch new Mobile World Congress

Americas event

Mobile industry commits to achieve UN Sustainable Development

Goals

GSMA Mobile Connect available to 3 billion consumers globally

GSMA launches Universal Profile for Advanced Messaging

GSMA publishes first ‘Mobile Industry Impact Report’ on the

SDGs

2017 Sunil Bharti Mittal begins two-year term as GSMA chair

Number of registered mobile money accounts reaches half a billion

More than 108,000 visitors attend Mobile World Congress 2017

GSMA certified carbon neutral for all GSMA events and

worldwide offices for 2016

Unique mobile subscribers surpass 5 billion

More than 67,400 visitors to Mobile World Congress Shanghai

More than 21,000 attendees visited inaugural “Mobile World

Congress Americas, in partnership with CTIA”
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2.5: The Types in GSM Network

- GSM-900 (Channels 125 operating band 900 MHz carrier spacing 200
kHz spacing 45MHz)

- GSM-1800 (Channels 374 spacing 95 MHz)

- GSM-1900 (Used in USA)

2.6: GSM System specification

Frequency band

Uplink 890-915 MHz

Downlink 935-960 MHz

Duplex frequency spacing 45 MHz

Carrier separation 200 KHz

Frequency Channels 124

Time Slots / Frame (full rate) 8

Voice Coder Bit Rate 13 Kbps

Modulation GSMK

Air transmission rate 270.833333 Kbps

Access method FDMA / TDMA

Speech Coder RPE-LTP-LPC

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2.7: Future of GSM

3. Multiple Access Technique

Multiple Access is the use of multiplexing techniques to provide

communication service to multiple users over a single channel. It allows for many
users at one time by sharing a finite amount of spectrum.

A large number of geographically separated users share a common

communication medium to transmit information to a receiver. There must be a
coordinated effort to share the resource – otherwise all users would be interfering with
each other.
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Depending on the channel type, specific multiple access technique can be used
for communication. The channel types and the associated multiple access techniques
are as follows:

Frequency Channels [Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)] -The

available bandwidth is subdivided into a number of narrower band channels. Each user
is allocated a unique frequency band in which to transmit and receive on. Wavelength
Division Multiple Access (WDMA) is a related to FDMA. Wavelength is used in
optical fiber communication systems to partition channels. All wavelengths propagate
within a single optical fiber.

Time-slot Within Frequency Bands [Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)] -

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a digital cellular telephone communication
technology. It facilitates many users to share the same frequency without interference.
Its technology divides a signal into different timeslots, and increases the data carrying
capacity.
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Distinct Codes [Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)] - Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) is a sort of multiplexing that facilitates various signals to occupy a
single transmission channel. It optimizes the use of available bandwidth. The
technology is commonly used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone
systems, bands ranging between the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz.

4. FDMA

FDMA is the process of dividing one channel or bandwidth into multiple

individual bands, each for use by a single user (Fig. 1). Each individual band or
channel is wide enough to accommodate the signal spectra of the transmissions to be
propagated. The data to be transmitted is modulated on to each subcarrier, and all of
them are linearly mixed together.

FDMA divides the shared medium bandwidth into individual channels.

Subcarriers modulated by the information to be transmitted occupy each sub channel.

The best example of this is the cable television system. The medium is a single
coax cable that is used to broadcast hundreds of channels of video/audio programming
to homes. The coax cable has a useful bandwidth from about 4 MHz to 1 GHz. This
bandwidth is divided up into 6-MHz wide channels. Initially, one TV station or
channel used a single 6-MHz band. But with digital techniques, multiple TV channels
may share a single band today thanks to compression and multiplexing techniques
used in each channel.

This technique is also used in fiber optic communications systems. A single

fiber optic cable has enormous bandwidth that can be subdivided to provide FDMA.
Different data or information sources are each assigned a different light frequency for
transmission. Light generally isn’t referred to by frequency but by its wavelength (λ).
As a result, fiber optic FDMA is called wavelength division multiple access (WDMA)
or just wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).

One of the older FDMA systems is the original analog telephone system, which
used a hierarchy of frequency multiplex techniques to put multiple telephone calls on
single line. The analog 300-Hz to 3400-Hz voice signals were used to modulate
subcarriers in 12 channels from 60 kHz to 108 kHz. Modulator/mixers created single
sideband (SSB) signals, both upper and lower sidebands. These subcarriers were then
further frequency multiplexed on subcarriers in the 312-kHz to 552-kHz range using
the same modulation methods. At the receiving end of the system, the signals were
sorted out and recovered with filters and demodulators.
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Original aerospace telemetry systems used an FDMA system to accommodate

multiple sensor data on a single radio channel. Early satellite systems shared
individual 36-MHz bandwidth transponders in the 4-GHz to 6-GHz range with
multiple voice, video, or data signals via FDMA. Today, all of these applications use
TDMA digital techniques.

5. TDMA

TDMA is a digital technique that divides a single channel or band into time
slots. Each time slot is used to transmit one byte or another digital segment of each
signal in sequential serial data format. This technique works well with slow voice data
signals, but it’s also useful for compressed video and other high-speed data.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a complex technology, because it

requires an accurate synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver. TDMA
is used in digital mobile radio systems. The individual mobile stations cyclically
assign a frequency for the exclusive use of a time interval.

In most of the cases, the entire system bandwidth for an interval of time is not
assigned to a station. However, the frequency of the system is divided into sub-bands,
and TDMA is used for the multiple access in each sub-band. Sub-bands are known as
carrier frequencies. The mobile system that uses this technique is referred as the multi-
carrier systems.
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The frequency band has been shared by three users. Each user is assigned
definite timeslots to send and receive data. User ‘B’ sends after user ‘A’ and user ‘C’
sends thereafter. In this way, the peak power becomes a problem and larger by the
burst communication.

6. CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access system is very different from time and
frequency multiplexing. In this system, a user has access to the whole bandwidth for
the entire duration. The basic principle is that different CDMA codes are used to
distinguish among the different users.

Techniques generally used are direct sequence spread spectrum modulation

(DS-CDMA), frequency hopping or mixed CDMA detection (JDCDMA). Here, a
 18

signal is generated which extends over a wide bandwidth. A code called spreading
code is used to perform this action. Using a group of codes, which are orthogonal to
each other, it is possible to select a signal with a given code in the presence of many
other signals with different orthogonal codes.

CDMA allows up to 61 concurrent users in a 1.2288 MHz channel by

processing each voice packet with two PN codes. There are 64 Walsh codes available
to differentiate between calls and theoretical limits. Operational limits and quality
issues will reduce the maximum number of calls somewhat lower than this value.

In fact, many different "signals" baseband with different spreading codes can be
modulated on the same carrier to allow many different users to be supported. Using
different orthogonal codes, interference between the signals is minimal. Conversely,
when signals are received from several mobile stations, the base station is capable of
isolating each as they have different orthogonal spreading codes.

The following figure shows the technicality of the CDMA system. During the
propagation, we mixed the signals of all users, but by that you use the same code as
the code that was used at the time of sending the receiving side. You can take out only
the signal of each user.
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6.1: Advantages and disadvantages of CDMA

The term CDMA full from is Code Division Multiple Access. It is one type of
cellular technology in which two main system Base system and mobile subscriber or
users. It allows multiple transmitters to transmit information over a single channel
simultaneously. CDMA system works based on spread spectrum concept.

Advantages of CDMA :

- CDMA channel is not easily decodable hence it offers increases cellular

communication securities
- Call quality is better with more consistent sound as compared to GSM
- Less interference due to hand off features reduces call dropping
- Gives better coverage and needs few antenna sites and also consumes less
power
- Increase user capacity because of more users per MHz of bandwidth than any
other system so that it has 4 to 5 times capacity than GSM
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- Better multipath performance

- The frequency reuse plan is easier to manage
- Smaller phones
- Greatest spectrum efficiency
- Low power requirement
- Increase efficiency as it can serve more users
- High voice quality as well as signal quality
- Flexible allocation of resources
- Operate at a very low power level
- CDMA does not require any synchronization
- It has many numbers of users can share in the same bandwidth
- Efficient practical utilization of fixed frequency spectrum
- No sense of handoff when changing cells
- Easy to add many numbers of users
- Increase user resources
- Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent

Disadvantages of CDMA :

- Time synchronization is required

- It can't offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage
- The CDMA system performance degrades with an increase in the number of
users
- A network of CDMA is not mature because it is relatively new with GSM
- In while we are using CDMA, code length can be carefully selected, because it
can induce delay
- When the number of users increases, the overall quality of service decreases.
- Self-jamming problem
- The near-far problem arises when we are using CDMA techniques
- Higher cost due to the greater equipment
- Reduce capacity because gradual transfer increases the use of radio resources

6.2: Advantages and disadvantages of TDMA

TDMA full form is Time Division Multiple Access uses time instead of
frequency. It is used to facilitate channel sharing without interference. Different user
shares the same time slot of the complete time available. Each user to allocate a time
slot in which the user can access the channel and in each slot, only one user is allowed
to transmit or receive.
 21

TDMA was more used by Europe, Japan, and Asian countries, whereas CDMA
is widely used in North and South America. But nowadays both technologies are very
popular throughout the world.

Advantages of TDMA :

- TDMA can easily adapt to the transmission of data as well as voice

communication.
- It has the ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
- No interference from simultaneous transmission.
- TDMA is the cost-effective technology to convert an analogue system to digital.
- Share a single carrier frequency with multiple users
- Mobile assisted handoff possible
- TDMA provides the user with extended battery life since transmitting the only
portion of the time during conversations
- Flexible bit rate
- No frequency guard band required
- No need of a precise narrowband filter
- TDMA separates users according to time ensures that there will be no
interference from the simultaneous transmission.
- TDMA allows the operator to do services like fax, voiceband data, SMS as well
as applications such as multimedia and video conferencing.
- TDMA offers substantial savings in base-station equipment, space, and
maintenance, an important factor as cell sizes grow ever smaller.
- Dual band 800/1900 MHz.
- It is the only technology that offers an efficient utilization of hierarchal cell
structures like pico, micro, and macro.

Disadvantages of TDMA :

In TDMA each user has a predefined time slot so that users roaming from one
cell to another are not allotted a time slot. Thus, if all the time slots in the next cell are
already occupied, a cell might well be disconnected. In the same way, if all the time
slots in the cell in which a user happens to be in are already occupied, a user will not
receive a dial tone.

It is subjected to multipath distortion. A signal coming from a tower and receive

to handset might come from any one of several directions so on the road signal
bounced off several different buildings before arriving which can cause interference.

- Network and spectrum planning is intensive.

 22

- Too few users result in ideal channels rural versus urban environment.
- High synchronization overhead.
- Frequency/slot allocation is to be complex in TDMA.
- Equalization was necessary for high data rates.
- Demands high peak power on the uplink in transient mode.
- Signal processing is required for matched filtering and correlation detection.

6.3: Advantages and disadvantages of FDMA

The term FDMA full form is Frequency Division Multiple Access gives users
an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands or channel. As FDMA
system use low bit rates compared to average delay spread it offers the following
advantages.

Advantages of FDMA :
- Synchronization is not necessary
- If the channel is not used, it sits idle
- Capacity can be increased can obtain efficient bit code
- Very simple and easy to implement with respect to hardware resources
- The complexity of the system is low
- Simple algorithmically and from a hardware standpoint
- All station can operate continuously to 24 hours without having to wait for their
turn to come
- The reduction of the information bit rate can make a good effect on the capacity
- No need for any network timing
- FDMA is efficient, so it manages less number of a user population
- No restriction regarding the type of base-band or modulation
- Reduce cost and lowers the intersymbol interference ( ISI )
Disadvantages of FDMA :
- Cell site cost is high
- The bandwidth of the FDMA channel is narrow
- Carry only one phone circuit at a time
- As a result of nonlinear, inter-modulation products are generated
- Inter modulation frequencies can cause adjacent channel interference
- Network planing is time consuming
- Spectrum planning is cumbersome and time consuming
- Does not differ significantly from an analog system
- The presence of guard band
- Frequency allocated permanently
- Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed
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- Crosstalk may cause interference among frequency and disrupt the transmission

7. Empirical Propagation Models

Okumura and Hata are among the two empirical propagation models.The two
basic propagation models are free space loss and plane earth loss would be requiring
detailed knowledge of the location and constitutive parameters of building, terrain
feature, every tree and terrain feature in the area to be covered. It is too complex to be
practical and would be providing an unnecessary amount of detail therefore
appropriate way of accounting for these complex effects is by an empirical model.
There are many empirical prediction models like, Cost 231 – Hata model, Okumura –
Hata model, Sakagami- Kuboi model, Cost 231 Walfisch – Ikegami mod

8. The Okumura-Hata Model

The Hata model is a radio propagation model for predicting the path loss of
cellular transmissions in exterior environments, valid for microwave frequencies from
150 to 1500 MHz. It is an empirical formulation based on the data from the Okumura
Model, and is thus also commonly referred to as thr Okumura-Hata model. The model
incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to
realize the effects of diffraction, reflection, and scattering caused by city structures.
Additionally, the Hata Model applies corrections for applications in suburban and
rural environments.
The method involves dividing the prediction area into a series of clutter and
terrain categories, namely open, suburban and urban. These are summarized as
follows;
- Open area; Open space, no tall trees or building in path, plot of land cleared
for 300-400m ahead, e.g. farmland, rice field, open fields.
- Suburban area; Village or highway scattered with trees and houses, some
obstacles near the mobile but nor very congested.
- Urban area; Built up city or large town with large building and houses
with two or more storeys, or large villages with close houses and tall, thickly
grown trees.

Okumura’s predictions of median path loss are usually calculated using Hata’s
approximations as follows;

Urban areas L dB = A + B log R – E

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Suburban areas L dB = A + B lo g R – C

Open area L dB = A + B log R – D

Where,

A = 69.55 + 26.16 log fc – 13.82 log h b

B = 44.9 – 6.55 log h b

C = 2(log (fc / 28)2 + 5.4

D = 4.78(log fc) 2 – 18.33 log fc + 40.94

E = 3.2(log (11.75hm)) 2 – 4.97 for large cities, fc ≥ 300MHz

E = 8.29(log (1.54hm)) 2 – 1.1 for large cities, fc < 300MHz

E = (1.1 log fc – 0.7) h m – (1.56 log fc – 0.8) for medium to small cities.

The model is valid only for 150 MHz ≤ f c ≤ 1500 MHz, 30 m ≤ hb ≤ 200m,
1m < h m <10m and R > 1km. The path loss exponent is given by B/10, which is a
little less than 4, decreasing with increasing base station height.

Base station antenna height h b is defined as the height above the average ground
level in the range 3-10km from the base station, h b may therefore vary slightly with
the direction of the mobile from the base. The height gain factor varies between 6 dB
per octave and 9 dB per octave as the height increases from 30m to 1km.
Measurements also suggest this factor depends upon range.

Okumura found that mobile antenna height gain is 3 dB per octave up to h

m=3m and 8 dB per octave beyond. It depends partially upon urban density apparently

as a result of the effect of building height on the angle-of-arrival of wave energy at the
mobile and the consequent shadow loss variation. Urban areas are therefore
subdivided into large cities and medium/small cities, where an area having an average
building height in excess of 15m is defined as a large city.

9. Base Station (BS) Transmitter Power Level by Cell Radius And Path Loss.

The rapid growth in demand for mobile communication has led. The engineers
to dedicate their times on researches to provide the mobile subscriber the quality of
service (QoS), to support wide range of service and improve the system capacity. The
small cell system allow greater spectral reuse larger Capacity. However, small cell
system induce an increasing number of hand off while overlying cell provide coverage
 25

and service for higher speed users, one of the most major challenges in the cellular
system design is to allocate the mobile user. Here, will see an overview of different
simulation of cell planning in order to provide adequate coverage by seeing the effect
of path loss (Rata-Okumura) on the cell in different reign (Urban - Suburban - Open)
and antenna height. Also the effect of cell size on the population (P), average call time
(T), subscriber number per cell (SNPC) and call number per hour (n).The effect of
power transmitter on the path loss (L) and distance from cell radius (R). Also the
system capacity on the cell reuse factor (N), also the effect of population on the
average call time (T) and cell number (CN) finally the initiation of the handoff with
the Received Signal Strength (RSS) to find the distance of the handoff here will use
just two algorithms of handoff.

a- Received Signal Strength (RSS) with Hysteresis (H).

b- Received Signal Strength (RSS) with Hysteresis (H) and threshold.

9.1: The impact of changing the cell size

Cell size is changeable with many factor such as the power level Path loss , the
population of the region and time average for each call all these will have a measure
impact on the designing the cell size with the experiment on Mathcad program. The
cell size is different dependent on the region that will be implement on it such as urban
need to have small radius cells with many cells to be capable to handle the capacity of
area and the path loss cased from high traffic, but in the open region the cell radius can
be wider because of population of the area and the building are less.

9.2: The impact of changing power level

The users are allowed to transmit different types of traffic, such as voice, data,
and compressed video. Each types of the text has requirement certain bandwidth
among the wireless communication for deferent regions, by doing to change the
parameters such as path loss, and cell radius to see the impact on the power level for
three region ( urban, suburban, open)

9.3: The impact of changing the path loss

The performances of wireless communication system depend on the mobile

radio channel. The radio wave propagation has different mechanisms such reflection,
diffraction, and scattering. The propagation models have average signal strength and
its variable at a given distance from the transmitter. The different propagation models
exist for different types of environment ( e.g., urban, rural, suburban), so what will be
 26

used here is ( Hata Okumura model), to see the impact of changing the parameters,
such the distance of mobile from the base station, and antenna height in section 4.1.3.
other studies will be held on impact of varies the populations, reuse factor and using
the concept of handoff algorithms to find the distance for the mobile station can be
tolerate within a cell.

10. Cellular System Architecture

Increases in demand and the poor quality of service led the mobile service
provider to do research to improve the quality of service (QoS) and to support more
users in their system. Because the amount of frequency spectrum available for mobile
cellular use was limited, efficient use of the required frequency was needed for mobile
cellular coverage. In modern cellular telephone, rural and urban regions are divided
into areas according to specific future needs. The need for each region is planned
according to the engineering plan that includes cells, clusters, frequency reuse and
handoff.

11. Cells

A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term of cellular
comes from the honeycomb shape of the area into which coverage area is divided, it is
base station transmitting over small geographic area that are represented as hexagons
(10). Each cell size varies depending on the landscape, because of constraint imposed
by natural region also by the human made structure, but to be true the shape of the cell
is not a perfect hexagon (10). Cell size is category in three main parts (3):

I- Macro cells: It size between 1 to 30 Km radius, which is can be

used for large coverage area, where area has no a lot of building and
pedestrian.
II- Micro cell: It size 200 to 2000 m radius which to improve or
extend coverage in “hot spot" (i.e., large office building) airports
terminals, indoor sporting area shopping center, etc. ...
III- Pico cell: It sizes 2 to 200 m radiuses. Pico cells are used in
congested mobile phone areas, such as city centers or at exhibition
centers.
 27

12. Handoff

It is a process of transferring a call to another base station, when a user crosses

the boundary between adjacent cells while a call is in progress, The handoff can occur
even if the user is not actively involved in a call where the systems will automatically
handoff and a user among cells as long as the mobile is trued on and the user is
moving where the procedure of handoff.

1- The mobile win try to identify appropriate new base station to handoff
2- The mobile also will try to find available voice channel to switch into if
not the mobile will hang with old channel until the power signal become
weak below the threshold voltage and the call will be dropped.
3- Also a good issue here of finding the optimal handoff time, it is very
important in which to decrease the handoff number.

There are two discussions should be in mind where try to handoff:

The mobile position: is the mobile approaching the cell boundary or
not.
Mobile speed: how fast mobile is moving that will lead to have
quicker handoffs.

13. Geography of Tatkon region and Calculation of Path Loss

Calculating the path loss for GSM Mobile network with the frequency of 900
MHz in Tatkon Township, which are located in the center of the Country. Tatkon is
the small city of the Nay Pyi Taw, Ottara District of Myanmar. According to the 2014
census, total population was estimated as over 217093; the population density (percent
per Km2) is 120.5 persons. Population in conventional households of rural is 170730
and urban population is over 39840.
The Tatkon district has an area of 1802.3 square kilometers. On the west is
the Yangon-Mandalay Highway Road, and on the east the Bago Yoma ; and the face
of the country, where it does not rise into mountains, is everywhere broken by low
ranges of hills, many of which are barren and lack vegetation. The greater part of the
district is wooded, and the mountains to the east and west are covered with forests.
Path loss is the reduction in power of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates
through space. It is the major component in analysis and design of link budget of a
communication system. Path loss prediction plays an important role in the design of
cellular system. Path loss may be due to many effects such as free-space
 28

loss, refraction, diffraction,  reflection,  aperture-medium  coupling loss. Path loss is

also influenced by terrain contours, environment (urban or rural, vegetation and
foliage), propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance between the transmitter
and the receiver, and the height and location of antennas (Transmitter and Receiver).
Mobile Communication comes under wireless communication, which depends on
propagation of waves in free space and transmission of data. It extends service by
providing mobility for users, which fulfills the subscribers demand at any terrain
covered by wireless network. So the calculation of path loss is very important for
mobile communication such as GSM.
Calculation of the path loss is usually called prediction. Exact prediction is
possible only for simpler cases, such as the free space propagation or the flat-earth
model. For practical cases the path loss is calculated using a variety of
approximations. Okumura and Hata are among the two empirical propagation models.
These two basic propagation models require detail knowledge of the location and
constitutive parameters of building, terrain features, trees and other obstacles feature
in the area to be covered.
In mobile communications, the terrain between the transmitter and the receiver
plays a very important role in determining the signal strength at the receiver.
Okumura-Hata model is one of the popular models, especially used for urban areas. It
is generally applied for frequencies in the range of 150 MHz-1500 MHz, for a distance
separation ranging from 1 km to 100 km, and for antenna heights from 30 m to 200 m.
GSM towers in Tatkon Township by using Okumura-Hata model and 45 degree
antenna having eight for all of the mobile towers and path loss range between 120dB
and 130dB. The overlap area is not exceeding 100 meters between each cell.
 29

16. Comparison of proposal and actual designs

The proposal and actual of the base stations of GSM-900 MHz Network which
will be placed in Tatkon Township, Nay Pyi Taw, Ottara District of Myanmar is
calculated. All the calculations of path loss for every sectors (8 sectors, from path 1 to
path 8 proposal) and (3 sectors, from path 1 to 11 actual) of each base stations are
done by the Okumura-Hata Model and those detailed calculations and estimated
allocation of base stations and its respective cell in Tatkon Township, are shown in
figures.

According to the calculations 8 tower stations will be needed in proposal design

in order to get the fully access to the GSM-900 MHz network and actual design has 11
tower stations in Tatkon , Nay Pyi Taw, Ottara District of Myanmar . The proposal
locations of each required tower stations are listed as followed:

1. Tower station 1 - 20° 7'59.23"N

96°12'0.44"E

2. Tower station 2 - 20° 7'59.13"N

96°13'17.42"E

3. Tower station 3 - 20° 6'49.61"N

96°10'38.90"E

4. Tower station 4 - 20° 6'26.40"N

96°12'45.73"E

5. Tower station 5 - 20° 7'59.13"N

96°15'3.81"E

6. Tower station 6 - 20° 8'52.30"N

96°10'13.45"E

7. Tower station 7 - 20° 5'17.45"N

96°14'40.16"E

8. Tower station 8 - 20° 9'34.56"N

96°12'8.02"E
 30

The actual locations of each tower stations are listed as followed:

1. Tower station 1 - 20° 7'21.31"N

96°10'29.86"E

2. Tower station 2 - 20° 7'46.08"N

96°11'36.33"E

3. Tower station 3 - 20° 7'51.32"N

96°11'50.74"E

4. Tower station 4 - 20° 7'58.61"N

96°12'15.97"E

5. Tower station 5 - 20° 8'11.05"N

96°12'6.11"E

6. Tower station 6 - 20° 8'24.03"N

96°12'20.49"E

7. Tower station 7 - 20° 8'0.27"N

96°13'0.23"E

8. Tower station 8 - 20° 7'59.22"N

96°13'33.80"E

9. Tower station 9 - 20° 7'28.87"N

96°12'48.78"E

10.Tower station 10 - 20° 6'32.72"N

96°11'40.74"E

11.Tower station 11 - 20° 6'52.23"N

96°14'9.69"E
 31

Actual design has 11 towers and proposal design has only 8 towers. 11 towers
of the actual design have placed very nearly some of the places no necessary.
Although these towers of the actual design can coverage the tatkon township area, it
can cost a great cost of money. Our proposal design has only 8 towers, so we can
reduce cost of money and only 3 towers need to coverage the tatkon township area and
5 towers can coverage outside area. Decibel of actual design are not the same each
other. Proposal design’s dB is between 120-130 decibels. Actual design has 3 rays for
one tower approximately and proposal design has 8 rays.