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MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

This document summarizes tutorial problems for a course on ordinary differential equations. It covers: [1] Finding orthogonal trajectories of families of curves. [2] Deriving the differential equation for oblique trajectories with a given angle between tangents. [3] Solving first order differential equations, including the Ricatti equation. [4] Discussing existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems. [5] Using Picard's method of successive approximations to find solutions.

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Akshay Narasimha
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64 views

MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

This document summarizes tutorial problems for a course on ordinary differential equations. It covers: [1] Finding orthogonal trajectories of families of curves. [2] Deriving the differential equation for oblique trajectories with a given angle between tangents. [3] Solving first order differential equations, including the Ricatti equation. [4] Discussing existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems. [5] Using Picard's method of successive approximations to find solutions.

Uploaded by

Akshay Narasimha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

IIT Guwahati

Tutorial Sheet No. 8 Date: March 16, 2020

First order ODEs, orthogonal trajectories, IVPs, Picard’s Theorem

1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following families of curves.

i) y = cex . ii) x2 = 2y − 1 + ce−2y .


dy
2. Let a family of curves be the integral curves of a differential equation dx =
f (x, y). Let a second family of curves have the property that at each point
of intersection P (x, y) with the first family, the angle between the rspective
tangents is always equal to α. If α 6= π2 , then each family of curves is said to
be a family of oblique trajectories of the other.

(a) Show that the curves of the second family are solutions of the differential
dy f (x,y)+tan α
equation dx = 1−f (x,y) tan α .
π
(b) Use part (a) to find the family of oblique trajectories with α = 4 of all
circles x2 + y 2 = c2 .

3. Solve (x − y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0.


dy
4. The nonlinear equation = P (x) + Q(x)y + R(x)y 2 is referred to as the
dx
Ricatti equation. Observe that if R(x) = 0, then it is a linear equation and if
P (x) = 0, then it is a Bernoulli equation. Show that if y1 is a known particular
solution of the Ricatti equation, then it has a family of solutions y = y1 + u
where u is the solution of
du
− (Q + 2y1 R)u = Ru2 .
dx
R
e (Q+2y1 R)dx
Use this fact to establish that y = y1 − R R
(Q+2y1 R)dx Rdx
is a family of
e −C
solutions of the given Ricatti equation.

5. Use the above result to solve the following Ricatti equations where a particular
solution is given for each case.

dy 4 y 2
(i) = − 2 − + y 2 , (y1 = ).
dx x x x
dy
(ii) = sec2 x + y tan x − y 2 , (y1 = tan x).
dx

1
6. Discuss the existence and uniqueness of a solution of the following initial value
problems (IVP) in the region R : |x| ≤ 1 |y| ≤ 1.
dy dy p
(a) = 3y 2/3 , y(0) = 0; (b) = |y|, y(0) = 0;
dx dx
dy 2 2
(c) = x + y , y(0) = 0.
dx
7. Show that the equation |y 0 (x)| + |y(x)| + 1 = 0 has no real solutions.

8. Find particular solutions of the following.


(a) xy 0 + 3y = sin x
x2
, x 6= 0, y(π/2) = 1.
(
0 2, 0 ≤ x < 1,
(b) y + y = f (x), y(0) = 0, where f (x) =
0, x ≥ 1.

9. A point P is dragged along the xy plane by a string P T of length a. If T


starts at the origin and moves along the positive y axis and if P starts at
(a, 0), assuming that the string is always tangent to the curve traced by P,
what is the path of P ?
dy tan y
10. Verify that the initial value problem = , y(1) = π/2 has infinitely
dx x
many solutions. Explain why this does not contradict Picard’s Theorem.

11. Use Picard’s method of successive approximation to find y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 . Deter-


mine the limit of the sequence {yn (x)} as n → ∞.

(i) y 0 = −y, y(0) = 1.


(ii) y 0 = x + y, y(0) = 1.

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