Learn

Complete
Python
In
Simple Way

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DICTIONARY
DATA STRUCTURE
STUDY MATERIAL

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֍ We can use List, Tuple and Set to represent a group of individual objects as a single
entity.
֍ If we want to represent a group of objects as key-value pairs then we should go for
Dictionary.

Eg:
 rollno ---- name
 phone number -- address
 ipaddress --- domain name

֍ Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.

֍ Hetrogeneous objects are allowed for both key and values.
֍ Insertion order is not preserved
֍ Dictionaries are mutable
֍ Dictionaries are dynamic
֍ indexing and slicing concepts are not applicable

Note: In C++ and Java Dictionaries are known as "Map" where as in Perl and Ruby it is
known as "Hash"

How to Create Dictionary?

 d = {} OR d = dict()
 We are creating empty dictionary. We can add entries as follows

1) d[100]="durga"
2) d[200]="ravi"
3) d[300]="shiva"
4) print(d)  {100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}

 If we know data in advance then we can create dictionary as follows

 d = {100:'durga' ,200:'ravi', 300:'shiva'}
 d = {key:value, key:value}

How to Access Data from the Dictionary?

We can access data by using keys.

1) d = {100:'durga',200:'ravi', 300:'shiva'}
2) print(d[100]) #durga
3) print(d[300]) #shiva

If the specified key is not available then we will get KeyError

print(d[400])  KeyError: 400

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We can prevent this by checking whether key is already available or not by using
has_key() function or by using in operator.

d.has_key(400)  Returns 1 if key is available otherwise returns 0

But has_key() function is available only in Python 2 but not in Python 3. Hence
compulsory we have to use in operator.

if 400 in d:
print(d[400])

Q) Write a Program to Enter Name and Percentage Marks

in a Dictionary and Display Information on the Screen
1) rec={}
2) n=int(input("Enter number of students: "))
3) i=1
4) while i <=n:
5) name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
6) marks=input("Enter % of Marks of Student: ")
7) rec[name]=marks
8) i=i+1
9) print("Name of Student","\t","% of marks")
10) for x in rec:
11) print("\t",x,"\t\t",rec[x])

D:\Python_classes>py test.py
Enter number of students: 3
Enter Student Name: durga
Enter % of Marks of Student: 60%
Enter Student Name: ravi
Enter % of Marks of Student: 70%
Enter Student Name: shiva
Enter % of Marks of Student: 80%

Name of Student % of marks

--------------- ------------
durga 60%
ravi 70 %
shiva 80%

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How to Update Dictionaries?
֍ d[key] = value
֍ If the key is not available then a new entry will be added to the dictionary with the
specified key-value pair
֍ If the key is already available then old value will be replaced with new value.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d)
3) d[400]="pavan"
4) print(d)
5) d[100]="sunny"
6) print(d)

Output
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva', 400: 'pavan'}
{100: 'sunny', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva', 400: 'pavan'}

How to Delete Elements from Dictionary?

1) del d[key]
 It deletes entry associated with the specified key.
 If the key is not available then we will get KeyError.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d)
3) del d[100]
4) print(d)
5) del d[400]

Output
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}
{200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}
KeyError: 400

2) d.clear()
To remove all entries from the dictionary.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d)
3) d.clear()
4) print(d)

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Output
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}
{}

3) del d
To delete total dictionary.Now we cannot access d.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d)
3) del d
4) print(d)

Output
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}
NameError: name 'd' is not defined

Important Functions of Dictionary:

1) dict():
To create a dictionary

 d = dict()  It creates empty dictionary

 d = dict({100:"durga",200:"ravi"})  It creates dictionary with specified elements
 d = dict([(100,"durga"),(200,"shiva"),(300,"ravi")])
 It creates dictionary with the given list of tuple elements

2) len()
Returns the number of items in the dictionary.

3) clear():
To remove all elements from the dictionary.

4) get():
To get the value associated with the key

d.get(key)
If the key is available then returns the corresponding value otherwise returns None.It
wont raise any error.

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d.get(key,defaultvalue)
If the key is available then returns the corresponding value otherwise returns default
value.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d[100])  durga
3) print(d[400])  KeyError:400
4) print(d.get(100))  durga
5) print(d.get(400))  None
6) print(d.get(100,"Guest"))  durga
7) print(d.get(400,"Guest"))  Guest

5) pop():
d.pop(key)
 It removes the entry associated with the specified key and returns the
corresponding value.
 If the specified key is not available then we will get KeyError.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d.pop(100))
3) print(d)
4) print(d.pop(400))

Output
durga
{200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}
KeyError: 400

6) popitem():
It removes an arbitrary item(key-value) from the dictionaty and returns it.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d)
3) print(d.popitem())
4) print(d)

Output
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva'}
(300, 'shiva')
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi'}
If the dictionary is empty then we will get KeyError
d={}
print(d.popitem()) ==>KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'

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7) keys():
It returns all keys associated eith dictionary.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d.keys())
3) for k in d.keys():
4) print(k)

Output
dict_keys([100, 200, 300])
100
200
300

8) values():
It returns all values associated with the dictionary.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d.values())
3) for v in d.values():
4) print(v)

Output
dict_values(['durga', 'ravi', 'shiva'])
durga
ravi
shiva

9) items():
It returns list of tuples representing key-value pairs.
[(k,v),(k,v),(k,v)]

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) for k,v in d.items():
3) print(k,"--",v)

Output
100 -- durga
200 -- ravi
300 -- shiva

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10) copy():
To create exactly duplicate dictionary (cloned copy)
d1 = d.copy();

11) setdefault():
d.setdefault(k,v)
 If the key is already available then this function returns the corresponding value.
 If the key is not available then the specified key-value will be added as new item to
the dictionary.

1) d={100:"durga",200:"ravi",300:"shiva"}
2) print(d.setdefault(400,"pavan"))
3) print(d)
4) print(d.setdefault(100,"sachin"))
5) print(d)

Output
pavan
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva', 400: 'pavan'}
durga
{100: 'durga', 200: 'ravi', 300: 'shiva', 400: 'pavan'}

12) update():
d.update(x)
All items present in the dictionary x will be added to dictionary d

Q) Write a Program to take Dictionary from the Keyboard

and print the Sum of Values?
1) d=eval(input("Enter dictionary:"))
2) s=sum(d.values())
3) print("Sum= ",s)

Output
D:\Python_classes>py test.py
Enter dictionary:{'A':100,'B':200,'C':300}
Sum= 600

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Q) Write a Program to find Number of Occurrences of each Letter
present in the given String?
1) word=input("Enter any word: ")
2) d={}
3) for x in word:
4) d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1
5) for k,v in d.items():
6) print(k,"occurred ",v," times")

Output
D:\Python_classes>py test.py
Enter any word: mississippi
m occurred 1 times
i occurred 4 times
s occurred 4 times
p occurred 2 times

Q) Write a Program to find Number of Occurrences of each Vowel

present in the given String?
1) word=input("Enter any word: ")
2) vowels={'a','e','i','o','u'}
3) d={}
4) for x in word:
5) if x in vowels:
6) d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1
7) for k,v in sorted(d.items()):
8) print(k,"occurred ",v," times")

Output
D:\Python_classes>py test.py
Enter any word: doganimaldoganimal
a occurred 4 times
i occurred 2 times
o occurred 2 times

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Q) Write a Program to accept Student Name and Marks from the
Keyboard and creates a Dictionary. Also display Student Marks
by taking Student Name as Input?
1) n=int(input("Enter the number of students: "))
2) d={}
3) for i in range(n):
4) name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
5) marks=input("Enter Student Marks: ")
6) d[name]=marks
7) while True:
8) name=input("Enter Student Name to get Marks: ")
9) marks=d.get(name,-1)
10) if marks== -1:
11) print("Student Not Found")
12) else:
13) print("The Marks of",name,"are",marks)
14) option=input("Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]")
15) if option=="No":
16) break
17) print("Thanks for using our application")

Output
D:\Python_classes>py test.py
Enter the number of students: 5

Enter Student Name: sunny

Enter Student Marks: 90

Enter Student Name: banny

Enter Student Marks: 80

Enter Student Name: chinny

Enter Student Marks: 70

Enter Student Name: pinny

Enter Student Marks: 60

Enter Student Name: vinny

Enter Student Marks: 50

Enter Student Name to get Marks: sunny

The Marks of sunny are 90

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Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]Yes

Enter Student Name to get Marks: durga

Student Not Found

Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]No

Thanks for using our application

Dictionary Comprehension:
Comprehension concept applicable for dictionaries also.

1) squares={x:x*x for x in range(1,6)}

2) print(squares)
3) doubles={x:2*x for x in range(1,6)}
4) print(doubles)

Output
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}
{1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6, 4: 8, 5: 10}

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