SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

180520240188'

MANUAL for
DC LAB

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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AIM: - To study different types of transmission media

APPRATUS REQUIRED: -

THEORY: -
Transmission Media - Guided
There are 2 basic categories of Transmission Media:

Guided and Unguided.

Guided Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that guides the
data signals along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the
"cabling" system. Guided Media is also known as Bound Media. Cabling
is meant in a generic sense in the previous sentences and is not meant
to be interpreted as copper wire cabling only.
Unguided Transmission Media consists of a means for the data signals
to travel but nothing to guide them along a specific path. The data
signals are not bound to a cabling media and as such are often called
Unbound Media.
There 4 basic types of Guided Media:
 Open Wire
 Twisted Pair
 Coaxial Cable
 Optical Fibre

Coaxial cables have a copper wire running through the middle encased
in plastic insulation.
The plastic insulation is itself encased in a metal braid which is covered
by an outer layer of plastic insulator.
The electrical signals run through the central wire and the metal braid
acts as both an earth and as a shield against electromagnetic
interference.
Diagram
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A BNC connector on a network card

Coaxial cables are connected to devices by means of a special plug

with a bayonet connection. This is called a BNC plug.

Fibre optic cables have a thin strand of glass in the centre that carries
the light pulses.

Cable Type Bandwidth

Open Cable 0 - 5 MHz
Twisted Pair 0 - 100 MHz
Coaxial Cable 0 - 600 MHz
Optical Fibre 0 - 1 GHz

Transmission Media - Unguided

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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Unguided Transmission Media is data signals that flow through the air.
They are not guided or bound to a channel to follow. They are
classified by the type of wave propagation.
RF Propagation
There are 3 types of RF (Radio Frequency) Propagation:
 Ground Wave,
 Ionospheric and
 Line of Sight (LOS) Propagation.
Ground Wave Propagation follows the curvature of the Earth.
Ground Waves have carrier frequencies up to 2 MHz. AM radio is an
example of Ground Wave Propagation.

RESULT: - Thus different types of transmission media are studied.

EXPERIMENT NO – 2
 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

Aim: - to study quadrature phase shift keying modulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:- CRO, experimental kit, power supply,

connecting leads.
BRIEF THEORY:-
PSK:- PSK involves the phase change at the carrier sine wave between
0 to 180 in accordance with the data stream to be transmitted .
PSK modulator is similar to ASK modulator both used balanced
modulator to multiply the carrier with balanced modulator signal. The
digital signal with applied to modulation input for PSK generation is
bipolar i.e. equal positive and negative voltage level.
When the modulating input is positive the out put at modulator is a
line wave in phase with the carrier input whereas for positive voltage
level, the output of modulator is a sine wave which is switched out of
phase by 180 from the carrier input.
Quadrature Phase-shift Keying (QPSK)
QPSK:- in QPSK each pair at consecutive data bit is treated as a two
bit code which is switch the phase of the carrier sine wave between
one at four phase 90º apart. The four possible combinations at bib it
code are 0º, 01, 10, and 11 each code represents either a phase of
45º, 185º, 225º, and 315º lagging, relative to the phase at the
original un modulated carrier QPSK offers an advantage over PSK is a
no carrier that how each phase represents a two bit code rather than a
single bit. This means that either we can charge phase per sec. or the
same amount of data can be transmitted with .

Constellation diagram for QPSK with Gray coding. Each adjacent

symbol only differs by one bit.
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Sometimes known as quaternary or quadriphase PSK or 4-PSK, QPSK

uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a
circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown
in the diagram with Gray coding to minimize the BER — twice the rate
of BPSK. Analysis shows that this may be used either to double the
data rate compared to a BPSK system while maintaining the bandwidth
of the signal or to maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halve the
bandwidth needed.
Although QPSK can be viewed as a quaternary modulation, it is easier
to see it as two independently modulated quadrature carriers. With
this interpretation, the even (or odd) bits are used to modulate the in-
phase component of the carrier, while the odd (or even) bits are used
to modulate the quadrature-phase component of the carrier. BPSK is
used on both carriers and they can be independently demodulated
SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Carrier

Generator

Carrier

Modulation CRO

Circuit

Data Unipolar to

Generator Bipolar

Converter

( Block diagram of PSK)

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

Carrier

Generator

Carrier

Modulation

Circuit
Data Unipolar to

Generator Bipolar
Summing
Converter
amplifier

CRO

Qudrature

Carrier
Carrier
Generator
Modulation

Circuit

Data Unipolar to

Generator Bipolar

Converter

PROCEDURE:-
1. Make the connection according to the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the modulator output to CRO.
3. Observe output on CRO.
WAVE FORM:-
 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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RESULT:-
PSK and QPSK output is obtained on CRO.
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EXPERIMENT NO – 3

Aim: - TO STUDY SERIAL INTERFACE RS - 232.

Appratus Required: - Data Communication Kit

THEORY: -

Introduction to Serial Communications

All IBM PC and compatible computers are typically equipped with two
serial ports and one parallel port. Although these two types of ports
are used for communicating with external devices, they work in
different ways.

A parallel port sends and receives data eight bits at a time over 8
separate wires. This allows data to be transferred very quickly;
however, the cable required is more bulky because of the number of
individual wires it must contain. Parallel ports are typically used to
connect a PC to a printer and are rarely used for much else. A serial
port sends and receives data one bit at a time over one wire. While it
takes eight times as long to transfer each byte of data this way, only a
few wires are required. In fact, two-way (full duplex) communications
is possible with only three separate wires - one to send, one to
receive, and a common signal ground wire.

RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the

latest revision of the standard. The serial ports on most computers use
a subset of the RS-232C standard. The full RS-232C standard specifies
a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used. Most of these pins
are not needed for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new
PCs are equipped with male D type connectors having only 9 pins.

The RS-232 standard states that DTE devices use a 25-pin male
connector, and DCE devices use a 25-pin female connector. You can
therefore connect a DTE device to a DCE using a straight pin-for-pin
connection. However, to connect two like devices, you must instead
use a null modem cable. Null modem cables cross the transmit and
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receive lines in the cable, and are discussed later in this chapter. The
listing below shows the connections and signal directions for both 25
and 9-pin connectors.
The TD (transmit data) wire is the one through which data from a DTE
device is transmitted to a DCE device. This name can be deceiving,
because this wire is used by a DCE device to receive its data. The TD
line is kept in a mark condition by the DTE device when it is idle. The
RD (receive data) wire is the one on which data is received by a DTE
device, and the DCE device keeps this line in a mark condition when
idle.

RTS stands for Request To Send. This line and the CTS line are used
when "hardware flow control" is enabled in both the DTE and DCE
devices. The DTE device puts this line in a mark condition to tell the
remote device that it is ready and able to receive data. If the DTE
device is not able to receive data (typically because its receive buffer
is almost full), it will put this line in the space condition as a signal to
the DCE to stop sending data. When the DTE device is ready to receive
more data (i.e. after data has been removed from its receive buffer), it
will place this line back in the mark condition. The complement of the
RTS wire is CTS, which stands for Clear To Send. The DCE device puts
this line in a mark condition to tell the DTE device that it is ready to
receive the data.
DTR stands for Data Terminal Ready. Its intended function is very
similar to the RTS line. DSR (Data Set Ready) is the companion to DTR
in the same way that CTS is to RTS. Some serial devices use DTR and
DSR as signals to simply confirm that a device is connected and is
turned on.

The RS-232C standard imposes a cable length limit of 50 feet. You

can usually ignore this "standard", since a cable can be as long as
10000 feet at baud rates up to 19200 if you use a high quality, well
shielded cable. The external environment has a large effect on lengths
for unshielded cables. In electrically noisy environments, even very
short cables can pick up stray signals
Diagram :
25 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection)

Male RS232 DB25

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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Pin Number

9 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection)

Male RS232 DB9

Advantages : It is applicable for long distance.

Disadvantage :- Comparatively low speed.

Result : Thus studied RS – 232 standard.

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

EXPERIMENT NO – 4

Aim: - TO STUDY PARALLEL INTERFACE IEEE - 488.

Appratus Required: - Data communication kit

THEORY:

IEEE-488 / HP-IB / GPIB

IEEE-488 stacking connectors

Data signal Parallel data bus with handshaking

Width 8 bits

Bandwidth 8 Mbps

(later extended to 64 Mbps)

Max devices 15
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Protocol Parallel

Cable 20 meters max

Pins 24 (8 data, 5 bus management, 3 handshake, 8 ground)

Connector 24-pin Amphenol-designed micro ribbon

Pin out

A female IEEE-488 connector

Pin 1 DIO1 Data input/output bit.
Pin 2 DIO2 Data input/output bit.
Pin 3 DIO3 Data input/output bit.
Pin 4 DIO4 Data input/output bit.
Pin 5 EOI End-or-identify.
Pin 6 DAV Data valid.
Pin 7 NRFD Not ready for data.
Pin 8 NDAC Not data accepted.
Pin 9 IFC Interface clear.
Pin 10 SRQ Service request.
Pin 11 ATN Attention.
Pin 12 SHIELD
Pin 13 DIO5 Data input/output bit.
Pin 14 DIO6 Data input/output bit.
Pin 15 DIO7 Data input/output bit.
Pin 16 DIO8 Data input/output bit.
Pin 17 REN Remote enable.
Pin 18 GND (wire twisted with DAV)
Pin 19 GND (wire twisted with NRFD)
Pin 20 GND (wire twisted with NDAC)
Pin 21 GND (wire twisted with IFC)
Pin 22 GND (wire twisted with SRQ)
Pin 23 GND (wire twisted with ATN)

IEEE-488 is a short-range, digital communications bus specification. It was originally created for use with automated test

equipment, and is still in wide use for that purpose. IEEE-488 is also commonly known as HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard

Instrument Bus) and GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus).

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

IEEE-488 allows up to 15 devices to share a single 8-bit parallel electrical bus by daisy chaining connections. The slowest

device participates in control and data transfer handshakes to determine the speed of the transaction. The maximum data

rate is about one Mbyte/sec in the original standard, and about 8 Mbyte/sec with IEEE-488.

The IEEE-488 bus employs 16 signal lines — eight bi-directional used for data transfer, three for handshake. and five for

bus management-plus eight ground return lines.

Signals

bus line description

DIO1– Data input/output bits. These 8 lines are used to read and write the 8 bits of a data or command byte that is

DIO8 being sent over the bus.

Not ready for data. NRFD is a handshaking line asserted by listeners to indicate they are not ready to receive a
NRFD
new data byte.

Data valid. This is a handshaking line, used to signal that the value being sent with DIO1-DIO8 is valid. During

DAV transfers the DIO1-DIO8 lines are set, then the DAV line is asserted after a delay called the 'T1 delay'. The T1

delay lets the data lines settle to stable values before they are read.

Not data accepted. NDAC is a handshaking line asserted by listeners to indicate they have not yet read the byte
NDAC
contained on the DIO lines.

Attention. ATN is asserted to indicate that the DIO lines contain a command byte (as opposed to a data byte).
ATN
Also, it is asserted with EOI when conducting parallel polls.

End-or-identify. This line is asserted with the last byte of data during a write, to indicate the end of the message.
EOI
It can also be asserted along with the ATN line to conduct a parallel poll.

Interface clear. The system controller can assert this line (it should be asserted for at least 100 microseconds) to
IFC
reset the bus and make itself controller-in-charge.

Remote enable. Asserted by the system controller, it enables devices to enter remote mode. When REN is

REN asserted, a device will enter remote mode when it is addressed by the controller. When REN is false, all devices

will immediately return to local mode.

Service request. Devices on the bus can assert this line to request service from the controller-in-charge. The

SRQ controller can then poll the devices until it finds the device requesting service, and perform whatever action is

necessary.

Advantage : Fast speed.

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Disadvantage : Apllied for short disdtance.

EXPERIMENT NO – 5

Aim: - TO STUDY LAN USING USING STAR TOPOLOGY .

Rppratus Required: - 4 to 5 computers, cables

Theory: -What is Network Topology?

The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. Physical

topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used to pass information between workstations.

Main Types of Network Topologies

In networking, the term "topology" refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

 Star Topology

 Ring Topology

 Bus Topology

 Tree Topology

 Mesh Topology

 Hybrid Topology

More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.

Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be

a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.

Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will

only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also

fails.)
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DIAGRAM: -

Advantages of a Star Topology

 Easy to install and wire.

 No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.

 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology

 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.

 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.

The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or LocalTalk. Token Ring uses a similar topology, called

the star-wired ring.

RESULT: - Star Topology is studied.

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

EXPERIMENT NO – 6

Aim: - TO STUDY LAN USING BUS TOPOLOGY.

Appratus Required: - 4 to 5 computers , cables

Theory: --What is Network Topology?

The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. Physical

topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used to pass information between workstations.

Main Types of Network Topologies

In networking, the term "topology" refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

 Star Topology

 Ring Topology

 Bus Topology

 Tree Topology

 Mesh Topology

 Hybrid Topology

Bus Topology
l
Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-

2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5 ("ThickNet") both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies.

However, bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen computers are added to a

network.l
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DIAGRAM: -

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.

 Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.

 Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building

Result: - Thus Bus Topology is studied.

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

EXPERIMENT NO – 7

Aim: - TO STUDY LAN USING TREE TOPOLOGY.

Appratus Required: - 4 – 5 Computers , cables.

Theory: --What is Network Topology?

The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. Physical

topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used to pass information between workstations.

Main Types of Network Topologies

In networking, the term "topology" refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

 Star Topology

 Ring Topology

 Bus Topology

 Tree Topology

 Mesh Topology

 Hybrid Topology

Tree Topology

Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect

directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports
 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it

generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.

DIAGRAM: -

Advantages of a Tree Topology

 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

 Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology

 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.

 More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

Result: - Thus Tree Topology is studied.

 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

EXPERIMENT NO – 8

Aim: - TO STUDY CONFIGURE MODEM OF COMPUTER.

Appratus Required: - MODEM and Data communication kit

THEORY: -

The word "modem" is a contraction of the words modulator-demodulator. A modem is typically used to send digital

data over a phone line.

The sending modem modulates the data into a signal that is compatible with the phone line, and the receiving modem

demodulates the signal back into digital data. Wireless modems convert digital data into radio signals and back.

Modems came into existence in the 1960s as a way to allow terminals to connect to computers over the phone lines. A

typical arrangement is shown below:

Types of Modem
Internal
Internal modems are Compact, Inexpensive but difficult to set-up (if not pre-installed with computer package).

External
External modems are - Simple to set up, allow flexible usage but are more expensive than internal modems.

In a configuration like this, a dumb terminal at an off-site office or store could "dial in" to a large, central computer. The

1960s were the age of time-shared computers, so a business would often buy computer time from a time-share facility

and connect to it via a 300-bit-per-second (bps) modem.

A dumb terminal is simply a keyboard and a screen. A very common dumb terminal at the time was called the DEC VT-

100, and it became a standard of the day (now memorialized in terminal emulators worldwide). The VT-100 could display

25 lines of 80 characters each. When the user typed a character on the terminal, the modem sent the ASCII code for the

character to the computer. The computer then sent the character back to the computer so it would appear on the screen.

People got along at 300 bps for quite a while. The reason this speed was tolerable was because 300 bps represents about

30 characters per second, which is a lot more characters per second than a person can type or read. Once people started

transferring large programs and images to and from bulletin board systems, however, 300 bps became intolerable.

Modem speeds went through a series of steps at approximately two-year intervals:

 300 bps - 1960s through 1983 or so

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 1200 bps - Gained popularity in 1984 and 1985

 2400 bps

 9600 bps - First appeared in late 1990 and early 1991

 19.2 kilobits per second (Kbps)

 28.8 Kbps

 33.6 Kbps

 56 Kbps - Became the standard in 1998

 ADSL, with theoretical maximum of up to 8 megabits per second (Mbps) - Gained popularity in 1999

DIAGRAM: -

-
RESULT: - Different types of modems are studied.

EXPERIMENT NO – 9
 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

Aim: - TO CONFIGURE HUB/SWITCH.

Appratus Required: - HUB, Switch and Cables

THEORY: -
The Hubs are the physical hardware devices placed in a central locations. The Hubs can be either multi-port repeaters or

concentration. The Hubs can be of two types:-

a) The Hubs with minimum intelligent (i.e. no microprocessors).

b) Intelligent Hubs which can perform the basic diagnostics and task the nodes to see if they are operating

correctly or not.

The third category can be smart Hubs which can be polled and managed remotely

Purpose of Hub

Hubs are used to provide star topology. At the center of a star is the Hub or the switch with the n/w nodes located on the

tips of the star. The hub is installed in a central wiring clost with all the cables extending out to the n/w nodes. The

advantage of having a central wiring location i.e. it is easier to maintain to troubleshoot large n/w. All n/w cables come to

the central hub. So it is especially easy to detect and fix the cable problems. The user can easily move a workstation in a

star topology by changing the connection to the Hub at the central wiring closet.

BLOCK DIAGRAM: -
RESULT: - Thus Hub is Studied

EXPERIMENT NO – 10

AIM: - TO MAKE INTERCONNECTIONS IN CABLES FOR DATA

COMMUNICATION.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: - Different types of cables

THEORY: -
Ethernet Cables
Comparison between CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6, CAT7 Cables
In the context of the 100-ohm UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) type of cable used for Ethernet wiring the only categories of

interest are Cat3, Cat4, Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat7. CATx is an abbreviation for the category number that defines the

performance of building telecommunications cabling as outlined by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standards.

Some specifications for these categories are shown further down.

Up until the late 1980s thick or thin coaxial cable was typically used for 10-Mbps Ethernet networks, but around that time,

UTP cabling became more commonly used because it was easier to install and less expensive. UTP CAT3 and CAT4 were
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used for a quite limited time since the emergence of 100Base-TX networks meant a quick shift to CAT5. By the year 2000,

moves to gigabit (1000Base-TX) Ethernet LANs created a need for another specification, CAT5e. CAT5e is now being

superseded by CAT6 cable and there is a developing standard for CAT7.

Specifications for Cat3, Cat4, Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat7

Cables

Category Type Spectral B/W Length LAN Applications Notes

Cat3 UTP 16 MHz 100m 10Base-T, 4Mbps Now mainly for telephone cables

Cat4 UTP 20 MHz 100m 16Mbps Rarely seen

Cat5 UTP 100MHz 100m 100Base-Tx,ATM, CDDI Common for current LANs

Cat5e UTP 100MHz 100m 1000Base-T Common for current LANs

Cat6 UTP 250MHz 100m Emerging

Cat7 ScTP 600MHz 100m

It might seem that CAT5 and CAT5e are the same. Pretty much they are, the CAT5e specification simply included some

additional limits over the CAT5 specification. The reality is that most CAT5 cable is in fact CAT5e cable just not certified as

such. Here is a comparison of those extra specifications.

CAT5, CAT5e, and CAT6 UTP Solid Cable Specifications Comparison

Category 5 Category 5e Category 6

Frequency 100 MHz 100 MHz 250 MHz

Attenuation (Min. at 100 MHz) 22 dB 22 dB 19.8 dB

Characteristic Impedance 100 ohms ± 15% 100 ohms ± 15% 100 ohms ± 15%

NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) 32.3 dB 35.3 dB 44.3 dB

PS-NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 32.3 dB 42.3 dB

ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 23.8 dB 27.8 dB

PS-ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 20.8 dB 24.8 dB

Return Loss (Min. at 100 MHz) 16.0 dB 20.1 dB 20.1 dB

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Delay Skew (Max. per 100 m) no specification 45 ns 45 ns

Some modern hubs don't care if you use crossover cables or straight through cables, they work out what you're using and

configure themselves accordingly.

As stated at the outset, the actual difference is in the wiring. Inside the UTP patch cable there are 8 physical wires

although the network only uses 4 of them (the other 4 are simply wasted). The 8 wires are arranged in what's known as

pairs and one pair is used to send information whilst the other pair is used to receive information.

On a PC, the pair on pins 1 and 2 of the connector send information, whilst the pair on pins 3 and 6 receive the

information. To make PCs talk to each we therefore need to connect the send pair of one PC to the receive pair of the

other PC (and vice-a-versa). That means we need a crossover cable. If we used a straight through cable the both be

listening on the one pair - and hearing nothing, and sending on the one pair - achieving nothing.

The most common cable is the straight through cable. In a home or small office network you might only have one

crossover cable used - perhaps from the cable or DSL modem to the distribution hub.

Color Codes

If a cable has 568A color wiring on both ends then it's a straight through cable.

If a cable has 568B color wiring on both ends then it's also a straight through cable.

If a cable has 568A color wiring on one end and 568B color coded wiring on the other end, then it's a crossover cable.

In fact, while the colors are standardized and usually followed, that's not the important part. What's more important is

that one "pair" (wires that are twisted together inside the cable sheath) is used for the transmit side and another pair for

the receive side. If pairs aren't used then it's likely your cable will not work. Pairs are identified by the colors. The orange

wire and the orange with white stripe (or sometimes white with orange stripe) wire are a pair. The brown wire and the

brown with white stripe wire are a pair. Etc.

DIAGRAM: -
 SATYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

RESULT: - CAT types of cables are studied.