Day 3 Contents

Physical layer
Objectives
1. Introduction Physical Layer
2. Signals
3. Transmission Media
4. Cable Installation requirements
5. Implementation

1) Introduction
Physical layer: one of the major roles of Physical layer is to transfer the data
in form of signals through a transmission medium It doesn’t matter what data
you are sending, it can be text, audio, image, video etc. everything is
transferred in form of signals. This happens because a data cannot be sent as
it is over a transmission medium. signals are what a transmission medium
carry

2) Signals are current or electromagnetic wave that carries information

➢ Analog signal is a continuous waveform that changes smoothly over time.
The entire natural signal around us is of this type. (human voice, FM radio,
Analog Phone, Analog Clock)
Analog signal can be represented by four properties like
• AM: Amplitude
• FM: Frequency
• PM: Phase Modular
➢ Digital signal is non-continues, they change in individual steps
The entire digital device are digital signals. (computers, mobile phones,
cameras, fans, digital clocks)
Computers process, store, and communicate information in binary form, i.e.
in the combination of 1s and 0s which has specific meaning
in computer language. A binary digit (bit) is an individual 1 or O. Multiple bit
streams are used in a computer network.

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 Characteristics of Digital Signals
Bit Length: A bit length is the distance a bit occupies on the transmission medium.
• Bit – 0/1
• Nibble - 4 bits (half a byte)
• Byte - 8 bits
• Kilobyte (KB) - 1000 bytes
• Megabyte (MB) - 1000 kilobytes
• Gigabyte (GB) - 1000 megabytes
• Terabyte (TB) - 1000 gigabytes
Bit Rate: it represents the number of 1s send in 1 second, it is measured as bits per
second (bps)

3) Transmission medium
It is a communication channel that carries the information as a signal from the sender
to the receiver.
The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the
form of bits
Types
➢ Wired/ Guided / Bounded transmission media.
➢ Wireless /Unguided /Unbounded transmission media.

Coaxial cable widely used for Cable TVs and analog Radios.
• Contains four parts: Jacket, shield, insulator, and central conductor
• Types the three most commonly used coaxial cable types are RG-6, RG-11,
and RG-59.
• The “RG” in its name stands for “radio guide,” while the number refers to
the cable’s diameter. In this case, the “6” indicates that the cable has a
diameter of .06. RG-6 cables are also called RF cables
• Each can carry signals up to a distance of RG59 250m, RG6 450m, RG11
600m
• Connector BNC" acronym is perhaps "Bayonet Neil-Councilman" Ntype,
Ftype.

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Twisted pair was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is also
known as Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use
this cable.
• This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. Every two
wires are twisted around each other to form pair. Usually, there are four pairs.
Each pair has one solid color and one stripped color wire. Solid colors are
blue, brown, green and orange. In stripped color, the solid color is mixed with
the white color.
• Based on how pairs are stripped in the plastic sheath, there are two types of
twisted-pair cable;
UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped in a single plastic
sheath.
STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an additional
metal shield, then all pairs are wrapped in a single outer plastic sheath.
• Similarities and differences between STP and UTP cables
✓ Both STP and UTP can transmit data at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and
10Gbps.
✓ Both cables use the same RJ-45 (registered jack) modular connectors,
Socket, Punch block
✓ The maximum segment length for both cables is 100 meters or 328 feet.
✓ Both cables can accommodate a maximum of 1024 nodes in each
segment.
✓ Since the STP cable contains more materials, it is more expensive than
the UTP cable.
✓ The STP provides more noise and EMI resistant than the UTP cable.

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Cate Maximu Bandwi Ethernet Description
gory m dth/sup standard
support port
ed speed signals
rate
Cat 1 1Mbps 1MHz Not Used for data contains two pairs used in the telephone
Cat 2 4Mbps 10MHz Token Ring contains four pairs used Token Ring
Cat 3 10Mbps 16MHz 10BASE-T first Ethernet cable that was used in LAN
Ethernet
Cat 4 20Mbps 20MHz Token Ring was used in advanced Token-ring networks.
Cat 5 100Mbp 100MH 100BASE-T This cable was used in advanced (fast) LAN.
s z Ethernet
Cat 1000Mb 100MH 1000BASE-T minimum requirement for all modern LAN.
5e ps z Ethernet
Cat 6 10Gbps 250MH 10GBASE-T uses a plastic core to prevent cross-talk between
z Ethernet twisted-pair. It also uses a fire-resistant plastic
sheath.
Cat 10Gbps 500MH 10GBASE-T This cable reduces attenuation and cross-talk. This
6a z Ethernet cable also potentially removes the length limit.
This is the recommended cable for all modern
Ethernet LAN networks.
Cat 7 10Gbps 600MH Not drafted yet This cable sets a base for further development. This
z cable uses multiple twisted-pairs and shields each
pair by its own plastic sheath.

10BaseT translates to 10Mbps, Baseband, Twisted pair.

✓ Cat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are outdated and not used in any modern LAN network.
✓ Cat 7 is still a new technology and not commonly used.
✓ Cat 5e, 6, 6a are the commonly used twisted-pair cables. Support POE

Fiber optic contains an optical fiber that can carry light (instead of electricity).
• This cable consists of core, cladding, buffer, and jacket.
Core carries the data signals in the form of the light.
Cladding reflects light back to the core.
Buffer protects the light from leaking.
The jacket protects the cable from physical damage.
• This cable can transmit data over a long distance at the highest speed. It can
transmit data up to 40 kilometers at the speed of 100Gbps.

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 • Fiber optic uses light to send data. It reflects light from one endpoint to
another. Based on how many beams of light are transmitted at a given time,
there are two types of fiber optical cable; SMF and MMF.
SMF (Single-mode fiber) This cable carries only a single beam of light. This
is more reliable and supports much higher bandwidth and longer distances
than the MMF cable. This cable uses a laser as the light source and transmits
1300 or 1550 nano-meter wavelengths of light.
MMF (multi-mode fiber) optical cable This cable carries multiple beams of
light. Because of multiple beams, this cable carries much more data than the
SMF cable. This cable is used in shorter distances. This cable uses an LED as
the light source and transmits 850 or 1300 nano-meter wavelengths of light.

4) Cable Installation requirements

➢ Hardware: Network Tool Kit (cable, RJ-45 connectors, Wire Stripper/Cutter,

Crimper, Tester)
➢ Knowledge: Wiring UTP cables (wiring standards, Straight through or
crossover cable,
✓ Wiring Standards
There is a termination standard set by the Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA) indicating how the pinout or pair assignments should be used
in cabling. Standard TIA\EIA-568 sets the standard for how to match twisted

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 Straight through or crossover cable
➢ Straight-through cable
A straight-through cable is often called a wired patch cable or an Ethernet cable.
The cable that comes in the box with your router is a straight through cable – it is
the most common format for network cables. The straight through cable is
configured as described above. It doesn’t matter whether the cable you buy
follows EIA-568A or EIA-568B because in both cases, the same color wire
connects to the same pin at either end.
➢ A crossover cables
A crossover cable does exactly as its name suggests, it crosses over the wire from
pin 1 at one end to pin 3 at the other connector. The wire that is crimped to pin 2 at
one end is attached to pin 6 at the other end and the pins 3 and 6 wires go to pins 1
and 2 respectively in the other connector. The crossover cable follows both EIA-
568A and EIA-568B. It is A at one end and B at the other. So those conflicting
standards did end up being useful.
➢ Rollover
It is cisco property, it connects at workstation serial port router/switch console
port, using an adapter.
In details:
TIE568A -------- TIE568A
TIE568B -------- TIE568B
TIE568A -------- TIE568B

5) Implementation
1. Preparation
2. Cut the cover
3. Cut the plastic
4. Unshielded twisted pair
5. Organize the color code
6. Cut the extra length
7. Pluck in the RJ45
8. Push in it
9. Check to fit, color and cover
10.Crimp the RJ45

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