FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

3
CHAPTER
MATRICES

Focus STPM 3
1 A B C C A B
Order: 1 3 3 1 33 Order: 3 3 1 3 3 1
not the same not the same
ABC cannot be calculated. CAB cannot be calculated.
A C B
Order: 1 3 3 3 3 1
same same
2 A= -11 242 I = 10 012
ACB can be calculated.
(a) A - 3I = -11 242 - 3 10 012 = -2
-1 1 2
2

2 2
4 0 1 1

ACB = (231) 1 1 0 5
2 -1 2 2
(b) A - 2I = -11 242 - 2 10 012 = -1
-1 2 2
2

2
1
(c) A2 - 5A + 6I = (A - 3I)(A - 2I)
= (1324) 5

= (31)
2 = -2
-1 1 2 -1 2 2
2 -1 2

B A C = 0 02
Order: 3 1 1 3 3 3 0 0
same same
BAC can be calculated.
3 A = 12 -1
-1 2

B= 1 1
4 -1 2
2 2
1 4 0 1
BAC = 5 (231) 1 1 0
2 2 -1 2 A2 = 12 -1
-1 2 1 -1
2 -1 2 =
0 -1 2
-1 0 -I
=

2 2
2 3 1 4 0 1
= 10 15 5 1 1 0
B2 = 1 1
4 -1 2 14 -112 = 50 052 = 5I
4 6 2 2 -1 2
AB = 12 -1 2 1 1
2 =
-2 3 2
-3 2

2
13 2 4 -1 4 -1
= 65 10 20
26 4 8 BA = 1 1
4 -1 2 12 -1
-1 2 =
2 -3 2
3 -2

B C A
AB + BA = -3 2 + -2 2
2 3
Order: 3 1 3 3 1 3 -2 3 2 -3
not the same = 0 02
BCA cannot be calculated.
0 0

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 1

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Chapter 3.indd 1 7/1/2015 9:39:21 AM

 (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B2 2p + 2 = -4y p = 3
= -I + 5I -2 + q - 9 = 3y q = 5

= 4I

2
5 -2
1 2A + B =
(A + B)(A + B) = I 6 0 1 ... 1
4 -4 5
1
(A + B)-1 = (A + B)
7 -3
2
4
3A + B = -1 2 ... 2
1 2 0
=
4 6 -2 2 -6 6
2 -1
2
2
1
0 2 - 1 , A = -1 1
= 2 -2 1
1 -1
1
2 2 2 -1
2 2 2
5 -2 1 0
B = 0 1 - 2 -1 1 = 2 -1
-4 5 -2 1 0 3
13 4x2 53x 11x 2
2
4 A = B=
AB = BA 7 A= -32 032, B= -90 032
13 4x2 53x 11x 2 = 53x 11x 2 13 4x2
2 2

C = A2 - B = -32 302 -32 302 - -90 032

5 + 3x2 x2 + 11x
15 + 12x 3x2 + 44
= 2
5 + 3x2 5x + 4x2
3x + 33 3x2 + 44 2 = -154 092 - -90 032
a12: x2 + 11x = 5x + 4x2
3x2 - 6x = 0 = -64 062
3x(x - 2) = 0 CT = pAT
x = 0 or 2
or
a21:15 + 12x = 3x + 33
40 -662 = p 20 -332 p=2

9x = 18

2
2 1 1
x=2 8 T = p 0 p
Hence, x = 2 -2 q -1

2 2
2 1 1 2 1 1
5 -1p 212 21 3 2
4 q
-3 2
3 x 3
0 -1 2 2 T2 = p 0 p p 0 p
-2 q -1 -2 q -1
5 -8 3
= y -4 2 2+p 2+q 1+p
2
-10 -5
= 0 p + pq 0
-1 1 -2 + q

2p + 2 3p + 8 2p + 2q 2 -2 + pq -2 - q -1 + pq

5 0 x
- 9

0 3x
-3
9
6 2 = y
5 -8 3
-4 -10 -5 2 = 0 -3 0
y 0 -7
2
-1 - 9 = 5y y = -2
1 - 3x = -8y x = -5 p = 3, q = -2, x = 4, y = -8

2 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

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Chapter 3.indd 2 7/1/2015 9:39:22 AM

 1 1 1
 
a2 = 4 a = 2
9 A = 2 0 1
ab = 6 b = 3
0 2 1
ac = 2 c = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
  
b 2 + d 2 = 10 d = 1
A = 2 0 1
2
2 0 1 bc + de = 3 e = 0
0 2 1 0 2 1
c + e + f = 10 f = 3
2 2 2

1 1 1
 
a b
= 2 0 1
4 2 3
11 A =
b a 
A (2I - A) = 0
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1
A3 =
 2 0 1
4 -2 3  2 0 1
0 2 -1  a b 1 0
 2
b a 0 1

   
-
a b
=0
b a


1 -1 1 a b 2-a -b


= 2 0 1 =A
 b a -b 2-a
=0 
0 2 -1

 
a( 2 - a ) - b 2 - ab + b( 2 - a)
i.e. A3 = A =0
b( 2 - a) - ab - b 2 + a( 2 - a )
A6 = A2
A7 = A3 = A a ( 2 - a ) - b 2 = 0  1
1 1 1 and
(a) A 9 = A 3 = A = 2 0 1
0 2 1   b ( 2 a ) ab = 0
b (2 a a) = 0
1 1 1

(b) A 44 = A 2 = 2 0 1
4 2 3 
b ( 2 2a ) = 0
b = 0 or a = 1
Substituting b = 0 into 1 :

 
a b c
10 R= 0 d e a( 2 a ) = 0
0 0 f a = 2 or 0 b = 0, a = 2
Substituting a = 1:

 
a 0 0
RT = b d 0 1 b 2 = 0, b = 1 a = 1, b = 1
c e f 2 0 1 1
4 6 2
A =
0 2
or   
1 1 
 

R R = 6 10 3
T
12 M2 = M + I
2 3 10
a b a b a b 1 0
4 6 2
b ab a = b a + 0 1 
    
a 0 0 a b c
b d 0 0 d e = 6 10 3 a 2 + b 2 a +1 b
   
2ab
c e f 0 0 f 2 3 10 =
2ab a +b22
b a +1
a2 ab ac 4 6 2 1

  
a2 + b2 = a + 1
ab b 2 + d 2 bc + de = 6 10 3
2ab = b
2 3 10 1
ac bc + de c + e + f
2 2 2
b = 0 or a =
2

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 3

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Chapter 3.indd 3 7/1/2015 9:39:40 AM

 If b = 0, from 1 , qs
Substituting p = into 1 :
a2 - a - 1 = 0 r
1 5 q2 s2
a= + q2 = 1
2 r2

If a =
1
, from 1 ,
(
q2 s2 + r 2 = r 2 )
2 q2 = r 2
1 1 5 r = q, s = p
b2 = 1 =
2 4 4
a b
c d 
5
b= 14 M = a + d = 1, ad bc = 1
2
a b a b
Four matrices M are M2 =
c d c d 

)2
1
1 5 0 (
) a 2 + bc ab + bd
2

,

=  ac + cd bc + d 2 


0
1
2
1 5
( a( - d - 1) + ad - 1 b( a + d )
=  
2
1 1 c( a + d ) ad - 1 + d ( - a - 1)
5
2 2 -a - 1 - b
1
5
1
2

=  -c - 1 - d 
2
d -b
13 A = 
p q
 A =Tp r
 
=  - c a
r s q s
-b
 -c    
d a b 1 0
AAT = 1 M2 + M + I = + +
a c d 0 1
p q p r 1 0
 r s   q s  = 0 1  = 
d + a +1
0
0
a + d +1 
p 2 + q 2 pr + qs 1 0

pr + qs r + s
2 2
=
0 1    = 0 0 
0 0

p2 + q2 = 1 ... 1 =0
pr + qs = 0 ... 2
a b
r2 + s2 = 1 ... 3 15 A =  c a 
, A I or -I
(a) If p = 0, from 2 , A2 = I
qs = 0 q = 0 or s = 0 a b a b 1 0
q 0 because from 1  c a c a  =
0 1   
p2 = 1.
a 2 + bc
+ bc 0 1
2ab 1 0
Hence s = 0 or q2 = r2 = 1

 2ac a 2
=
(b) If p 0, from 2 ,
a + bc = 1
2
1
qs
p=- 2ab = 0 2
r
3
2ab = 0

4 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

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Chapter 3.indd 4 7/1/2015 9:40:00 AM

 From 2 , a = 0 or b = 0 -1 = mc ... 3
From 3 , a = 0 or c = 0 3 = -3m
m = -1
If a 0, b = 0 and c = 0 1 = 2m + n
From 1 , a2 = 1 a = 1 1 = -2 + n
A = I or -I (not admissible)
n = 3
From 1 , 1 = -a + 3
a=0

a=2
Form 1 , bc = 1 Form 2 , b = -1
1 1 Form 3 , c = -1
B = (I + A ) , C = (I A )

  
2 2 1 0 0 2 0 0
1 1 PQ = 1 -2 0 -1 5 0
BC = ( I + A ) ( I A ) -1 3 1 1 -3 2
2 2
1
( )

= I 2 IA + AI A 2

2 0 0
2 = 4 -10 0
1 2
= I A2
2
( ) -4 12 2

  
1 2 0 0 1 0 0
= (I I) QP = -1 5 0 1 -2 0
2
1 -3 2 -1 3 1
=0
0 0
 
 
= 2 0 0
0 0 = 4 -10 0
-4 12 2

16 A = 1 2
4 3   Since PQ = QP, multiplication of matrices
P and Q is commutative.

4 34 3 = 16 17

1 2 1 2 9 8

  
A2 = 1 0 0 1 0 0
(b) P 2 = 1 -2 0 1 -2 0
A 2 - 4 A - 5I -1 3 1 -1 3 1

16 17 - 4 4 3 - 50 1

9 8 1 2 1 0

 
= 1 0 0
= -1 4 0
1 -3 1
 
0 0
= P 2 = sP + t I
0 0

     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0
1 4 0 = s 1 2 0 + t 0 1 0

   
1 0 0 a 0 0 1 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 1
17 P = 1 -2 0 , Q = b 5 0
1= s + t
-1 3 1 c -3 2
1 = s
(a) P = mQ + nI
t = 2

     
1 0 0 a 0 0 1 0 0
P 2 = P + 2I
1 -2 0 = m b 5 0 + n 0 1 0
-1 3 1 c -3 2 0 0 1 P3 = P 2 + 2IP

1 = ma + n ... 1 = ( P + 2I) + 2P
1 = mb ... 2 = 3P 2I
P = 3P 2 2IP
4

= 3( Mathematics
ACE AHEAD P + 2I) (T)2P
First Term Second Edition 5
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015
= 5P + 6 I
Chapter 3.indd 5 7/1/2015 9:40:10 AM
 P 2 = P + 2I
P3 = P 2 + 2IP
= ( P + 2I) + 2P
= 3P 2I
P 4 = 3P 2 2IP 1 2
A-1 = (A - 12A + 44I)
48

2
= 3( P + 2I) 2P 1 - 1 -1
= 5P + 6 I -16 -4 -8 3 12 6

18 P = 23 -112, Q= 17 -252
=
48
1 -8 20 -8
8 -8 8
= - 2
1 5 -1
6 12 6
1 -1 1

6 6 6
Q-P= -14 -362, |Q - P| = 6 3 4 -1
2 2 2
x p
20 A = 1 2 1 , A y = q

2
1 1 2 6 -3
1 6 3 z r
(Q - P) = -1
6 -4 -1
= 2 2 1
2
(a) By using elementary row operations
- -
-12 6 6
2
3 6
(Q - P)-1 = P + C 1
A = - 5 -7 -4
-1
18
2 -10 2

2
1
1
2 1
+C 2 -12 6 6 p
2 2
2 =

2
3 -1 x 1
2 1 (b) y = - 5 -7 -4 q
- - 18
3 6 z 2 -10 2 r
-12p + 6q + 6r
2
2
-1 -1 1
= - 5p - 7q - 4r
C= 2 18
11 5 2p - 10q + 2r
- 1
3 6 x = (p - q - r)
3
1
y = (-5p + 7q + 4r)
2
2 2 4
18
19 A = 0 4 4 1
-2 2 6 z = (-p + 5q - r)
9
-4 20 60
2 2 2
2 2 4 2 2 4
0 -2 2
2
A = 0 4 4
2
0 4 4 = -8 24 60
-2 2 6 -2 2 6 -16 16 36 21 R = 4 -2 4
2 0 2
A - 12A + 44I
2

0 -2 2 0 -2 -4 4 -4
2 2
2

-4 20 40
= -8 26 60 - 12 0
-16 16 36 -2
2
2 2 4
2
1 0 0
4 4 + 44 0 1 0
2 6 0 0 1
2

R = 4 -2 4 4 -2
2

2 0 2 2 0
2 4 = 0 -4 8
2 4 -4 8
-4 4 -4 -2 2
2 2 2
16 -4 -8 0 8 0 0

= -8 20 -8
8 -8 8
2 R = 0 -4 8
3

4 -4 8
4
2
-2 4 = 0 8 0
0 2 0 0 8
A(A2 - 12A + 44I) i.e. R3 = 8I k = 8
R2 = 8R-1

2
2 2 4 16 -4 -8 -1 1 -1
= 0 4 4 -8
2 20 -8
2 -4 4 -4 2 2 2
-2 2 6 8 -8 8 1
R =
-1
8 2
0 -4 8 =
4 -4 8
0 -1 1
2

2
48 0 0
1 1 1
= 0 48 0 = 48I -
2 2
0 0 48

6 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 3.indd 6 7/1/2015 9:40:11 AM

 22 B2 = B(I)
 
5 4
T= , T = 1 = BI
4 3
= B
3 4 3
4 5 =  4 5
4 BA = B
T 1 =
B1BA = B1B
IA = B1B
3
4 30 1 4 5
5 4 2 0 4
TDT 1 = A = I
A2 = AI
6 = AI
4 3 4 5
5 4 8
= = A

=
14 20
 
24 (a) A =  41 12 and B = 1x 1y , x y
12 17
y 1
y x x 1

1
=M B 1 =

M = TDT-1
M 2 = (TDT-1 )(TDT-1 )

B 1AB = 0a 0b
= TD(T-1T)DT-1
y 1 1 2
   x y = 0 b
1 1 1 a 0
= TDIDT-1

yx x 1 4 1
= TD 2 T-1
y 4 2y 1 1 1
M3 = MM 2 = (TDT-1 )(TD 2 T-1 )  x + 4 2 x + 1 x y  
= TD(T-1T)D 2 T-1
 
a 0
= TDID 2 T-1 = ( y x)
0 b
-1
= TD T 3
y 4 + 2 y2 y = 0
23 (a) AP = PD 2 y2 2 y 4 = 0
APP 1 = PDP 1 y2 y 2 = 0
AI = PDP 1 ( y 2)( y + 1) = 0
A = PDP 1 y = 2 or 1

A 2 = (PDP 1 )(PDP 1 ) Also, x + 4 2 x + x = 0 2

= PD(P 1P)DP 1 2x2 2x 4 = 0

= PDIDP 1 x2 x 2 = 0
( x 2)( x + 1) = 0
= PD 2 P 1
x = 2 or 1
A3 = A 2A
= (PD 2 P 1 )(PDP 1 ) x = 2, y = 1or x = 1, y = 2
= PD 2 (P 1P)DP 1
= PD 2 IDP 1
(b) C = 3 2
-8 -3  
-8 -3-8 -3
=
3 2 3 2
= PD3 P 1 C2
(b) AB = A
A1AB = A1(A)
IB = A1 A
= -07 07
B = I = -71

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 7
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 3.indd 7 7/1/2015 9:40:22 AM

  
C3 = C2 C = 7IC 1 9 12
=
i.e. C3 = 7C 15 12 9
1 9 -12
C4 = C3C = ( 7C )C
= 7C2 = 7( 7I ) = 49I
RT = 
15 12 9 
9 -12
  12 
1 9 12
C5 = 49IIC = 49C RR T =
255 -12 9 9
C6 = 49C2 = 49( 7I )
 
1 225 0
=
i.e. C = 343I
6
255 0 225

25 P =
a 0
b c   PT = 0a bc = 0 1 
1 0

PPT =    
a 0
b c
a b
0 c
=
a2 ab
ab b + c 2
2  -1 1,
26 A =
2 2
B= 1 0 
x y

 a2 ab
ab b + c
2 2
= 
9 12
12 41  Let D = 
0 b
a 0

a2 = 9 a = 3
1 1 2
ab = 12 b = 4

A1 =
4 1 2  
b + c = 41
2 2
ADA = B
-1

16 + c 2 = 41
a 0 1 -2
  0 b1 2 = 1 0
1 2 2 x y
c 2 = 25 c = 5 4 -1 1

 4 5
3 0
Hence P = a 2a
1 1 b   
2 2 x y
=4
2b 1 0
P P=   =
20 25
T 3 4 3 0 25 20

2b2  4
2a + 2b 4 a + 4b
 a -a2a+ ++ b2bb 2-4a + 4b

0 5 4 5 4x 4 y
=
b2b ++ 2b 0

e f  0 f 
d 0 d e
Q= QT = a + b = 4  1
QQT = PT P 2a + 2b = 0
or a + b = 0  2
 e f 0 f  = 20 25
d 0 d e 25 20 1 + 2 ,2b = 4
b=2
a = -2
d2
   
de 25 20
= 2 0
de e + f
2 2
20 25

D= 
0 2 
d 2 = 25 d = 5
x 2 4
 
de = 20 e = 4
27 A = 2 y 2
e 2 + f 2 = 25 f = 3 1 1 2

 
5 0
Q=
4 3 M11 = M 21 M 31 = M 23
R = QT P-1 2 y 2 = 0 4 + 4 y = x + 2

   
5 4 1 5 0 y =1 0= x+2
=
0 3 15 - 4 3
x = -2

8 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 3.indd 8 7/1/2015 9:40:59 AM

 -2 -2 -4 (det A)(det A-1) = 1
Given det A = 5
A = -2 1 2
det 2A = 23 (det A) = 8(5) = 40
1 1 2 (2A)(2A)-1 = I

= 2(0) + 2( 6) 4( 3) det(2A) - det (2A)-1 = 1
40 det (2A)-1 = 1
= 0 1
28 M2 = I det (2A)-1 =
40
M M2 = M-1I
-1

(M-1M)M = M-1
 
4 8 3
IM = M-1 30 Let A = 3 5 1
M = M-1 1 4 3
M2 = I By using elementary row operations,
    
a b a b 1 0
= 11 12 7
 
c d c d 0 1
A -1 = 8 9 5
a 2 + bc ab + bd
   
1 0 7 8 4
=
ac + cd bc + d
2
0 1
4 x + 8 y + 3 z = 2
a + bc = 1 
2
1 3 x + 5 y + z = 3

ab + bd = 0 x + 4 y + 3z = 5

b( a + d ) = 0

    
4 8 3 x 2
b = 0 or a + d = 0 3 5 1 y = -3
ac + cd = 0 1 4 3 z 5

c( a + d ) = 0 11 -12 -7
   
x 2
c = 0 or a + d = 0 y = -8 9 5 -3
2 z 7 -8 -4 5
bc + d = 1
2

 
(a) If b = 0, then ( a + d ) 0 or c = 0 23
From 1 , a 2 = 1 a = 1 = -18
From 2 , d 2 = 1 d = 1 18
1 0 x = 23, y = 18, z = 18

M=  0 1  = I or -I

 
8 5 3
(b) If a + d = 0 , 1 becomes 31 A = 5 3 1
- ad + bc = 1 3 2 1
or ad bc = 1 By using elementary row operations,
and 2 becomes
1 1 4
bc ad = 1
or ad bc = 1
a b
-1


A = 2 1 7
1 1 1 
Hence
c d
= 1 and a + d = 0 8 x + 5 y + 3 z = 4

5 x + 3 y + z = 5
29 Given det (AB) = (det A)(det B)
AA-1 = I 3 x + 2 y + z = 7

    
det (AA-1) = det I = 1 8 5 3 x 4
But, det (AA-1) = (det A)(det A-1) 5 3 1 y = 5
= det I = 1 3 2 1 z 7

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 9

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 3.indd 9 7/1/2015 9:41:46 AM

 1 1 -4 -3 2 -1 -26
     2 2 2 2
x 4 x 6
y = -2 -1 7 5 1
y = - -1 0 1 -3 = - 1 -4
z 1 -1 -1 7 2 2 2 22
z 3 -2 -1
-19 x = 13, y = 2, z = -11

 
= 36
-8
34 (a) 9 x 10 y + 2 z = 16
x + 3 y + 6 z = 13

x = 19, y = 36, z = 8 4 x y + 8 z = 13
9 -10 2 -6
    
3 -1 5 x
32 Let A = 4 3 3

5 -4 -2 
1 3 6
4 -1 8
y = 13
z 13
By using elementary row operations, 9 -10 2

A -1 =
1
6 22 18

23 31 11
160 13 7 13 
Let A = 1 3 6
 
4 -1 8
By using elementary row operations,
3x y + 5 z = 4 30 78 -66

4 x + 3 y + 3z = 3
5x 4 y 2z = 3

A -1 =
1
16 64 -52
84 -13 -31 37 

30 78 -66 -6
   
x
3 -1 5 1

    
x 4
y = 16 64 -52 13
4 3 3 y = 3 84 -13 -31 37
z 13
5 -4 -2 z 3

24

 
x
y =-
z
1
6 -22 -18
 
23 -31 11
160 -31 7 13
4
3
3
=
1
 60
84 156

2
2
96

 
=
1
32
160 64 =
7
5
7
13

 
0.6
= -0.2 7

0.4
2 5 13
x = , y = ,z =
x = 0.6, y = 0.2, z = 0.4 7 7 7
4 4 3
    
33 AB = kI x 5
(b) 1 2 1 y = 3
1 2 p -3 2 -1
2 2 2
1 0 0
2 1 5 z 12
q 3 2 -1 0 1 = k 0 1 0
3 -2 -1 4 -4 3

 
1 0 1 0 0 1
-5 + 3p 2 - 2p 1 - p Let A = 1 -2 1
2 2
1 0 0
-3q + 3 2q - 4 -q + 1 =k 0 1 0 2 -1 5
0 0 -2 0 0 1 By using elementary row operations,
q = 1, p = 1, k = -2
-9 17 2
x + 2y + z = 6
x + 3y + 2z = -3
x+z=2

1 2 1
1 3 2
1 0 -1
2 2 2
x 6
y = -3
z 2
-1
A =-
1
15 
-3 14 -1
3 -4 -4

10 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 3.indd 10 7/1/2015 9:42:16 AM

    
x 9 17 2 5 1
1 =
y = 3 14 1 3 2 + l
15
z 3 4 4 12 Row 1: lx lz = l 2 l
x z = l 1

 
30
1 (1 + l ) 2
= 15 x= ( l + 1)
15 2+l
45
2 1+ l


=
2+l
= 1
3 36 Matrices A and B obey the commutative
law on multiplication AB = BA
x = -2, y = -1, z = 3
1 1 0 2 2 0
35 (a) Using elementary row operation
 0 0 1
 0 0 2

 
l 1 1 1 0 2 2 a b c
1 l 1 l 2 2 0 1 1 0

1 1 l l2

= 0 0 2
a b c 
0 0 1
0 2 2 
 
R1 lR2 l 1 1 1

R1 lR2
-2 2 -2
  
0 1 l 2
1 l 1 l 2 2 2 2
R1 lR3 - a -b -c = 0 -4 4

R1 lR3 0 1 l 1 l 2 1 l3
R R
2a 2b -4 + 2c - a a - 2c - b + 2 c


R22 R33 then
a a = 0, a22 b = 4, a23 c = 4
21
1
R2

   
1 0 0 1 0 0


l l
1
1 1 1
0 1 1+ l 1+ l + l 2 37 M = 1 2 0
2
1 2 0
1
R3 1 3 1 1 3 1
l 0 1+ l
1 1 1 l2

 
1 0 0
- R2 + R1

 
l 0 -l -l 2 - l = 1 4 0
(1 + l ) R2 0 1 1+ l 1+ l + l 2 1 3 1
- R3 0 0 l 2 + 2l l (1 + l ) 2

 
1 0 0
M + sM + tl = 0 1 4 0
2
For unique solution: l -2
For infinite number of solution: l = 0 1 3 1
No solution: l = -2

  
1 0 0 1 0 0
l (1 + l ) 2 (1 + l ) 2 + s 1 2 0 + t 0 1 0 = 0
(b) Row 3: z = 2 =
l + 2l 2+l 1 3 1 0 0 1
Row 2: y + (1 + l ) z = 1 + l + l 2

  
1+ s + t 0 0 0 0 0
y = 1 + l + l (1 + l )
2
1 + s 4 2s + t 0 = 0 0 0

 (1 + l ) 2
2+l  1 s 3 + 3s 1 + s + t 0 0 0
a31 s = 1
(1 + l + l 2 )( 2 + l ) (1 + l )3 a33 1 + s + t = 0
=
2+l t = -2

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Chapter 3.indd 11 7/1/2015 9:42:45 AM

  
-1 0 1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0 1 0
k -1 0 0 0 1

M2 + M - 2I = 0, M(M2 + M - 2I = 0)

 
R2 : 2 R1 + R2 -1 0 1 1 0 0
M3 + M2 - 2M = 0, M3 + (2I - M) - 2M = 0
M3 = 3M - 2I 0 0 3 2 1 0
R3: kR1 + R3
0 -1 k k -1 1
M + M - 2I = 0, M (M + M - 2I = 0)
2 -1 2

 
M + I - 2M-1 = 0, 2M-1 = M + I -1 0 1 1 0 0
1 R2 R3
M-1 = (M + I) 0 -1 k k -1 1
2 0 0 3 2 1 0

38 det of P = 0,

2
(2 - x)[x(x - 8) + 12] = 0 R2 : - R2 -1 0 1 1 0 0 1
R1: R3 - R1
(2 - x)(x - 8x + 12) = 0,
2

(2 - x)(x - 2)(x - 6) = 0 0 1 - k - k 1 -1 0
1
R3: R3 R : R + kR
x = 2 or x = 6 3
2 2 3

2 1

 
1 3 5 0 0 1 0 0
3 3
when x = 1, P = 0 1 2

 2
0 6 7 1 1
R2 : - R2 -1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 - 0

  
1 3 5 1 0 0 R1: R1 -3R2 1 0 -R11: R31- R1-3 0 3 3
k k
0 1 2 0 1 0 1 - k - k 1 0-1 1 2 0 1 00 1 0 - 1+ -1
1 R : 6 R + R R : R + kR 3 3
0 -6 -R 73: 30R3 0 1
3 2 3

0 0 1 2 1 0 0 52 20 36 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 0

  
3 5 1 0 0 R1: R1 -3R2 1 0 -1 1 -3 30 3 3 3

1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0

2
R3: 6 R2 + R3 1 1
6 -7 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 6 1 R1: 15 R1 0
3 3

 
R1: 5 R1 + R3 5 0 0 5 -9 1
R2 : 1 R
2 inverse matrix = k 1 + k 1
0 5 0 0 -7 -2 5 3 3
R2 : 5 R2 - 2 R3
0 0 5 0 6 1 1 2 1
R3: R3 0
5

2
3 3
R1: 1 R1 9 1
5 1 0 0 1 -
5 5

    
5 0 0 5 -9 1 1 7 2 1 -1 1 a R2 : R1 - R2 1 -1 1 a
R2 : R2 0 1 0 0 - -
0 5 0 0 -7 -2 5 5 5 40 1 1 2 1 0 -2 -1 a -1
R3: 3R1 - R3
0 0 5 0 6 1 1 6 1 3 1 b 2 0 -4 3 - b 3a - 2
R3: R3
5 0 0 1 0 5 5

   
1 -1 1 a 1 -1

  2
R2 : R1 - R2 1 a
9 1 R3: 2 R2 - R3
1 1 1 2 1 0 -2 -1 a - 1
5 5 R3: 3R1 - R3
3 1 b 2 0 -4 3 - b 3a - 2
7 2
P-1 = 0
1 -1 1 a 5 R52 : R1 - R2

    
1 -1 1 a 1 -1 1 a
6 1 R3: 2 R2 - R3
1 1 20 1 0 -2 -1 a - 1 0 -2 -1 a -1
5 R 53: 3R1 - R3

3 1 b 2 0 -4 3 - b 3a - 2 0 0 b-5 -a

   
39 -1 0 1 1 0 0 R2 : - R2 1 -1 1 a

2 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 1- a
R3: - R3
k -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5-b a

 
R2 : 2 R1 + R2 -1 0 1 1 0 0
12 ACE
AHEAD (T) First Term Second Edition
Mathematics
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015 0 0 3 2 1 0
R3: kR1 + R3
0 -1 k k -1 1
Chapter 3.indd 12 7/1/2015 9:43:00 AM
 (a) b 5 = a(b - c)(b + c) - (b - c)(a2 + bc)
(b) b = 5, a = 0 = (b - c)[ab + ac - a2 - bc]
(c) b = 5, a 0 = (b - c)[(ab - a2) + (ac - bc)]
= (b - c)[a(b - a) + c(a - b)]
b ca 1 ca 1 b
41 det M = -a + bc = (b - c)(b - a)(a - c)
c ab 1 ab 1 c = (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)
= ab2 - ac2 - a(ab - ac) + bc(c - b) det N = 3 det M
= a(b - c)(b + c) - a2(b - c) - bc(b - c) = 3(a - b)(b - c)(c - a)

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 13

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Chapter 3.indd 13 7/1/2015 9:43:02 AM

Chapter 3.indd 14 7/1/2015 9:43:02 AM