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Term 1 Chapter 3 - Matrices

This document provides revision notes on matrices and systems of linear equations. It covers the basics of matrices including operations, determinants and properties. It also discusses using augmented matrices, row-echelon form and Gaussian elimination to solve systems of linear equations, as well as using the inverse of a matrix to solve such systems. The document is divided into sections on matrices, determinants, inverse matrices, and solving systems of linear equations using different methods.

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4K views

Term 1 Chapter 3 - Matrices

This document provides revision notes on matrices and systems of linear equations. It covers the basics of matrices including operations, determinants and properties. It also discusses using augmented matrices, row-echelon form and Gaussian elimination to solve systems of linear equations, as well as using the inverse of a matrix to solve such systems. The document is divided into sections on matrices, determinants, inverse matrices, and solving systems of linear equations using different methods.

Uploaded by

Sou Voyage
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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F6 Mathematics T 1

Revision Notes on Chapter 3 : Matrices (Term 1)


Name : ______________________________ Date : __________________
3.1: Matrices
(A) : Basic of Matrices
1). Be familiar with the following :
Null or zero matrix, diagonal matrix, identity matrix, symmetric matrix, row and column matrix,
upper triangle matrix, lower triangular matrix, equal matrix, order of matrix & , , , + of matrices
with order up to 3 3.
2). ( ) ( ) A BC AB C = (Associative)
3). ( ) A B C AB AC + = + (Distributive over addition)
4). AB BA = (Not commutative)
5).
( )
T
T
A A =
6). ( )
T
T T
A B A B =
7). ( )
T
T T
AB B A =
8). ( )
T
T
kA kA =

(B) : Determinant of matrices
1). ( ) ( )
8 2
8 4 2 3
3 4
=
2). If
11 32 23
2 3 1
6 5 2 1 2 3
4 6 5 , Minor, M , M , M
8 7 4 5 9 8
9 8 7
A
| |
|
= = = =
|
|
\ .

3). Cofactor, ( )
11 11 32 32 23 23
1 , , ,
i j
ij ij
C M C M C M C M
+
= = = =
4).

2 1 3
0 1 4 1 4 0
4 0 1 2 1 3
2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3
1 3 2 3 2 1
-4 0 -1
2 3 1 3 1 2
1 3 2 3 2 1
1 - 2 3
0 1 4 1 4 0
= +
= +
= +


(C) : Properties of Determinants 2
1).
1 2 3 1 4 7
4 5 6 2 5 8 , (with interchanging rows & columns)
7 8 9 3 6 9
=
2).
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 5 6 1 2 3
7 8 9 7 8 9
= 3).
1 2 3 1 4 1
1 2 3 2 5 2 0
4 5 6 3 6 3
= =
2 rows identical 2 columns identical
4).
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

ka ka ka ka a a a a a
b b b kb b b k b b b
c c c kc c c c c c
= = 5).
1 2 3 0 1 2
4 5 6 0 3 4 0
0 0 0 0 5 6
= =
6).
T
A A =
7). AB A B = if A & B are square matrices.

(D) : Inverse Matrices
1).
1
1
A
A

= 2). If
1 1
, and AB BA I B A A B

= = = =
3).
1 1
AA A A I

= = 4).
1
1
a b d b
c d c a ad bc

| | | |
=
| |

\ . \ .

5). When
1
0, A A

= not exist, A = singular matrix.


6). Adjoint Matrix, Adj A =
11 12 13 11 21 31
21 22 23 12 22 32
31 32 33 13 23 33
=
T
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

7). Inverse Matrix of
1
1
= = , if 0 A A adj A A
A

=
(E) : Using Elementary Row Operation to find A
-1

1). 3 operations : i ). Interchange any 2 rows. (e.g.
1 2
R R )
ii ). Multiply a row by a scalar. (e.g.
3 3
2R R )
iii). Multiply a row by a scalar and add to another row. (e.g. ( )
1 3 3
2 R R R + )
Note :
Operation like ( )
3 2
1 R R is not allowed as it totally eliminates all relations in row 2.

2). Steps for Elementary Row Operation:
i ). Write the augmented matrix : ( ) | A I
ii ). Use the operations above and change the augmented matrix into : ( ) | I B
iii).
1
A B

=


3
3). Sequence guideline for Elementary Row Operation:
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
| |
|
|
|
\ .
Step 6
Step 5
Step 4
3.2: Systems of Linear Equations
(A) : Augmented Matrix, Row-echelon Form & Types of Solutions
1). System of linear equations :

3 3 6 3
2 2 4 10 AX = B
2 3 7
x y z
x y z
x y z
=
=
+ + =

2). Augmented matrix = ( )
3 3 6 3
2 2 4 10 | = |
2 3 1 7
A B

| |
|

|
|

\ .

3). Row-echelon form :
e.g. 1 :
1 2 4
3 5
6
1
0 1
0 0 1
a a a
a a
a
| |
|
|
|
\ .
e.g. 2 :
1 2 3 5
4 6
7
1
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
a a a a
a a
a
| |
|
|
|
\ .

4). Reduce the augmented matrix to a matrix in row-echelon form to find the values of the x, y & z of
the system of linear equations or solve the equations.

5). Types of solutions:

i ). If the row-echelon form has a row of ( 0 0 0 | c ) where c is a constant, then the system
has no solution. ( |A| = 0 )

ii ). If the row-echelon form has a row of ( 0 0 0 | 0 ) , then the system has infinitely many solutions.
( |A| = 0 )

iii). If the row-echelon form does not have the form in (i) or (ii) above, then the system has a unique
solution.








4

(B) : Using Gaussian Elimination to solve a system of linear equations
Steps:
1). Write AX = B in matrix form from the 3 given linear equations to be solved.
2). Write the augmented matrix, ( A | B ).
3). Using Elementary Row Operation to reduce ( A | B ) to ( I | C ). (e.g.
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 2
| |
|

|
|
\ .
)
4). ( I | C ) is known as the Reduced row-echelon form.
5). Find the values of x, y & z.

(C) : Using the inverse of a matrix to solve a system of linear equations
Steps:
1). Write AX = B in matrix form from the 3 given linear equations to be solved.
2). Find
1
A

.
3). Use
1
X A B

= to find the values of x, y & z.








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