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Fem Notes

The document provides an overview of finite element methods. It discusses fundamental concepts like the force and displacement methods. It outlines the general steps of finite element analysis including discretization, element stiffness derivation, and solution of equations. It also describes element types for one-dimensional and two-dimensional problems, including bar, beam, triangular, and isoparametric elements. Key considerations and applications of finite element analysis are also summarized.

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223 views

Fem Notes

The document provides an overview of finite element methods. It discusses fundamental concepts like the force and displacement methods. It outlines the general steps of finite element analysis including discretization, element stiffness derivation, and solution of equations. It also describes element types for one-dimensional and two-dimensional problems, including bar, beam, triangular, and isoparametric elements. Key considerations and applications of finite element analysis are also summarized.

Uploaded by

venkiteshks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME09 602 FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

Fundamental Concepts:
General Methods of the Finite Element Analysis
1. Force Method Internal forces are considered as the unknowns of the problem.
2. Displacement or stiffness method Displacements of the nodes are considered as the unknowns of
the problem
General Steps of the Finite Element Analysis
Discretization of structure > Numbering of Nodes and Elements > Selection of Displacement function or
interpolation function > Define the material behavior by using Strain Displacement and Stress Strain
relationships > Derivation of element stiffness matrix and equations > Assemble the element equations
to obtain the global or total equations > Applying boundary conditions > Solution for the unknown
displacements > computation of the element strains and stresses from the nodal displacements >
Interpret the results (post processing).
Boundary Conditions
It can be either on displacements or on stresses. The boundary conditions on displacements to prevail at
certain points on the boundary of the body, whereas the boundary conditions on stresses require that
the stresses induced must be in equilibrium with the external forces applied at certain points on the
boundary of the body.
Consideration during Discretization process
Types of element > Size of element > Location of node > Number of elements.
Rayleigh Ritz Method (Variational Approach)
It is useful for solving complex structural problems. This method is possible only if a suitable functional is
available. Otherwise, Galerkins method of weighted residual is used.
Weighted Residual method
It is a powerful approximate procedure applicable to several problems. For non structural problems,
the method of weighted residuals becomes very useful. It has many types. The popular four methods
are,
1. Point collocation method,
Residuals are set to zero at n different locations Xi, and the weighting function wi is denoted

2. Sub domain collocation method

3. Least square method

4. Galerkins method.

Advantages of Finite Element Method


1. FEM can handle irregular geometry in a convenient manner.
2. Handles general load conditions without difficulty
3. Non homogeneous materials can be handled easily.
4. Higher order elements may be implemented.
Disadvantages of Finite Element Method
1. It requires a digital computer and fairly extensive
2. It requires longer execution time compared with FEM.
3. Output result will vary considerably.
Applications of Finite Element Method:
Analysis
Structural Problems:
1. Stress analysis including truss and frame analysis
2. Stress concentration problems typically associated with holes, fillets or other changes in geometry in a
body.
3. Buckling Analysis: Example: Connecting rod subjected to axial compression.
4. Vibration Analysis: Example: A beam subjected to different types of loading.
Non - Structural Problems:
1. Heat Transfer analysis:
Example: Steady state thermal analysis on composite cylinder.
2. Fluid flow analysis:

ONE DIMENSION PROBLEMS


One Dimensional elements
Bar and beam elements are considered as One Dimensional elements. These elements are often used to
model trusses and frame structures.
Bar, Beam and Truss
Bar is a member which resists only axial loads. A beam can resist axial, lateral and twisting loads. A truss
is an assemblage of bars with pin joints and a frame is an assemblage of beam elements.
Stress, Strain and Displacement
Stress is denoted in the form of vector by the variable x as x, Strain is denoted in the form of vector by
the variable x as ex, Displacement is denoted in the form of vector by the variable x as ux.
Types of Loading
(1) Body force (f)
It is a distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body. Unit is Force / Unit volume. Ex:
Self weight due to gravity.
(2) Traction (T)
It is a distributed force acting on the surface of the body. Unit is Force / Unit area. But for one
dimensional problem, unit is Force / Unit length. Ex: Frictional resistance, viscous drag and Surface
shear.
(3) Point load (P)
It is a force acting at a particular point which causes displacement.
Finite Element Modeling
It has two processes.
(1) Discretization of structure
(2) Numbering of nodes.

CO -ORDINATES
(A) Global co ordinates, (B) Local co ordinates and (C) Natural co -ordinates.
Natural Co Ordinate ()

Integration of polynomial terms in natural co ordinates for two dimensional elements can be
performed by using the formula,

Shape function
N1N2N3 are usually denoted as shape function. In one dimensional problem, the displacement

For two noded bar element, the displacement at any point within the element is given by,

For three noded triangular element, the displacement at any point within the element is given by,

Shape function need to satisfy the following


(a) First derivatives should be finite within an element; (b) Displacement should be continuous
across the element boundary.
Polynomial Shape function
Polynomials are used as shape function due to the following reasons,
(a) Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
(b) It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
(c) The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of The polynomial.
Stiffness Matrix [K]

Properties of Stiffness Matrix


1. It is a symmetric matrix, 2. The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero, 3. It is an
unstable element. So the determinant is equal to zero.

Equation of Stiffness Matrix for One dimensional bar element

Finite Element Equation for One dimensional bar element

The Load (or) Force Vector {F}

Trusses
It is made up of several bars, riveted or welded together. The following assumptions are made while
finding the forces in a truss, (a) All members are pin joints, (b) The truss is loaded only at the joints, (c)
The self weight of the members is neglected unless stated.
Stiffness Matrix [K] for a truss element

Finite Element Equation for Two noded Truss element

The Galerkin Approach

Types of beam
1. Cantilever beam, 2. Simply Supported beam, 3. Over hanging beam, 4. Fixed beam and 5.
Continuous beam
Types of Transverse Load
1. Point or Concentrated Load, 2. Uniformly Distributed Load 3. Uniformly Varying Load.

TWO DIMENSION PROBLEMS SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEM


Two dimensional elements
Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in a two dimensional plane (i.e., x, y
plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the triangular element.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain


The 2d element is extremely important for the Plane Stress analysis and Plane Strain analysis.
Plane Stress Analysis:
It is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress () and shear stress () directed
perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.
Plane Strain Analysis:
It is defined to be a state of strain in which the normal to the xy plane and the shear strain are assumed
to be zero.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
It consists of
1. Discretization of structure and 2. Numbering of nodes.
1. Discretization: The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller components is
known as discretization.
2. Numbering of nodes:
In one dimensional problem, each node is allowed to move only in x direction. But in two dimensional
problem, each node is permitted to move in the two directions i.e., x and y.

The element connectivity table for the above domain is explained as table.

Constant Strain Triangular (CST) Element


A three noded triangular element is known as constant strain triangular (CST) element. It has six
unknown displacement degrees of freedom

Shape function for the CST element

Displacement function for the CST element

Strain Displacement matrix [B] for CST element

Stress Strain relationship matrix (or) Constitutive matrix [D] for two dimensional element

Stress Strain relationship matrix for two dimensional plane stress problems
The normal stress z and shear stresses xz, xy are zero

Stress Strain relationship matrix for two dimensional plane strain problems
Normal strain ez and shear strains exz, eyz are zero.

Stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional element (CST element)

For plain strain problems

Temperature Effects
Distribution of the change in temperature (T) is known as strain. Due to the change in temperature can
be considered as an initial strain e0.
= D (Bu - e0)
Galerkin Approach

Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element


A six noded triangular element is known as Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element. It has twelve
unknown displacement degrees of freedom. The displacement functions of the element are quadratic
instead of linear as in the CST.

Scalar variable problems


In structural problems, displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By using these displacement
solutions, stresses and strains are calculated for each element. In structural problems, the unknowns
(displacements) are represented by the components of vector field. For example, in a two dimensional
plate, the unknown quantity is the vector field u(x, y), where u is a (2x1) displacement vector.
Equation of Temperature function (T) for one dimensional heat conduction

Equation of Shape functions (N1& N2) for one dimensional heat conduction

Equation of Stiffness Matrix (K) for one dimensional heat conduction

Finite Element Equations for one dimensional heat conduction

Case (ii): One dimensional element with conduction, convection and internal heat generation.

Finite element Equation for Torsional Bar element

ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS FOR TWO DIMENSIONAL CONTINUUM


Isoparametric element:
Generally it is very difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edge elements. A large
number of elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original body and the
assemblage. In order to overcome this drawback, isoparametric elements are used.

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used defining the
displacements, then it is known as isoparametric element.
Superparametric element
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than number of nodes used for defining
the displacements, then it is known as superparametric element.

Subparametric element
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than number of nodes used for defining
the displacements, then it is known as Subparametric element.

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