Kruċjata
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Il-Kruċjati kienu serje ta' bosta kampanji militari—normalment sanzjonati mill-Papat—li seħħew bejn is-Seklu XI u s-Seklu XIII. Oriġinarjament, kienu Gwerrer Sagri Kattoliċi bl-iskop li terġa' tintrebaħ Ġerusalem u l-Art Imqaddsa minn taħt il-ħakma Musulmana, iżda xi wħud kienu indirizzati lejn Ewropew oħra, bħall-Kruċjata Albiġeżjana kontra l-Katari tan-nofsinhar ta' Franza u l-Kruċjati Nordiċi. Ir-Raba' Kruċjata kienet oriġinarjament intiża li tilħaq l-Art Imqaddsa, iżda ġiet ridiretta mill Venezjani kontra Konstantinopli.
Referenzi u qari addizzjonali
[immodifika | immodifika s-sors]- Alfred J. Andrea, Encyclopedia of the Crusades. Greenwood Press, 2003.
- Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives. New York, 2000.
- P.M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517. New York, 1986.
- Thomas F. Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades. Lanham, 2005.
- Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades. Oxford, 1965.
- Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia, 1986.
- Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford, 1995.
- Jonathan Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades?. San Francisco, 2002.
- Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1951-1954.
- Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. 1983
Links esterni
[immodifika | immodifika s-sors]- Kenneth Setton, ed., A History of the Crusades. Madison, 1969-1989 (e-book online)
- Angeliki E. Laiou, The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, (e-book online), includes chapter on Historiography of the crusades.
- E.L. Skip Knox, The Crusades, a virtual college course through Boise State University.