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Hydropower-related pulsed-flow impacts on stream fishes: a brief review, conceptual model, knowledge gaps, and research needs

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Abstract

The societal benefits of hydropower systems (e.g., relatively clean electrical power, water supply, flood control, and recreation) come with a cost to native stream fishes. We reviewed and synthesized the literature on hydropower-related pulsed flows to guide resource managers in addressing significant impacts while avoiding unnecessary curtailment of hydropower operations. Dams may release pulsed flows in response to needs for peaking power, recreational flows, reservoir storage adjustment for flood control, or to mimic natural peaks in the hydrograph. Depending on timing, frequency, duration, and magnitude, pulsed flows can have adverse or beneficial short and long-term effects on resident or migratory stream fishes. Adverse effects include direct impacts to fish populations due to (1) stranding of fishes along the changing channel margins, (2) downstream displacement of fishes, and (3) reduced spawning and rearing success due to redd/nest dewatering and untimely or obstructed migration. Beneficial effects include: (1) maintenance of habitat for spawning and rearing, and (2) biological cues to trigger spawning, hatching, and migration. We developed a basic conceptual model to predict the effects of different types of pulsed flow, identified gaps in knowledge, and identified research activities to address these gaps. There is a clear need for a quantitative framework incorporating mathematical representations of field and laboratory results on flow, temperature, habitat structure, fish life stages by season, fish population dynamics, and multiple fish species, which can be used to predict outcomes and design mitigation strategies in other regulated streams experiencing pulsed flows.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support for this project was provided by the Public Interest Energy Research Program of the California Energy Commission (CEC) through the Pulsed Flow Program (PFP) under the Center for Aquatic Biology and Aquaculture of the University of California, Davis. We also acknowledge support from the Division of Water Rights of the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). We thank the members of the PFP Management Team: Doug Conklin (UC Davis), Joe O’Hagan (CEC), Jim Canaday (SWRCB) and Carson Cox (Sustainable Conservation) for their technical support. We also thank members of the Technical Advisory Committee of the PFP: D. Brewer, R. Fris, J. Gangemi, B. Herbold, J. Jim, C. Knight, S. Li, A. Lind, J. McLain, D. Moller, R. Reed, A. Sih, J. Smith, S. Wald, J. Wikert, and G. Yoshioka for technical support. We thank K. Smeltzer for her assistance in literature retrieval. We also thank the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, especially C. Herrala, for providing us reports from PG&E. We thank C. Mosser for assistance with preparation of Fig. 4. This paper benefited from the insightful comments of two anonymous reviewers.

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  1. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Paciencia S. Young

  2. Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Joseph J. Cech Jr. & Lisa C. Thompson

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Young, P.S., Cech, J.J. & Thompson, L.C. Hydropower-related pulsed-flow impacts on stream fishes: a brief review, conceptual model, knowledge gaps, and research needs. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 21, 713–731 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-011-9211-0

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