Help:IPA

ここでは、国際音声記号の記号の基本的なキーを示します。日本語で十分な記号の小さなセットについては、Help:IPA/日本語を参照してください。英語に十分な記号の小さなセットについては、Help:IPA/英語を参照してください。いくつかのまれな I​​PA シンボルは含まれていません。これらは、メインの IPA 記事または詳細な IPA チャートにあります。発音のマニュアル オブ スタイル ガイドラインについては、Wikipedia:マニュアル オブ スタイル/発音を参照してください。

主な記号

記号はラテンアルファベットの文字に類似して配置されています。どのラテン文字にも似ていない記号は末尾に配置されます。

Symbol	Examples	Description
^ top A
[a] ()	German Mann, French gare	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[ä] ()	Mandarin 他 tā, American English father, Spanish casa, French patte
[ɐ] ()	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ] ()	RP father, French pâte, Dutch bad
[ɑ̃] ()	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
[ɒ] ()	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ] ()	American English cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[æ] ()	RP cat
^ top B
[b] ()	English babble
[ɓ] ()	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[β] ()	Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children", Korean 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] mugunghwa	Like [b], but with the lips not quite closed.
[ʙ] ()	Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw"	Sputtering.
^ top C
[c] ()	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and"	Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[ç] ()	German Ich	More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ɕ] ()	Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ɔ] ()	see under O
^ top D
[d] ()	English dad
[ɗ] ()	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ] ()	American English harder	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ð] ()	English the, bathe
[dz] ()	English adds, Italian zero
[dʒ] ()	English judge
[dʑ] ()	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[dʐ] ()	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
[e] ()	Spanish fe; French clé, German Klee	Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[ɘ] ()	Australian English bird
[ə] ()	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ɚ] ()	American English runner
[ɛ] ()	English bet
[ɛ̃] ()	French Saint-Étienne, vin, main	Nasalized [ɛ].
[ɜ] ()	RP bird (long)
[ɝ] ()	American English bird
^ top F
[f] ()	English fun
[ɟ] ()	see under J
[ʄ] ()	see under J
^ top G
[ɡ] ()	English gag	(Should look like . No different from a Latin "g")
[ɠ] ()	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ] ()		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ] ()	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
[h] ()	American English house
[ɦ] ()	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ʰ]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
[ħ] ()	Arabic مُحَمَّد Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ɥ] ()	see under Y
[ɮ] ()	see under L
^ top I
[i] ()	English sea, French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[ɪ] ()	English sit
[ɨ] ()	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
[j] ()	English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[ʲ]	In Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ʝ] ()	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[ɟ] ()	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[ʄ] ()	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
[k] ()	English kick, skip
^ top L
[l] ()	English leaf
[ɫ] ()	English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
[ɬ] ()	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ɭ] ()		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɺ] ()		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ɮ] ()	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
[ʟ] ()
^ top M
[m] ()	English mime
[ɱ] ()	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ɯ] ()	see under W
[ʍ] ()	see under W
^ top N
[n] ()	English nun
[ŋ] ()	English sing, Māori nga
[ɲ] ()	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[ɳ] ()	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɴ] ()	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
[o] ()	Spanish no, French eau, German Boden	Somewhat reminiscent of American English no.
[ɔ] ()	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
[ɔ̃] ()	French Lyon, son	Nasalized [ɔ].
[ø] ()	French feu, bœufs, German Goethe	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[ɵ] ()	Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[œ] ()	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[œ̃] ()	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
[ɶ] ()
[θ] ()	see under Others
[ɸ] ()	see under Others
^ top P
[p] ()	English pip
^ top Q
[q] ()	Arabic قُرْآن Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
[r] ()	Spanish perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[ɾ] ()	Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
[ʀ] ()	Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ɽ] ()	Urdu ساڑی [sə.ɽək] "road"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ɹ] ()	RP borrow
[ɻ] ()	Tamil புழு Puḻu "Worm", Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ʁ] ()	French Paris, German Riemann (some dialects)	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
[s] ()	English sass
[ʃ] ()	English shoe
[ʂ] ()	Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
[t] ()	English tot, stop
[ʈ] ()	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ts] ()	English cats, Russian царь tsar
[tʃ] ()	English church
[tɕ] ()	Mandarin 北京 Běijīng (), Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[tʂ] ()	Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
[u] ()	American English food, French vous "you", German Schumacher
[ʊ] ()	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[ʉ] ()	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ɥ] ()	see under Y
[ɯ] ()	see under W
^ top V
[v] ()	English verve
[ʋ] ()	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ɤ] ()	see under Y
[ɣ] ()	see under Y
[ʌ] ()	see under A
^ top W
[w] ()	English wow
[ʷ]		Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain
[ʍ] ()	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[ɯ] ()	Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ɰ] ()	Spanish agua	Like [w], but with the lips flat.
^ top X
[x] ()	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хлеб [xlʲep] "bread", Spanish joven	between [k] and [h]
[χ] ()	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
[y] ()	French rue, German Bülow	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ʏ] ()	German Düsseldorf	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ɣ] ()	Arabic غَالِي ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro	Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[ɤ] ()	Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ʎ] ()	Italian tagliatelle, Portuguese mulher	Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
[ɥ] ()	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
^ top Z
[z] ()	English zoo
[ʒ] ()	English vision, French journal
[ʑ] ()	old-styled Russian позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ʐ] ()	Russian жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ] ()	see under L
^ top Others
[θ] ()	English thigh, bath
[ɸ] ()	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ] ()	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ] ()	Arabic عَرَبِيّ ʻarabī "Arabic"	A light, voiced sound deep in the throat, articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx (back of the throat).
[ǀ] ()	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[ǁ] ()	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ǃ] ()	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[ʘ] ()	ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two"	Like a kissing sound.
[ǂ] ()	Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂàʔám̀ᵑǃã̀] "to put in the mouth"	Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

Marks added to letters

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at International Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.

Symbol	Example	Description
Signs above a letter
[ã]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang
[ä]	Portuguese vá [vä] "go"	A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back
[ă]	English police [pə̆ˈliˑs]	An extra-short speech sound (usually a vowel)
Signs below a letter
[a̯]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥]	English boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯] (see also)	Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩]	English button	A consonant without a vowel (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ]	English come	Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ˈa]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa]		Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.]	English courtship [ˈkʰɔrt.ʃɪp]	Syllable break (this is often redundant and therefore left off)