Martin C Tim

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Andrej Dujella

University of Zagreb

Hemin Koyi

Uppsala University

Jana Javornik

University of East London

Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Graham Martin

University of Leicester

Gwen Robbins Schug

University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Gabriel Gutierrez-Alonso

University of Salamanca

John Sutton

Macquarie University

Eros Carvalho

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Kevin Arbuckle

Swansea University

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Papers by Martin C Tim

The effect of climate on the cost of road maintenance in Australia

This report is based on the research funded by the AUSTROADS Business Systems Program undertaken ... more

New deterioration models for sealed granular pavements

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 2009

This study developed mechanistic–empirical deterministic-based pavement deterioration models for ... more This study developed mechanistic–empirical deterministic-based pavement deterioration models for rutting, roughness and the structural deterioration of typical good-quality sealed granular pavements that are not liable to rapid deterioration at a network level. The models were based on long-term observational deterioration data collected from Australian arterial road sites in several states for up to 16 years. These data was combined with extended observational data from simulation experiments, using accelerated load testing, which separately quantified the impact on pavement deterioration of changes to maintenance treatments and changes to axle loads. The models were developed for predicting deterioration of sealed granular pavements during the gradual deterioration phase. The deterioration models are applicable to road networks for strategic life-cycle costing analyses. The roughness deterioration model can be used in the estimation of heavy vehicle road wear as a basis for heavy ...

A Study on the Flood Affected Flexible Pavements in Australia

Roads were one of the most valuable assets damaged during the devastating flood of January, 2011 ... more Roads were one of the most valuable assets damaged during the devastating flood of January, 2011 in SouthEast Queensland. Research by ARRB Group and Griffith University, with Austroads funding, was initiated in early 2013 to evaluate the impacts of extreme weather events such as flooding and frequent heavy rainfall on pavement deterioration. The research examines the structural and functional performance of flood affected flexible pavements using the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and surface condition data sourced from Brisbane City Council and Roads and Maritime Services of New South Wales, Australia. This paper presents the findings on the structural and functional performance of flood affected flexible pavements in Australia. A comparison is presented of before and after flood data on flooded and non-flooded sections of the pavements. The results indicate that the flood affected pavements suffer losing their structural strength faster than their normal deterioration rate. A reduction in the subgrade CBR value up to 67% and structural number up to 50% has been observed. The reductions in the subgrade CBR and structural number would not be so high and rapid if the roads were to deteriorate under normal weather conditions without the flooding event. However, re-testing a number of the pavement sections, several months or years after the flooding, shows a consistent trend of gaining the strength mainly due to the post-flooding rehabilitation works. Preliminary analyses conducted on the surface condition of flood affected pavements indicate a marginal loss of roughness, rutting and cracking. This research will improve the road network condition prediction for flooding events and is expected to identify the adaptation options to reduce the flooding impacts in terms of cost at road network level.

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Development of marginal costs for heavy vehicle bridge usage

This report develops approaches that estimate the marginal cost (MC) of bridge wear for heavy veh... more This report develops approaches that estimate the marginal cost (MC) of bridge wear for heavy vehicle usage and estimates the availability and reliability of the data needed to use these approaches. Two approaches were examined. The first was an engineering approach based on the life-cycle costs (rehabilitation/capital and maintenance) of bridge wear at a given level of heavy vehicle traffic. The second was an econometric approach based on historical bridge expenditure (rehabilitation/capital and maintenance) and heavy vehicle bridge usage data. Both approaches determine a bridge wear cost relationship with heavy vehicle bridge usage from which the MC of bridge wear can be derived.

Recommendations for Monitoring Pavement Performance

Australian road track cost recovery: an international comparison

The Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) has completed estimates of attributable road wear, pave... more The Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) has completed estimates of attributable road wear, pavement and bridge cost portion of the road track costs (state road agency costs) for Australia’s arterial roads. ARRB’s estimates of attributable costs are compared with those derived from the road track cost attribution practices if the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa and New Zealand.

Heavy Vehicle Cost Attribution Study

Estimating Australia's heavy vehicle road wear cost responsibilities (load related road wear)

The Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) has recently completed estimating the attributable (or ... more The Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) has recently completed estimating the attributable (or separable) road track costs (state road agency costs) for Australia's arterial roads. The attributable road track maintenance costs (load related road wear costs) were estimated by a specifically developed load related road wear measuring technique using the ARRB road roughness profilometer and Falling Weight Deflectometer. This technique was adopted in conjunction with the conventional method of developing a . statistical . relationship l;>etween road agency maintenance expenditure (assumed equal to cost) and heaVy vehicle road use. The basis of the load related road wear measuring technique and its limitations are outlined. The technique appears reliable from measurements of load related wear taken on the same arterial road sites in 1991 and 1993. The relative importance and influence of variables, such as pavement strength, heavy vehicle road use and the environment, on the est...

A Network Pavement Life-Cycle Costing (PLCC) Model Parametric Study

A parametric pavement life-cycle costing (PLCC) study, which included agency and user costs, at a... more A parametric pavement life-cycle costing (PLCC) study, which included agency and user costs, at a road network level yielded three main findings. These were: (1) the main influence on annual agency maintenance and rehabilitation costs and their distribution to the roads in the network was the rate of pavement deterioration; (2) under the idealised condition of no limits on road agency annual budget, the minimum network total life-cycle cost was achieved within a relatively narrow range of maximum network roughness despite large variations in pavement deterioration, agency cost and user cost unit rates examined by the parametric study; and (3) rehabilitation had the greatest influence on network roughness over time and is currently the most effective means of achieving minimum network life-cycle costs under a limited agency budget. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E105786.

Estimation of the marginal cost of road wear as a basis for charging freight vehicles

Research in Transportation Economics, 2015

In Australia one option for improved freight vehicle productivity, as part of major road reform, ... more In Australia one option for improved freight vehicle productivity, as part of major road reform, is increasing the allowable freight vehicle axle loads above current load limits and reduce the transport cost per tonne-km. This can also potentially reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by reducing the number of freight vehicle movements for a given freight task. Decisions regarding increased axle loads on the existing road infrastructure can be founded on the marginal cost of road wear as the basis of a price for increasing axle loads. These prices can provide a clear signal for targeting maintenance and rehabilitation funding and works provided the revenue raised by the price is directly linked to the funding. The Freight Axle Limits Investigation Tool (FAMLIT) is a pavement life-cycle costing model that can be used to estimate load-wear-cost (LWC) relationships for a range of typical roads and pavement types for six heavy vehicle axle groups. Loads were incrementally increased above current load limits to estimate the LWC relationships. Life-cycle road wear costs were based on the present value (PV) of the routine and periodic maintenance and rehabilitation costs associated with managing each road type within agreed functional and structural conditions. The PVs of these costs were subsequently converted into equivalent annual uniform costs (EAUC) which were used to form LWC relationships with axle load (tonne-km) and standard axle repetitions (SAR-km), providing alternative independent variables. The marginal cost of road wear was determined by the first derivative of the LWC relationships. The estimated marginal road wear costs, in both short-run marginal cost (SRMC) form and long-run marginal cost (LRMC) form were found to vary across a range of road types and were highly dependent on the pavement/subgrade strength and traffic load. The marginal costs based on the LWC relationship using SAR-km as the independent variable were a constant value until axle group loads were increased significantly above current limits.

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Experimental Estimation of the Relative Deterioration of Surface Maintenance Treatments

Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2010

The performance of Australia's unbound granular pavements with a wearing surface of stone agg... more The performance of Australia's unbound granular pavements with a wearing surface of stone aggregate embedded in a thin bituminous binder seal is highly dependent on maintaining a serviceable surface for the road users. Experimental pavement deterioration data gathered by means of accelerated load testing (ALT) was used to estimate relative performance factors for cumulative rutting and roughness deterioration for various surface maintenance treatments. The ALT experiments were on various surface treatments over separate test pavements undertaken in an enclosure to control the environment, which was either dry or continuously wet. The experimental deterioration data was also used to establish the limit of gradual pavement deterioration prior to the onset of rapid deterioration. The relative performance factors can be applied to the observed deterioration of given surface treatments to develop network level road deterioration (RD) models that predict the influence of various surface treatments on deterioration. Several long term pavement performance studies, including a study directed specifically at maintenance treatments, have collected observational data for the purpose of network level RD model development.

Australian congestion pricing: will it work?

Road & transport research. Vol. 5, no. 2, 1996

This paper reviews the place of congestion pricing in the Australian context of managing urban ro... more

Assessment of additional infrastructure costs due to increased axle mass limits

State-of-the-art pavement performance modelling at a network and project level

Pavement behaviour prediction for life-cycle costing

Assessing Road Users’ Acceptable Levels of Service

Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Washington, DC, USA., 2005

This paper presents the methodology and outcomes of 11 separate investigations that were undertak... more This paper presents the methodology and outcomes of 11 separate investigations that were undertaken from 1998 to 2004 in order to assess road users� expectations of the levels of service on roads in Australia. Road user groups, or panels, ranging from eight to forty three people, represented the communities that used particular road types in the assessment process. These roads ranged from unsealed and sealed local roads to freeways. The road users were surveyed for their assessments of levels of service. All investigations covered the assessment of the factors that influence road users� perceptions of levels of service and quantitative assessments of the maximum acceptable level of rideability or roughness of the roads. The investigations have shown so far that communities often have unique perceptions and requirements. In reviewing all 11 investigations, rideability ranked as the third highest factor thought to influence road users� perceptions of road conditions after potholes and...

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A review of existing pavement performance relationships

… REPORT-AUSTRALIAN ROAD …, 1996

A review of existing pavement performance relationships. TC Martin RESEARCH REPORT-AUSTRALIAN ROA... more

Rural pavement improvement prediction due to rehabilitation

RESEARCH …, 1996

Estimating Heavy Vehicle Road Wear Costs for Bituminous-Surfaced Arterial Roads

Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2002

Estimating Heavy Vehicle Road Wear Costs for Bituminous-Surfaced Arterial Roads. [Journal of Tran... more

$TABLE 4 Summary of statistical values for equation (9b) As shown for equation (9b) above, three of the independent variable coefficients were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level and the coefficient for the initial roughness, Ro, term was not statistically significant. The initial roughness term of the environmental cumulative roughness component had an exponent substantially less than unity which indicates that the deterioration of this roughness component in this formulation was less than linear. Ty 21. .. .... 2° 2... ffi2nr .~.. 1 ffAL\ 2.1... Mai. 1 2. at... 2... 3..2.1 122... .. wd? lO ig i * 2 a I ih ak$