Appendix:Hittite Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Hittite, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List (new)
[edit]| № | English | Hittite 𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷 edit (81) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𒌑𒊌 (ú-uk) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zi-i-ik) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | -𒀸 (-aš) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | |
| 5 | you (2pl) | |
| 6 | they (3pl) | |
| 7 | this | |
| 8 | that | |
| 9 | here | |
| 10 | there | |
| 11 | who | 𒆪𒅖 (ku-iš) |
| 12 | what | 𒆪𒀉 (ku-it) |
| 13 | where | 𒆪𒉿𒁉 (ku-wa-pí) |
| 14 | when | 𒆪𒉿𒁉 (ku-wa-pí) |
| 15 | how | |
| 16 | not | 𒈾𒀜𒋫 (natta) |
| 17 | all | 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš), 𒁕𒀸𒋗𒍑 (da-aš-šu-uš), 𒄷𒌋𒈠𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-u-ma-an-za) |
| 18 | many | |
| 19 | some | |
| 20 | few | 𒋼𒁍𒍑 (te-pu-uš) |
| 21 | other | |
| 22 | one | |
| 23 | two | |
| 24 | three | |
| 25 | four | |
| 26 | five | |
| 27 | big | 𒊩𒇷𒅖 (sallis) |
| 28 | long | |
| 29 | wide | 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (palḫis) |
| 30 | thick | |
| 31 | heavy | 𒈾𒀝𒆠𒅖 (nakkis) |
| 32 | small | 𒄠𒈪𒅀𒀭𒍝 (amiyanz(a)), 𒋼𒁍𒍑 (te-pu-uš) |
| 33 | short | |
| 34 | narrow | 𒄩𒀜𒆪𒍑 (ḫa-at-ku-uš) |
| 35 | thin | |
| 36 | woman | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 𒇽𒀸 (LÚ-aš) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 𒀭𒌅𒉿𒄴𒄩𒀸 (an-tu-wa-aḫ-ḫa-aš) |
| 39 | child | |
| 40 | wife | |
| 41 | husband | 𒇽𒀸 (LÚ-aš) |
| 42 | mother | 𒀭𒈾𒀸 (annaš) |
| 43 | father | 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (at-ta-aš), 𒀜𒁕𒀸 (ad-da-aš) |
| 44 | animal | |
| 45 | fish | 𒈦𒄷𒌋𒉿𒅀𒀸 (parḫūwayaš) (gen. sg.; hapax legomenon - speculated meaning) |
| 46 | bird | |
| 47 | dog | |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (ta-a-ru), 𒋫𒊒 (taru) |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | 𒉺𒄴𒄭𒅔 (paḫḫin) (speculated meaning) |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | 𒀀𒇷𒂖 (a-le-el) |
| 60 | grass | 𒌑𒂖𒆪 (ú-el-ku) |
| 61 | rope | 𒅖𒄭𒈠𒀀𒀸 (iš-ḫi-ma-a-aš) |
| 62 | skin | 𒆳𒊭𒀸 (kur-sa-as) |
| 63 | meat | |
| 64 | blood | 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (e-eš-ḫar) |
| 65 | bone | 𒄩𒀸𒋫𒄿 (ḫa-aš-ta-i) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 𒊭𒂵𒀭 (ša-ga-an) |
| 67 | egg | |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | |
| 72 | head | |
| 73 | ear | |
| 74 | eye | 𒃲𒄭𒀀𒅖 (IGI.ḪI.A.-iš /šakawiš/) |
| 75 | nose | |
| 76 | mouth | 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (a-i-iš) |
| 77 | tooth | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 𒆷𒀀𒆷𒀸 (la-a-la-aš) |
| 79 | fingernail | |
| 80 | foot | 𒄊𒀸 (GÌR-aš /*patas/) |
| 81 | leg | |
| 82 | knee | 𒄀𒉡 (ge-nu) |
| 83 | hand | 𒆠𒌍𒊬 (ke-eš-šar) |
| 84 | wing | 𒈦𒋫𒌋𒉿𒅈 (pártauwar), 𒁁𒋻 (pát-tar) |
| 85 | belly | |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | |
| 89 | breast | 𒋼𒂊𒋫𒀭 (te-e-ta-an) |
| 90 | heart | 𒆠𒅕 (ker), 𒊮𒅕 (ŠÀ-er) |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | 𒂊𒆪𒍣 (e-ku-zi) |
| 93 | to eat | 𒂊𒄑𒍝𒊍𒍣 (ēzz(a)zzi) |
| 94 | to bite | 𒉿𒀀𒆠 (wa-a-ki) |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | 𒉺𒊏𒀀𒄿 (pa-ra-a-i) |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | |
| 101 | to see | 𒌋𒄴𒄭 (u-uḫ-ḫi) (first-person singular present active) |
| 102 | to hear | |
| 103 | to know | 𒊭𒀀𒀝𒆠 (ša-a-ak-ki) |
| 104 | to think | |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑 (šu-up-pa-ri), 𒋗𒌒𒁉𒄑𒍣 (su-up-pí-ez-zi) |
| 108 | to live | 𒄷𒍑 (ḫu-uš) |
| 109 | to die | |
| 110 | to kill | |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | 𒉿𒀠𒄴𒍣 (wa-al-aḫ-zi) |
| 114 | to cut | |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (pád-da-a-i) |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (píd-da-a-i) |
| 121 | to walk | 𒄿𒅀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta) |
| 122 | to come | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pāi) |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (ši-i-ez-zi) |
| 131 | to rub | 𒁉𒌍𒍣 (pé-eš-zi) |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | 𒁉𒌍𒅆𒄑𒍣 (pé-eš-ši-ez-zi) |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | 𒅈𒀸𒍣 (ar-aš-zi), 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (ši-i-ez-zi) |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | |
| 148 | moon | |
| 149 | star | 𒄩𒀸𒋼𒅕𒍝 (ḫa-as-te-er-za) |
| 150 | water | 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar) |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | 𒄩𒉺𒀀 (ḫa-pa-a) (towards the river) |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | 𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸 (a-ru-na-aš) |
| 155 | salt | |
| 156 | stone | 𒉺𒀸𒅆𒆷𒀸 (passilas) |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | 𒋼𒂊𒃷 (te-e-kán), 𒁍𒊒𒌓 (purut) |
| 160 | cloud | 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (alpas) |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | 𒉈𒂊𒁉𒅖 (nēpis) |
| 163 | wind | 𒄷𒌋𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-u-wa-an-za), 𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-wa-an-za) |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | 𒂊𒃷 (e-kán) |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | 𒉺𒄴𒄯 (pa-aḫ-ḫur) |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | 𒉿𒊏𒀀𒉌 (wa-ra-a-ni), 𒇻𒊌𒆠𒄑𒍣 (lu-uk-ki-ez-zi), 𒉿𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (wa-ar-nu-uz-zi) |
| 170 | road | 𒆜𒀸 (KASKAL-aš /pal(š)/) |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | 𒄯𒆠𒅖 (ḫar-ki-iš) |
| 176 | black | |
| 177 | night | 𒅖𒉺𒀭𒍝 (ispanza) |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | 𒂊𒆪𒈾𒀸 (e-ku-na-aš) |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | 𒉋𒀸 (GIBIL-aš /nēwas/) |
| 184 | old | 𒈪𒅀𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 (miyaḫuwanz) |
| 185 | good | 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑 (a-aš-šu-uš) |
| 186 | bad | 𒄿𒁕𒀀𒇻𒍑 (i-da-a-lu-uš) |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 𒀠𒁍𒍑 (al-pu-uš) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (a-a-ra) |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | 𒀸 (aš), ] [ (andan) |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | 𒀸 (aš) |
| 207 | name | 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (la-a-ma-an) |
List (old)
[edit][script needed]
| No. | English | Hittite 𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷 (ni-ši-li) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 𒌑𒊌 (ūk) |
| 2 | you (singular) | 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk) |
| 3 | he, she, it | --𒀸 (as) |
| 4 | we | wēs |
| 5 | you (plural) | sumēs |
| 6 | they | -e |
| 7 | this | kās |
| 8 | that | apās |
| 9 | here | kā |
| 10 | there | apiya |
| 11 | who | kuis |
| 12 | what | kuit |
| 13 | where | kuwapi |
| 14 | when | kuwapi |
| 15 | how | māhhan |
| 16 | not | 𒈾𒀜𒋫 (natta)(dittas=Yes) |
| 17 | all | hūmantes |
| 18 | many | mēkkies |
| 19 | some | kuiesqa |
| 20 | few | tēpawes |
| 21 | other | damais |
| 22 | one | *ās |
| 23 | two | dān |
| 24 | three | tēries |
| 25 | four | meyawes |
| 26 | five | - |
| 27 | big | 𒊩𒇷𒅖 (sallis) |
| 28 | long | dalukis |
| 29 | wide | 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (palḫis) |
| 30 | thick | - |
| 31 | heavy | suwārus, 𒈾𒀝𒆠𒅖 (nakkis) |
| 32 | small | kappis |
| 33 | short | manninkuwanz |
| 34 | narrow | hatkus |
| 35 | thin | maklanz |
| 36 | woman | *kuwanz |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 𒁉𒌍𒈾𒀸 (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
| 38 | man (human being) | antuhsas |
| 39 | child | hāssas |
| 40 | wife | *kuwanz |
| 41 | husband | 𒁉𒌍𒈾𒀸 (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
| 42 | mother | 𒀭𒈾𒀸 (annas) |
| 43 | father | 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (attas) |
| 44 | animal | suppalas |
| 45 | fish | 𒈦𒄷𒌋𒉿𒄿𒀀𒀸 (parḫūwayas) (gen. sg.) |
| 46 | bird | suwais (?) |
| 47 | dog | kuwas (?) |
| 48 | louse | - |
| 49 | snake | iluyanka |
| 50 | worm | - |
| 51 | tree | tāru |
| 52 | forest | tiessar |
| 53 | stick | 𒉺𒀪𒄭𒅔 (paḫḫin) (?) |
| 54 | fruit | sesan |
| 55 | seed | warwalan |
| 56 | leaf | hurpastas |
| 57 | root | sūrkas |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | - |
| 59 | flower | alil |
| 60 | grass | wēlku |
| 61 | rope | ishimas |
| 62 | skin | - |
| 63 | meat | - |
| 64 | blood | eshār |
| 65 | bone | hastāi |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sakan |
| 67 | egg | - |
| 68 | horn | karāwar |
| 69 | tail | sisai (?) |
| 70 | feather | patar |
| 71 | hair | tetanas |
| 72 | head | harsar |
| 73 | ear | istāman |
| 74 | eye | 𒃲𒄭𒀀𒅖 (sakaui-is) |
| 75 | nose | tititan |
| 76 | mouth | ais, iss- |
| 77 | tooth | gagas |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lalas |
| 79 | fingernail | kaddu (?) |
| 80 | foot | 𒄊𒀸 (patas) |
| 81 | leg | egdu |
| 82 | knee | gēnu |
| 83 | hand | kissar |
| 84 | wing | 𒈦𒋫𒌋𒉿𒅈 (pártauwar), 𒁁𒋻 (páttar) |
| 85 | belly | sarhuwanz |
| 86 | guts | garates |
| 87 | neck | kuttar (?) |
| 88 | back | iskis |
| 89 | breast | tētan |
| 90 | heart | 𒆠𒅕 (kir) |
| 91 | liver | lissi |
| 92 | to drink | ekuzi |
| 93 | to eat | 𒂊𒄑𒍝𒊍𒍣 (ēzzi) |
| 94 | to bite | wāki |
| 95 | to suck | u(n)hzi |
| 96 | to spit | allappahhi |
| 97 | to vomit | - |
| 98 | to blow | 𒉺𒊏𒀀𒄿 (parāi) |
| 99 | to breathe | - |
| 100 | to laugh | halwammar |
| 101 | to see | auszi, 𒌋𒀪𒄭 (uḫḫi) |
| 102 | to hear | istamaszi |
| 103 | to know | 𒊭𒀀𒀝𒆠 (sākki) |
| 104 | to think | mala |
| 105 | to smell | - |
| 106 | to fear | nāhi |
| 107 | to sleep | seszi |
| 108 | to live | huiszi |
| 109 | to die | aki |
| 110 | to kill | kuēnzi |
| 111 | to fight | hullezzi |
| 112 | to hunt | huwarniskezzi |
| 113 | to hit | walhzi |
| 114 | to cut | kuērzi |
| 115 | to split | iskallai |
| 116 | to stab | iskāri |
| 117 | to scratch | *arrirrai |
| 118 | to dig | 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (páddāi) |
| 119 | to swim | - |
| 120 | to fly | 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (píddāi) |
| 121 | to walk | 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/) |
| 122 | to come | uēzzi |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | kitta |
| 124 | to sit | ēsa |
| 125 | to stand | arta |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | wehzi, nēa |
| 127 | to fall | mauszi |
| 128 | to give | 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pāi) |
| 129 | to hold | harzi |
| 130 | to squeeze | 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (sīezzi) |
| 131 | to rub | 𒁉𒌍𒍣 (peszi) |
| 132 | to wash | ārri, warpzi |
| 133 | to wipe | fshin |
| 134 | to pull | huettiezzi |
| 135 | to push | suwezzi |
| 136 | to throw | 𒁉𒌍𒅆𒄑𒍣 (pesiezi), ūssiezzi |
| 137 | to tie | ishai, hamanki |
| 138 | to sew | - |
| 139 | to count | kappuezzi |
| 140 | to say | tēzzi |
| 141 | to sing | ishamai |
| 142 | to play | duskzi, hinganiskezzi |
| 143 | to float | - |
| 144 | to flow | ārszi |
| 145 | to freeze | ekāizzi |
| 146 | to swell | suwattari |
| 147 | sun | istanus |
| 148 | moon | armas |
| 149 | star | 𒄩𒀸𒋼𒅕𒍝 (ha-as-te-er-za) |
| 150 | water | 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar) |
| 151 | rain | hēus |
| 152 | river | hapas |
| 153 | lake | lulis (?) |
| 154 | sea | 𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸 (arunas) |
| 155 | salt | - |
| 156 | stone | 𒉺𒀸𒅆𒆷𒀸 (passilas) |
| 157 | sand | - |
| 158 | dust | - |
| 159 | earth | 𒋼𒂊𒃷 (tēkan) |
| 160 | cloud | alpās |
| 161 | fog | kammaras |
| 162 | sky | 𒉈𒂊𒁉𒅖 (nēpis) |
| 163 | wind | huwanz |
| 164 | snow | - |
| 165 | ice | 𒂊𒃷 (ekan) |
| 166 | smoke | tuhhuwais |
| 167 | fire | 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur) |
| 168 | ash | hās, hāss- |
| 169 | to burn | urāni |
| 170 | road | 𒆜𒀸 (palsas) |
| 171 | mountain | - |
| 172 | red | mitas |
| 173 | green | hahlawanz |
| 174 | yellow | hahlawanz |
| 175 | white | 𒄯𒆠𒅖 (ha-ar-ki-is) |
| 176 | black | hanzanas, dankuis |
| 177 | night | ispanz |
| 178 | day | sīwaz |
| 179 | year | wīz |
| 180 | warm | ānz |
| 181 | cold | ekunanz |
| 182 | full | suus |
| 183 | new | nēwas |
| 184 | old | 𒈪𒅀𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 (miyahwanz) |
| 185 | good | āssus |
| 186 | bad | 𒄿𒁕𒀀𒇻𒍑 (idālus) |
| 187 | rotten | harranz |
| 188 | dirty | iskunanz |
| 189 | straight | - |
| 190 | round | - |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 𒀠𒁍𒍑 (alpus) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | alpanz |
| 193 | smooth | mius |
| 194 | wet | hurniyanz |
| 195 | dry | hātanz |
| 196 | correct | āra |
| 197 | near | manninkuwanz |
| 198 | far | duwān |
| 199 | right | kunnas |
| 200 | left | - |
| 201 | at | - |
| 202 | in | andan |
| 203 | with | katti- |
| 204 | and | -Ca, -ya |
| 205 | if | takku |
| 206 | because | kuit |
| 207 | name | 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman) |