View source for sere

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "sere"}}
==English==
{{was wotd|2019|August|10}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/sɪə/|a=RP}}
* {{audio|en|En-uk-sere.oga|a=RP}}
* {{IPA|en|/sɪ(ə)ɹ/|a=GA}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɪə(ɹ)|s=1}}
* {{homophones|en|seer}}

===Etymology 1===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*h₂sews-}}
From {{inh|en|enm|ser}}, {{m|enm|sere}}, {{m|enm|seare}}, {{m|enm|seer}}, {{m|enm|seere}}, {{m|enm|seir}}, {{m|enm|seyr||dry, withered; emaciated, shrivelled; brittle; bare; dead, lifeless; barren, useless}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=sēr(e|pos=''adj.''(1)|noformat=yes|id=MED39507|accessdate=28 April 2019}}</ref> from {{inh|en|ang|sēar}}, {{m|ang|sīere||dry, withered; barren; sere}},<ref name="OED">{{R:OED Online|entry=sere, sear|pos=''adj.{{sup|1}}''|noformat=yes|id=176371|date=1912|nodot=yes}}; {{R:Lexico|alt=sere{{sup|1}}|pos=adj}}</ref> from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*sauʀ(ī)}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*sauzaz||dry, parched}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₂sews-}}, {{m|ine-pro|*sh₂ews-||to be dry}}.

Cognate with {{cog|nl|zoor||dry and coarse}}, {{cog|el|αὖος||dry}}, {{cog|lt|sausas||dry}}, {{cog|gml|sôr}} ({{cog|nds|soor||arid, dry}}), {{cog|cu|suχŭ||dry}}.<ref name="OED"/> {{doublet|en|sear|sare}}.

====Adjective====
{{en-adj|er}}

# {{lb|en|archaic|or|literary|poetic}} Without [[moisture]]; [[dry]].
#: {{synonyms|en|sare|q1=Britain, archaic|sear|Thesaurus:dry}}
#* {{RQ:Scott Lady of the Lake|canto=III|stanza=XVI|page=118|passage=The autumn winds rushing / Waft the leaves that are '''searest''', / But our flower was in flushing, / When blighting was nearest.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Henry Lonsdale|chapter=The Græmes, Grames, or Grahams of the Borders|title=The Worthies of Cumberland. The Right Honourable Sir [[w:Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet|J[ames] R[obert] G[eorge] Graham]], Bart. of Netherby|location=London|publisher=[[w:Routledge|George Routledge & Sons]],{{nb...|The Broadway, Ludgate.}}|year=1868|page=1|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvIBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1|oclc=931352891|passage=[T]he recitation of Border Minstrelsy, or a well-sung ballad, served to revive the '''sere''' and yellow leaf of age by their refreshing memories of the pleasurable past.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author={{w|Vernon Lee}} [pseudonym; Violet Paget]|title=The Enchanted Woods and Other Essays on the Genius of Places|location=London; New York, N.Y.|publisher=[[w:John Lane (publisher)|John Lane]]|year=1905|page=314|oclc=752991460|passage=Perhaps it is the scant, delicate detail revealing finer lines, which thus turns corners of Tuscany into an imaginary Hellas. Or perhaps the mere sunny austerity of these rocky '''sere''' places, the twitter of birds telling of renewed life, suggesting what, to us, seem the homes of the world's happy youth.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|title=Pintíg: Sa Malamig Na Bakal: Lifepulse in Cold Steel: Poems and Letters from Philippine Prisons|location=Hong Kong|publisher=Resource Centre for Philippine Concerns|year=1979|page=28|oclc=610185511|passage={{...}} a blighted land / More wasted, '''serer''' than before.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=w:Vernor Vinge|title=w:The Peace War|editor=w:Stanley Schmidt|magazine=w:Analog Science Fiction and Fact|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=Davis Publications|year=1984|volume=104|section=chapter 37|page=47|column=2|issn=1059-2113|oclc=1002313358|passage=Except for their crawlers, and a crow flickering past in the mist, nothing moved: the grass was '''sere''' and golden, the dirt beneath white and gravelly.}}
# {{lb|en|archaic|or|literary|poetic}} Of thoughts, etc.: [[barren]], [[fruitless]].
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1847|author=w:Edgar Allan Poe|title={{w|Ulalume|Ulalume: A Ballad}}
|passage=Our talk had been serious and sober,<br>But our thoughts they were palsied and '''sere'''—<br>Our memories were treacherous and '''sere'''—}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} Of [[fabric]]s: [[threadbare]], [[worn out]].
#* {{RQ:Wordsworth Coleridge Lyrical Ballads|poem=The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere|part=V|page=27|passage=The roaring wind! it roar'd far off, / It did not come anear; / But with its sound it shook the sails / That were so thin and '''sere'''.}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|wood-sere}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top-also|without moisture|dry}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|vyprahlý}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|kuivunut}}
* German: {{t+|de|trocken}}, {{t+|de|verwelkt}}, {{t+|de|verdorrt}}, {{t+|de|vertrocknet}}, {{t+|de|welk}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|parā}}
* Plautdietsch: {{t|pdt|drieech}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|veșted}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|сухо́й}}, {{t+|ru|иссу́шенный}}, {{t+|ru|увя́дший}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|seco}}, {{t+|es|marchito}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 2===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*ser- (bind)}}
From {{der|en|la|serere}}, {{glossary|present}} {{glossary|active}} {{glossary|infinitive}} of  {{m|la|serō||to entwine, interlace, link together; to join in a series, string together}},<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=''n.{{sup|2}}''|noformat=yes|id=176370|date=1986|nodot=yes}}; {{R:Lexico|alt=sere{{sup|2}}|pos=n}}</ref> ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ser-||to bind, tie together; to thread}}.

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|ecology}} A [[natural#Adjective|natural]] [[succession]] of [[animal]] or [[plant#Noun|plant]] [[community|communities]] in an [[ecosystem]], especially a [[series]] of communities [[succeed]]ing one another from the [[time#Noun|time]] a [[habitat]] is [[unoccupied#Adjective|unoccupied]] to the [[point#Noun|point]] when a [[climax community]] is [[achieve]]d. {{defdate|from early 20th c.}}
#: {{synonyms|en|seral community}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=Douglas C. Andersen; James A. MacMahon; Michael L. Wolfe|title=Herbivorous Mammals along a Montane Sere: Community Structure and Energetics|url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5583&context=aspen_bib|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721010435/https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5583&context=aspen_bib|archivedate=21 July 2018|journal=w:Journal of Mammology|location=Baltimore, Md.|publisher=w:American Society of Mammalogists|month=August|year=1980|volume=61|issue=3|page=501|pageurl=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5583&context=aspen_bib#page=4|issn=0022-2372|oclc=1097268763|passage=We examined one of several '''seres''' found in the middle Rocky Mountains that progress from a subalpine or montane forb-dominated meadow to a climax forest dominated by Engelmann spruce (''Picea engelmannii'').}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Walter F. Mueggler|chapter=Approach|title=Aspen Community Types of the Intermountain Region|series=General Technical Report|seriesvolume=INT-250|location=Ogden, Ut.|publisher=Intermountain Research Station, [[w:United States Forest Service|Forest Service]], {{w|United States Department of Agriculture}}|month=December|year=1988|page=5|pageurl=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112104113342;view=1up;seq=9|column=1|oclc=25967910|passage=[C]ommunity types may represent either climax plant associations or successional communities within a '''sere'''.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Thomas J. Stohlgren|chapter=History and Background, Baggage and Direction|title=Measuring Plant Diversity: Lessons from the Field|location=Oxford|publisher=w:Oxford University Press|year=2007|section=part I (The Past and Present)|page=31|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCU1Q3GgggC&pg=PA31|isbn=978-0-19-517233-1|passage=[S]ome communities persisted as repeating early successional '''seres''' ("disclimaxes"), while climax communities could contain small areas of different '''sere''' communities.}}

=====Hyponyms=====
* {{l|en|hydrosere}}
* {{l|en|lithosere}}
* {{l|en|psammosere}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|seral}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|natural succession of animal or plant communities}}
* German: {{t|de|Folge-}}, {{t+|de|Zwischen-}}, {{t|de|Folgestadium|n}}, {{t|de|Zwischenstadium|n}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|szukcessziós sorozat}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{der|en|fro|serre}} (modern {{cog|fr|serre||talon}}), from {{m|fro|serrer||to grip tightly; to shut}} (modern {{cog|fr|serrer||to squeeze; to tighten}}), from {{der|en|VL.|serrāre||to close, shut}}, from {{der|en|LL.|serāre}}, {{glossary|present}} {{glossary|active}} {{glossary|infinitive}} of {{m|la|serō||to fasten with a bolt; to bar, bolt}}, from {{m|la|sera||bar for fastening doors}}, from {{m|la|serō||to bind or join together; entwine, interlace, interweave, plait}}; ''see further'' at [[#Etymology 2|etymology 2]].<ref>{{R:OED Online|entry=† sere|pos=''n.{{sup|1}}''|noformat=yes|id=176369|date=1912}}</ref>

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|obsolete}} A [[claw#Noun|claw]], a [[talon]].
#* {{RQ:Homer Chapman Iliads|year=1843|book=XIX|page=149|passage=Her &#91;[[Minerva]]'s&#93; '''seres''' struck through Achilles' tent, and closely she instill'd / Heaven's most-to-be-desired feast to his great breast, and fill'd / His sinews with that sweet supply, for fear unsavoury fast / Should creep into his knees.}}

===Etymology 4===
From {{inh|en|enm|ser}}, {{m|enm|sere}}, {{m|enm|schere}}, {{m|enm|seer}}, {{m|enm|seere}}, {{m|enm|seir}}, {{m|enm|seyr}}, {{m|enm|seyre||different; diverse, various; distinct, individual; parted, separated; many, several}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=sẹ̄r(e|pos=''adj.''(2)|noformat=yes|id=MED39508|accessdate=28 April 2019}}</ref> from {{der|en|non|sér||for oneself; separately|pos=dative reflexive pronoun|lit=to oneself}}, from {{m|non|sik||oneself, myself, yourself, herself, himself; ourselves, yourselves, themselves}},<ref name="OED adv">{{R:OED Online|pos=''adv.'' and ''adj.{{sup|2}}''|noformat=yes|id=176372|date=1912}}</ref> from {{der|en|gem-pro|*sek||oneself}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*swé||self}}. The English word is cognate with {{cog|da|sær||singular}}, {{m|da|især||especially, particularly}}, {{cog|de|sich||oneself; herself, himself, itself; themselves}}, {{cog|is|sig||oneself; herself, himself, itself; themselves}}, {{cog|la|sē||herself, himself, itself; themselves}}, {{cog|sco|seir}}, {{cog|sv|sär||particularly}}.<ref name="OED adv"/>

====Adjective====
{{en-adj}}

# {{lb|en|obsolete|or|Britain|dialectal}} [[individual#Adjective|Individual]], [[separate#Adjective|separate]], [[set apart#Adjective|set apart]].
#* {{RQ:Ascham Works|title=Toxophilus|book=2|page=137|passage=Therefore I have ſeene good ſhooters [archers] which would have for everye bowe a '''ſere''' caſe, made of wullen clothe, and then you maye putte three or four of them ſo caſed, into a lether caſe if you will.}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete|or|Britain|dialectal}} [[different|Different]]; [[diverse]].
#* {{quote-book|en|author=James Prior|chapter=Bishoped Porridge|title=Fortuna Chance|location=London|publisher=[[w:Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]]|year=1910|page=316|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40766/page/n326/mode/1up|oclc=61856236|passage=Thou wert well-nee moidered [''footnote'': Distracted.] wi' me, I know, but it thou'd telled me, Mary, I mun do better or else we mun goo our '''sere'''-ways [''footnote'': Different ways.], belike I should a done better. I'm nobbut a mon, Mary, a lundy day-tale mon [''footnote'': Clumsy day-labourer.].}}

=====Alternative forms=====
* {{l|en|seer}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|serely}}

===References===
<references />

===Further reading===
* {{pedia|sere (ecology)}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=eers|EERs|Erse|REEs|Rees|SEER|eres|rees|rese|seer}}

==Czech==

===Pronunciation===
* {{cs-IPA}}

===Verb===
{{head|cs|verb form}}

# {{infl of|cs|srát||3|s|pres|ind}}

==Friulian==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|fur|LL.|sēra}}, from ellipsis of {{inh|fur|la|sēra}} {{m|la|diēs}}, from {{m|la|sērus|t=late}}. Compare {{cog|it|sera}}, {{cog|vec|séra}}, {{cog|rm|saira}}, {{m|rm|seira}}, {{cog|ro|seară}}, {{cog|fr|soir}}.

===Noun===
{{fur-noun|f|pl=seris}}

# [[evening]]

====Derived terms====
* {{l|fur|buine sere}}

==Haitian Creole==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|ht|fr|serrer}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ht|/seɣe/}}

===Verb===
{{head|ht|verb}}

# [[tighten]], [[squeeze]]

===Adjective===
{{head|ht|adjective}}

# [[tight]]

==Italian==

===Pronunciation===
{{it-pr|sére}}

===Noun===
{{head|it|noun form|g=f}}

# {{plural of|it|sera}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|it|a=eers|erse|rese}}

==Latin==

===Etymology 1===
Form of the verb {{m|la|serō||I sow or plant}}.

====Verb====
{{head|la|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|la|serō||2|s|pres|actv|impr}}

===Etymology 2===
Form of the verb {{m|la|serō||I join or weave}}.

====Verb====
{{head|la|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|la|serō||2|s|pres|actv|impr}}

===Etymology 3===
Form of {{m|la|sērus}}.

====Adjective====
{{head|la|adjective form|head=sēre}}

# {{inflection of|la|sērus||voc|m|s}}

==Leonese==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|roa-leo|la|sum|esse|to be}}. The present subjunctive is influenced by {{cog|la|sedeō||sit}} (present infinitive {{m|la|sedēre}}).

===Verb===
{{head|roa-leo|verb}}

# to [[be]]

====Conjugation====
{{roa-leo-conj-sere}}

===References===
* [http://www.lengualeonesa.eu/castellan/Diccionario AEDLL]

==Middle Dutch==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|dum|odt|sēro}}. Equivalent to {{affix|dum|sêer|-e}}.

===Adverb===
{{dum-adv|head=sêre}}

# [[strongly]], [[very]], to a [[great]] [[degree]]
# [[hard]], [[forcefully]]
# [[fast]], with [[speed]]

====Descendants====
* {{desc|nl|zeer}}
* {{desc|li|zieër}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:VMNW|ID38133}}
* {{R:MNW|51453}}

==Middle English==

===Etymology 1===
{{dercat|enm|gem-pro|inh=1}}
From {{inh|enm|ang|sēar}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*sauʀ(ī)}}. {{doublet|enm|sor|id1=sorrel|t1=sorrel}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|seer|seere|seir|ser}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/sɛːr/}}

====Adjective====
{{head|enm|adjective}}

# {{senseid|enm|dry}}{{lb|enm|especially referring to plants}} [[dry]], [[withered]], [[shrunken]], [[brittle]]
# {{lb|enm|of thoughts, etc.}} [[barren]], [[fruitless]]

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|sear|sere|sare}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|entry=sēr(e|pos=''adj.''(1)|noformat=yes|id=MED39507|accessdate=26 March 2018}}

===Etymology 2===
{{bor+|enm|non|sér}}, dative of {{m|non|sik}}, from {{der|enm|gem-pro|*siz}}, dative and instrumental of {{m|gem-pro|*sek}}, from {{der|enm|ine-pro|*swé|t=self}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|schere|seer|seere|seir|ser|seyr|seyre}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/seːr/|a=adjective}}
* {{IPA|enm|/ˈseːr(ə)/|a=adverb}}

====Adjective====
{{enm-adj}}

# {{senseid|enm|differing}} [[individual#Adjective|Individual]], [[separate#Adjective|separate]], [[set apart#Adjective|set apart]].
# [[different|Different]]; [[diverse]].
#* {{RQ:Smith York Plays|play=XXII. The Smythis. The Temptation of Jesus.|page=183|lines=151–156|passage=Be-halde now, ser, and þou schalt see, / '''Sere''' kyngdomes and '''sere''' contre; / Alle þis wile I giffe to þe / for euer more, / And þou falle and honour me, / as I saide are.|translation=Behold now, sir, and thou shalt see, / '''Different''' kingdoms and '''different''' country; / All this will I give to thee / forever more, / And thou fall and honour me, / As I said ere.}}
# [[numerous|Numerous]], [[many]], [[copious]].

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|sere}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|entry=sẹ̄r(e|pos=''adj.''(2)|noformat=yes|id=MED39508|accessdate=28 April 2019}}

====Adverb====
{{enm-adv}}

# [[separately|Separately]], [[severally]].
#* {{RQ:Smith York Plays|play=II. Playsterers. The Creation, to the Fifth Day.|page=9|lines=17–20|passage=Þe water I will set / to flowe bothe fare and nere, / And þhan þe firmament, / in mydis to set þame '''sere'''.|translation=The water I will set / to flow both far and near, / And then the firmament, / in their midst to set them '''separately'''.}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|entry=sẹ̄re|pos=adv|id=MED39509|accessdate=10 August 2019}}

===Etymology 3===

====Adjective====
{{enm-adj}}

# {{alternative form of|enm|sure}}

==Northern Kurdish==

===Etymology===
From ''*serde'', from {{inh|kmr|ira-pro|*carHdáh}} (> {{m|kmr|sal|t=year}}) + {{m|kmr|-e|t=noun forming suffix}}. Compare {{m|kmr|salî|t=old, aged}}, used when asking ''how old''.

===Pronunciation===
* {{kmr-IPA}}

===Adjective===
{{kmr-adj|ar=سەرە}}

# {{lb|kmr|of people}} [[old]], [[aged]], [[elderly]], [[senior]]
#: {{syn|kmr|kal|mezin|pîr}}
#: {{ant|kmr|cahil|ciwan|naşî|xort}}

===References===
* {{R:kmr:Chyet:2020|sere|vol=2|page=236}}

==Shona==
{{cardinalbox|sn|7|8|9|nomwe|pfumbamwe}}

===Etymology===
{{rfe|sn}}

===Adjective===
{{sn-adj|séré}}

# {{cln|sn|cardinal numbers}}[[eight]]

====Inflection====
{{sn-infl-strong-pl|séré|c10=tséré}}

==Turkish==

===Alternative forms===
* {{l|tr|sele}}

===Noun===
{{tr-noun|yi|ler}}

# {{lb|tr|informal}} a measure of distance, being the span, when spreading one’s fingers, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index finger.

===References===
* {{R:tr:TDK}}

==Zazaki==

===Etymology===
Related to {{cog|fa|سر|tr=sar}}.

===Noun===
{{zza-noun|seri|seran}}

# {{lb|zza|anatomy}} [[head]]