Soldado Rock
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 10°04′38″N 62°00′54″W / 10.07722°N 62.01500°W |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Administration | |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Uninhabited (2015) |
Soldado Rock or Soldier's Rock, formerly known as Soldado Island, is a small island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located in the Gulf of Paria 10 km off Icacos Point in Trinidad[1] and north of the Venezuelan mainland. The island was originally a possession of the Venezuelan government, but became part of the territory of Trinidad and Tobago in 1942. The island is a wildlife sanctuary since being declared in 1934.[1]
Characteristics
[edit]Soldado Rock is made up of limestone fossils from the Paleocene age[2] and includes Eocene rock formations.[3] The highest elevation point is 35 meters (115 ft) and its area is 1 ha (10,000 m2).[4] Reefs surround the island to the east for 1.2 km (0.75 miles), and to the south-south east and south-east.[5] There are no trees on the island but different types of vegetation including plumbago and portulaca.[4] There are other small rock formations near the island, including Pelican Rock and Black Rock.[5]
History
[edit]Early history
[edit]On August 2, 1498, Christopher Columbus sailed near the island during his Third Voyage in the Serpent's Mouth and named the island El Gallo (Spanish for "The Cock").[6][7] Columbus anchored near the island and encountered native Amerindians in canoes prior to landing on Trinidad for the first time.[7] Its current name is derived from the Spanish word for "soldier". It was named in the 17th century after a Spanish boat shipwrecked near the island when a number of soldiers and sailors on board were rescued from the island.[8] In the 19th century, it was also referred to as Île du Soldat (French) as charted by Dauxion Lavaysse in 1813.[9]
Wildlife sanctuary
[edit]The island was proclaimed a wildlife sanctuary in 1934[1] primarily for protection of seabirds granting it full legal protection by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Division. Key species identified in the sanctuary protection include the sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus) and brown noddy (Anous stolidus).[4] The island is a nesting ground for these species during the months of March and July. Other species noted on the island include the sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis), grey-breasted martin (Progne chalybea), magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), and brown booby (Sula leucogaster).[4]
A subspecies of the short-tailed zygodont or common cane mouse (Zygodontomys brevicauda soldadoensis) was first identified on the island in 1965 and published in the American Museum of Natural History.[10] Other animals observed on the island include the cane toad (Rhinella marina) and green iguana (Iguana iguana).[10]
Ownership negotiations
[edit]After Trinidad became a British colony in 1797 from Spain, Soldado Rock remained a disputed territory between Venezuela and British Trinidad and Tobago.[11] Negotiations for settling the border dispute and defining the maritime boundary between the two countries began in 1939[12] and were led by geologist Hans Kugler.[13] Negotiations were influenced by considerations for placing anti-submarine devices between Venezuela and T&T territory as World War II was underway.[14] As part of the negotiated agreement, Venezuela would cede Soldado Rock to T&T for Patos Island in the Dragon's Mouth,[15] located 4 km east of the Venezuelan mainland.[11] The agreements were formalized on February 26, 1942, in Caracas.[16][17]
Modern history
[edit]During World War II the island was used as target practice for bombing and machine guns, which led to some damage on the island.[4] The areas around the island form part of the Southwest Soldado Field, a hydrocarbon area important to the oil and gas industry in Trinidad. It is estimated that 43 million barrels of oil in proven reserves exist in the oilfield.[18] Production of the oilfield first started in 1955.[19]
The waters around Soldado Rock are popular for local fishermen due to an abundance of fish in the area, but are dangerous due to rapid tide changes and numerous rocks.[20] The area has been an issue of contention, with fishers from Trinidad and Tobago claiming to be arrested by the Venezuelan National Guard within T&T's maritime borders.[21][22][23] The area around the island has also seen piracy attacks on fishers and drug trade activity.[24][25][26][27][28]
See also
[edit]Notes and references
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c IUCN 1982, p.348
- ^ "CLUES IN VENEZUELA to the GEOLOGY OF TRINIDAD AND VICE VERSA". Amos Salvador and R. M Stainforth. 1965. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ Maury Vol. 37, No. 2, p.177
- ^ a b c d e IUCN 1982, p.349
- ^ a b Green 1885, p.84
- ^ Morison 1986, p.480
- ^ a b Joseph 1838, p.125
- ^ Joseph 1838, p.142
- ^ Dauxion Lavaysse (1813). "Carte de L'Île de la Trinidad et du Golfe de Paria". Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ a b George G. Goodwin (December 17, 1965). "A New Subspecies of Zygodontomys brevicauda from Soldado Rock, Trinidad, the West Indies(Rodentia, Cricetidae)" (PDF). American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
- ^ a b Baptiste 1988,p.136
- ^ Bourne 1985, p.205
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago Icons Volume 2" (PDF). National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology (NIHERST). 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ Baptiste 1988,p.24
- ^ Anderson 2003,p.882
- ^ "CONTINENTAL SHELF BOUNDARY: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO-VENEZUELA" (PDF). February 26, 1942. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ Baptiste 1988,p.275
- ^ Curtis Williams (October 21, 2014). "Petrotrin restarts production from Southwest Soldado field". Oil and Gas Journal. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ "T&T Parliament House of Representatives Hansard" (PDF). Trinidad and Tobago Parliament. January 10, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ "Land bridge across Channel". Trinidad and Tobago Express. August 22, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ Azard Ali (December 10, 2012). "Cedros still holding breath". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ Michelle Loubon (September 26, 2011). "Fishermen suffer dire financial, stock losses". Trinidad Guardian. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ Radhica Sookraj (November 29, 2012). "Cedros/Icacos fishermen appeal to Govt: Save us from Guardia Nacional". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ Reshma Ragoonath (March 28, 2004). "Fisherman gunned down". Trinidad and Tobago Guard. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
- ^ Azard Ali (April 29, 2009). "Venezuelan jailed for importing heroin". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
- ^ "Man shot in pirate attack". Trinidad and Tobago Express. October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
- ^ "$1m in ganja in drug bust". Trinidad and Tobago Express. March 20, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
- ^ "Attack at sea: Thieves in fast boats rob, terrorise fishermen in Trinidad waters". Trinidad and Tobago Express. January 18, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
References
[edit]- Baptiste, Fitzroy André (1988). War, Cooperation, and Conflict: The European Possessions in the Caribbean, 1939-1945. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313254727.
- Bourne, C. B. (1985). The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 23. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774844086.
- Green, Francis Mathews (1885). The Navigation of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Ewan W., Anderson (2003). International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781579583750.
- IUCN Commission on National Parks (1982). IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. IUCN. ISBN 9780907567622.
- Joseph, Edward Lanzar (1838). History of Trinidad. A.K. Newman & Co.
- Maury, Carlotta Joaquina (1929). "The Soldado Rock Type Section of Eocene". The Journal of Geology. 37 (2). The University of Chicago Press: 177–181. Bibcode:1929JG.....37..177M. doi:10.1086/623603. S2CID 140705738.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195042221.
| Major Islands |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Bocas Islands | ||
| The Five Islands | ||
| San Diego Islands | ||
| Selected Islands off Tobago | ||
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