Immorality

Immorality is the violation of moral laws, norms or standards. It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be wrong.^[1]^[2] Immorality is normally applied to people or actions, or in a broader sense, it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies, and works of art.

Ancient Greece

Callicles and Thrasymachus are two characters of Plato's dialogues, Gorgias and Republic, respectively, who challenge conventional morality.^[3]

Aristotle saw many vices as excesses or deficits in relation to some virtue, as cowardice and rashness relate to courage. Some attitudes and actions – such as envy, murder, and theft – he saw as wrong in themselves, with no question of a deficit/excess in relation to the mean.^[4]

Religion

In Islam, Judaism and Christianity, sin is a central concept in understanding immorality.

Immorality is often closely linked with both religion and sexuality.^[5] Max Weber saw rational articulated religions as engaged in a long-term struggle with more physical forms of religious experience linked to dance, intoxication and sexual activity.^[6] Durkheim pointed out how many primitive rites culminated in abandoning the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.^[7]

Freud's dour conclusion was that "In every age immorality has found no less support in religion than morality has".^[8]

Sexual immorality

Coding of sexual behavior has historically been a feature of all human societies; as too has been the policing of breaches of its mores – sexual immorality – by means of formal and informal social control.^[9] Interdictions and taboos among primitive societies^[10] were arguably no less severe than in traditional agrarian societies.^[11] In the latter, the degree of control might vary from time to time and region to region, being least in urban settlements;^[12] however, only the last three centuries of intense urbanisation, commercialisation and modernisation have broken with the restrictions of the pre-modern world,^[13] in favor of a successor society of fractured and competing sexual codes and subcultures, where sexual expression is integrated into the workings of the commercial world.^[14]

Nevertheless, while the meaning of sexual immorality has been drastically redefined in recent times, arguably the boundaries of what is acceptable remain publicly policed and as highly charged as ever, as the decades-long debates in the US over reproductive rights after Roe v. Wade, or 21st-century controversy over child images on Wikipedia and Amazon would tend to suggest.^[15]

Defining sexual immorality across history is difficult as many different religions, cultures and societies have held contradictory views about sexuality.

But there is an almost universal disdain for two sexual practices throughout history.

These two behaviors include infidelity within a monogamous, romantic relationship and incest between immediate family members.

Other than these two things, some cultures throughout history have permitted sexual behaviors considered obscene by many cultures today, such as marriage between cousins, polygyny, underage sex, rape during war or forced assimilation, and even zoophilia.

Modernity

Michel Foucault considered that the modern world was unable to put forward a coherent morality^[16] – an inability underpinned philosophically by emotivism. Nevertheless, modernism has often been accompanied by a cult of immorality,^[17] as for example when John Ciardi acclaimed Naked Lunch as "a monumentally moral descent into the hell of narcotic addiction".^[18]

Immoral psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis received much early criticism for being the unsavory product of an immoral town – Vienna; psychoanalysts for being both unscrupulous and dirty-minded.^[19]

Freud himself however was of the opinion that "anyone who has succeeded in educating himself to truth about himself is permanently defended against the danger of immorality, even though his standard of morality may differ".^[20] Nietzsche referred to his ethical philosophy as Immoralism.^[21]

Literary references

When questioned by a proof-reader whether his description of Meleager as the immoral poet should be immortal poet, T. E. Lawrence replied: "Immorality I know. Immortality I cannot judge. As you please: Meleager will not sue us for libel".^[22]
De Quincey set out an (inverted) hierarchy of immorality in his study On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts: "if once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing; and from robbing he comes next to drinking and Sabbath-breaking, and from that to procrastination and incivility...this downward path".^[23]

References

^ New School Dictionary. Collins. 1999. p. 24. ISBN 0 00 472238-8.
^ "amoral vs. immoral on Vocabulary.com". www.vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
^ Barney, Rachel (2017), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "Callicles and Thrasymachus", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-02-18
^ Aristotle, Ethics (1976) p. 102
^ B. Kirkpatrick ed, Roget's Thesaurus (1998) pp. 650 and 670
^ Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1971) p. 158
^ Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1971) p. 383
^ S. Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (PFL 12) p. 220
^ F. Dabhoiwala, 'The first sexual revolution', The Oxford Historian X (2012) p. 426
^ Durkheim, p. 410
^ S. Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 271
^ E. Ladurie, Montaillou (1980) p. 149 and p. 169
^ Dabhoiwala, p. 41–3
^ Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (2002) p. 78
^ A. Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution (2010) p. 204–9
^ G, Gutting ed., The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (2003) p. 87
^ Eric Berne, Games People Play (1966) p. 70
^ Quoted in J. Campbell, This is the Beat Generation (1999) p. 265
^ Peter Gay, Freud (1989) p. 194-6
^ S. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (PFL 1) p. 485-6
^ Von Tevenar, G. (2007). Nietzsche and Ethics. Peter Lang. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-03911-045-2. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
^ T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1936) p. 25
^ Thomas De Quincey, On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts (2004) p. 28

External links

The dictionary definition of immorality at Wiktionary

[1] New School Dictionary. Collins. 1999. p. 24. ISBN 0 00 472238-8.

[2] "amoral vs. immoral on Vocabulary.com". www.vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.

[3] Barney, Rachel (2017), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "Callicles and Thrasymachus", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-02-18

[4] Aristotle, Ethics (1976) p. 102

[5] B. Kirkpatrick ed, Roget's Thesaurus (1998) pp. 650 and 670

[6] Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1971) p. 158

[7] Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1971) p. 383

[8] S. Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (PFL 12) p. 220

[9] F. Dabhoiwala, 'The first sexual revolution', The Oxford Historian X (2012) p. 426

[10] Durkheim, p. 410

[11] S. Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 271

[12] E. Ladurie, Montaillou (1980) p. 149 and p. 169

[13] Dabhoiwala, p. 41–3

[14] Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (2002) p. 78

[15] A. Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution (2010) p. 204–9

[16] G, Gutting ed., The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (2003) p. 87

[17] Eric Berne, Games People Play (1966) p. 70

[18] Quoted in J. Campbell, This is the Beat Generation (1999) p. 265

[19] Peter Gay, Freud (1989) p. 194-6

[20] S. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (PFL 1) p. 485-6

[Von_Tevenar_2007_p._55-21] Von Tevenar, G. (2007). Nietzsche and Ethics. Peter Lang. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-03911-045-2. Retrieved 2023-01-25.

[22] T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1936) p. 25

[23] Thomas De Quincey, On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts (2004) p. 28

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

v t e Ethics
Normative	Consequentialism Deontology Care Particularism Pragmatic Role Suffering-focused Utilitarianism Virtue
Applied	Animal Artificial intelligence Bio Business Computer Discourse Engineering Environmental Land Legal Machine Meat eating Media Medical Nursing Professional Programming Research Sexual Technology Terraforming Uncertain sentience
Meta	Absolutism Axiology Cognitivism Realism Naturalism Non-naturalism Subjectivism Ideal observer theory Divine command theory Constructivism Euthyphro dilemma Intuitionism Nihilism Non-cognitivism Emotivism Expressivism Quasi-realism Universal prescriptivism Rationalism Relativism Skepticism Universalism Value monism – Value pluralism
Schools	Buddhist Christian Confucian Epicurean Existentialist Feminist Islamic Jewish Kantian Rousseauian Stoic Tao
Concepts	Authority Autonomy Common sense Compassion Conscience Consent Culture of life Dignity Double standard Duty Equality Etiquette Eudaimonia Family values Fidelity Free will Good and evil Good Evil Problem of evil Happiness Honour Ideal Immorality Justice Liberty Loyalty Moral agency Moral courage Moral hierarchy Moral imperative Morality Norm Pacifism Political freedom Precept Rights Self-discipline Suffering Stewardship Sympathy Theodicy Torture Trust Value Intrinsic Japan Western Vice Virtue Vow Wrong
Ethicists	Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Diogenes Valluvar Cicero Confucius Augustine Mencius Mozi Xunzi Aquinas Spinoza Butler Hume Smith Kant Hegel Schopenhauer Bentham Mill Kierkegaard Sidgwick Nietzsche Moore Barth Tillich Bonhoeffer Foot Rawls Dewey Williams Mackie Anscombe Frankena MacIntyre Hare Singer Parfit Nagel Adams Taylor Azurmendi Korsgaard Nussbaum
Works	Nicomachean Ethics (c. 322 BC) Ethics (Spinoza) (1677) Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726) A Treatise of Human Nature (1740) The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) Critique of Practical Reason (1788) Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820) Either/Or (1843) Utilitarianism (1861) The Methods of Ethics (1874) On the Genealogy of Morality (1887) Principia Ethica (1903) A Theory of Justice (1971) Practical Ethics (1979) After Virtue (1981) Reasons and Persons (1984)
Related	Axiology Casuistry Descriptive ethics Ethics in religion Evolutionary ethics History of ethics Human rights Ideology Moral psychology Philosophy of law Political philosophy Population ethics Rehabilitation Secular ethics Social philosophy Index
Category

v t e Good and evil
Good Evil
Theories	Greater good Summum bonum Lesser of two evils Necessary evil See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil Immorality Morality Value theory Altruism Radical evil