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Capture of Hill 60 (Western Front): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 50°49′17″N 2°55′54″E / 50.82139°N 2.93167°E / 50.82139; 2.93167 (Hill 60)
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|coordinates={{Coord|50|49|17|N|2|55|54|E|type:mountain|name=Hill 60|display=title}}
|coordinates={{Coord|50|49|17|N|2|55|54|E|type:mountain|name=Hill 60|display=title}}
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|result= German victory
|combatant1= {{flagcountry|British Empire}}
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The ground south of [[Zillebeke]] rises for {{convert|2000|yd|m}} to a ridge between [[Zwarteleen]] and [[Zandvoorde (Zonnebeke)|Zandvoorde]]. Roads ran north-west to south-east through the area from [[Ypres]] to Verbrandenmoelen and [[Hollebeke]] and from Zillebeke to Zwartelen and Zandvoorde. The Ypres–[[Comines-Warneton|Comines]] railway ran roughly parallel to the roads from Ypres and {{convert|600|yd|m}} from Zillebeke, went through a cutting {{convert|15|–|20|ft|m}} deep, which extended beyond the crest of the ridge. Earth excavated when the railway was built, had been dumped on either side to form small hillocks. Two were on the west side, a long irregular mound atop the ridge called "The Caterpillar" and a smaller mound {{convert|300|yd|m}} down the slope towards Zillebeke, known as "The Dump". On the east side of the cutting on on the highest point of the ridge, was a third mound known as "Hill 60", which was a small rise on the crest of the gently sloping ridge; observers on Hill 60 had excellent observation of the ground around Zillebeke and Ypres.
'''The Battle of Hill 60''' ({{nowrap|17 April – 7 May 1915}}) took place in Flanders, south of Ypres on the Western Front, during the First World War. Hill 60 was captured by the German [[30th Division (German Empire)|30th Division]], on 10 November 1914 during the [[First Battle of Ypres]] ({{nowrap|19 October – 22 November 1914}}). The ground south of [[Zillebeke]] rises for {{convert|2000|yd|m}} to a ridge between [[Zwarteleen]] and [[Zandvoorde (Zonnebeke)|Zandvoorde]]. Roads ran north-west to south-east through the area from [[Ypres]] to Verbrandenmoelen and [[Hollebeke]] and from Zillebeke to Zwartelen and Zandvoorde. The Ypres–[[Comines-Warneton|Comines]] railway ran roughly parallel to the roads from Ypres and {{convert|600|yd|m}} from Zillebeke, went through a cutting {{convert|15|–|20|ft|m}} deep, which extended beyond the crest of the ridge. Earth excavated when the railway was built, had been dumped on either side to form small hillocks. Two were on the west side, a long irregular mound atop the ridge called "The Caterpillar" and a smaller mound {{convert|300|yd|m}} down the slope towards Zillebeke, known as "The Dump". On the east side of the cutting on on the highest point of the ridge, was a third mound known as "Hill 60", which was a small rise on the crest of the gently sloping ridge; observers on Hill 60 had excellent observation of the ground around Zillebeke and Ypres.


Hill 60 was captured by the German [[30th Division (German Empire)|30th Division]], on 10 November 1914 during the [[First Battle of Ypres]] ({{nowrap|19 October – 22 November 1914}}). French preparations to raid the hill were continued by the British [[28th Division (United Kingdom)|28th Division]], which took over the line in February 1915. The raid was expanded into an attempt to capture the hill, despite advice that Hill 60 could not be held unless "the Caterpillar" nearby was also occupied. A French {{convert|3|x|2|ft|m}} mine gallery under the hill was extended by experienced miners from Northumberland and Wales, after it was found that Hill 60 was the only place in the area not waterlogged. The British attacked the hill on 17 April 1915 and captured the area quickly, with few casualties but then found that the [[Salients, re-entrants and pockets|salient]] which they had created, made holding the hill very costly. Both sides mistakenly accused the other of using poison gas in the April fighting; German attacks on the hill in early May, did use gas shells and recovered the ground at the second attempt.
French preparations to raid the hill were continued by the British [[28th Division (United Kingdom)|28th Division]], which took over the line in February 1915 and then by the [[[[5th Division (United Kingdom)|5th Division|5th Division]]. The planned raid was expanded into an ambitious attempt to capture the hill, despite advice that Hill 60 could not be held unless "the Caterpillar" nearby was also occupied. A French {{convert|3|x|2|ft|m}} mine gallery under the hill was extended by experienced miners from Northumberland and Wales, after it was found that Hill 60 was the only place in the area not waterlogged. The British attack began on 17 April 1915 and captured the area quickly, with only seven casualties but then found that the [[Salients, re-entrants and pockets|salient]] which had been created, made occupation of the hill very costly. Both sides mistakenly accused the other of using poison gas in the April fighting; German attacks on the hill in early May, did use gas shells and recovered the ground at the second attempt on 5 May.


British mining under the hill and the neighbouring ground, began on a much more ambitious scale in August 1915 and by October 1916. A mine under Hill 60 was charged with {{convert|53300|lb|kg}} of explosives and a branch mine under the Caterpillar was filled with {{convert|70000|lb|kg}} of hugh explosive, despite waterlogging and the demolition by a [[camouflet]], of {{convert|200|ft|m}} of a German gallery above the British diggings, which endangered the British deep mines. The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company maintained the galleries until 1917, when they were fired along with 17 other mines, at the beginning of the [[Battle of Messines (1917)|Battle of Messines]] ({{nowrap|7–14 June}}). Twenty-three years later the area was fought over again and the British [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]], stopped the advance of three German divisions from {{nowrap|27–28 May}} 1940 and saved the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF).
British mining under the hill and the neighbouring ground, began on a much more ambitious scale in August 1915 and by October 1916. A mine under Hill 60 was charged with {{convert|53300|lb|kg}} of explosives and a branch mine under the Caterpillar was filled with {{convert|70000|lb|kg}} of hugh explosive, despite waterlogging and the demolition by a [[camouflet]], of {{convert|200|ft|m}} of a German gallery above the British diggings, which endangered the British deep mines. The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company maintained the galleries until 1917, when they were fired along with 17 other mines, at the beginning of the [[Battle of Messines (1917)|Battle of Messines]] ({{nowrap|7–14 June}}). Twenty-three years later the area was fought over again and the British [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]], stopped the advance of three German divisions from {{nowrap|27–28 May}} 1940 and saved the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF).

Revision as of 11:21, 14 September 2013

See also: Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)
Battle of Hill 60
Part of the Western Front of World War I

Hill 60
Date17–22 April, 1–7 May 1915
Location
Belgium
50°49′17″N 2°55′54″E / 50.82139°N 2.93167°E / 50.82139; 2.93167 (Hill 60)
Result German victory
Belligerents

 Britain

 German Empire

Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom Field Marshal Sir John French
United Kingdom General Horace Smith-Dorrien
United Kingdom Major-General Thomas Morland		 German Empire Generaloberst Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg
German Empire General Berthold von Deimling
Strength
1 Division 1 Regiment
Casualties and losses
c. 3,100 Unknown

The Battle of Hill 60 (17 April – 7 May 1915) took place in Flanders, south of Ypres on the Western Front, during the First World War. Hill 60 was captured by the German 30th Division, on 10 November 1914 during the First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November 1914). The ground south of Zillebeke rises for 2,000 yards (1,800 m) to a ridge between Zwarteleen and Zandvoorde. Roads ran north-west to south-east through the area from Ypres to Verbrandenmoelen and Hollebeke and from Zillebeke to Zwartelen and Zandvoorde. The Ypres–Comines railway ran roughly parallel to the roads from Ypres and 600 yards (550 m) from Zillebeke, went through a cutting 15–20 feet (4.6–6.1 m) deep, which extended beyond the crest of the ridge. Earth excavated when the railway was built, had been dumped on either side to form small hillocks. Two were on the west side, a long irregular mound atop the ridge called "The Caterpillar" and a smaller mound 300 yards (270 m) down the slope towards Zillebeke, known as "The Dump". On the east side of the cutting on on the highest point of the ridge, was a third mound known as "Hill 60", which was a small rise on the crest of the gently sloping ridge; observers on Hill 60 had excellent observation of the ground around Zillebeke and Ypres.

French preparations to raid the hill were continued by the British 28th Division, which took over the line in February 1915 and then by the [[5th Division|5th Division. The planned raid was expanded into an ambitious attempt to capture the hill, despite advice that Hill 60 could not be held unless "the Caterpillar" nearby was also occupied. A French 3 by 2 feet (0.91 m × 0.61 m) mine gallery under the hill was extended by experienced miners from Northumberland and Wales, after it was found that Hill 60 was the only place in the area not waterlogged. The British attack began on 17 April 1915 and captured the area quickly, with only seven casualties but then found that the salient which had been created, made occupation of the hill very costly. Both sides mistakenly accused the other of using poison gas in the April fighting; German attacks on the hill in early May, did use gas shells and recovered the ground at the second attempt on 5 May.

British mining under the hill and the neighbouring ground, began on a much more ambitious scale in August 1915 and by October 1916. A mine under Hill 60 was charged with 53,300 pounds (24,200 kg) of explosives and a branch mine under the Caterpillar was filled with 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) of hugh explosive, despite waterlogging and the demolition by a camouflet, of 200 feet (61 m) of a German gallery above the British diggings, which endangered the British deep mines. The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company maintained the galleries until 1917, when they were fired along with 17 other mines, at the beginning of the Battle of Messines (7–14 June). Twenty-three years later the area was fought over again and the British 5th Infantry Division, stopped the advance of three German divisions from 27–28 May 1940 and saved the British Expeditionary Force (BEF).

Background

Strategic developments

Main article: First Battle of Ypres

Hill 60 was a spoil heap 250 yards (230 m) long and 150 feet (46 m) high, made from the diggings of a cutting for the Ypres–Comines railway. The hill formed a low rise on the crest of Ypres ridge, at the southern flank of the Ypres Salient and was named after the contour which marked its boundary. [Note 1] The hill had been captured on 10 November 1914, by the German 30th Division, during fighting against a mixed force of French and British infantry and cavalry, in the First Battle of Ypres.[2] Observation from the hill towards Ypres and Zillebeke was coveted by both sides for the duration of the war.[3] Hill 60 and the vicinity were held by Saxon Infantry Regiment 105 of the 30th Division, which with the 39th Division formed XV Corps of the Fourth Army, at the time of the British attack.[4]

Prelude

British attack preparations

In the first British operation of its kind, Royal Engineer tunnelling companies laid six mines by 10 April 1915, which were planned by Major-General E. Bulfin, commander of the 28th Division and continued by the 5th Division when the 28th Division was withdrawn.[5] Two mines in the north were charged with 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of explosives each, two mines in the centre had 2,700 pounds (1,200 kg) charges and in the south one mine was packed with 500 pounds (230 kg) of gun-cotton, although work on it had been stopped, when it ran close to a German tunnel.[3] The locality was photographed from the air, which revealed German gun emplacements and entrenchments. On 16 April British artillery was ranged by air observers onto the approaches to Hill 60, ready for the attack. British infantry began to assemble after dark and 1 Squadron Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was made responsible for keeping German aircraft away from the area.[6]

Battle

17–22 April

On 17 April at 7:05 p.m. the first pair of mines were blown and the rest ten seconds later. Débris was flung almost 300 feet (91 m) into the air and scattered for 300 yards (270 m) in all directions, causing some casualties to the attacking battalions of the 13th Brigade of the 5th Division making the attack.[7] The German garrison, a company of Saxon Infantry Regiment 105 was devastated and the survivors overwhelmed, those capable of resistance being bayonetted; twenty Germans were taken prisoner for a British loss of seven casualties. The British began to consolidate and by 12:30 a.m. had dug two communication trenches to connect the new positions to the old front line. German artillery-fire gradually increased on the hill after falling around it for some time and at around 4:00 a.m. on 18 April, three German counter-attacks began which were repelled with many losses. German high explosive and gas shells and machine-gun fire in enfilade from Zandvoorde and the Caterpillar, forced the British back to the crest, except on the right flank where the British were forced further back. German attacks continued all day on 18 April but at 6:00 p.m. a counter-attack by two British battalions retook all of the hill. Before dawn on 19 April most of the 13th Brigade was relieved by the 15th Brigade.[8] The Germans maintained a heavy bombardment of the hill and on 20 April attacked again, mainly with bombing parties, before infantry assaults were attempted at 6:30 and 8:00 p.m. German attacks continued into 21 April, by when the hill had become a moonscape of overlapping shell-holes and mine craters. The divisions of II Corps and V Corps simulated attack preparations on 21 April but on 22 April British attention was diverted further north, where the French 45th Division was struck by the first German gas attack of the Second Battle of Ypres.[9]

1–7 May

A bunker on Hill 60, near Zwarteleen

Hill 60 was retaken by the Germans following a series of gas attacks from 1–5 May. On 1 May a German attack preceded by a gas discharge failed for the first time; after a bombardment by heavy artillery the Germans released the gas at 7:00 p.m. from positions fewer than 100 yards (91 m) away from Hill 60, on a front of 0.25-mile (0.40 km). The gas arrived so quickly, that most of the British troops were unable to put on their improvised respirators. As soon the gas reached the British positions, the Germans attacked from the flanks with bombing parties, as artillery laid a barrage on the British approaches to the hill. Some of the British garrison were able to return fire, which gave enough time for reinforcements to arrive, after rushing through the gas cloud. The German infantry were forestalled and bombing parties forced them back. The original garrison suffered severely for holding on despite the gas and lost many casualties.[10]

The 15th Brigade held the hill and about 1.25 miles (2.01 km) of the line either side, when the Germans discharged gas from two places opposite the hill at 8:45 a.m. on 5 May.[11] The wind blew the gas along rather than across the British defences and only one sentry was able to sound the gas alarm. The British defence plan required troops under gas attack to move to the flanks but the course of the gas cloud made this impossible.The gas hung so thick that even by redamping cotton respirators, it was impossible to remain in the trenches and those troops who stood their ground were overcome. German infantry of the 30th Division advanced fifteen minutes after the gas cloud and occupied nearly all of the front line on the lower slope of the hill. British reinforcements arrived and bombed their way up a communication trench. Two more battalions were sent up but before they arrived, the Germans released more gas at 11:00 a.m. to the north-east of the hill.[12]

The right flank of the British defence at the Zwarteleen salient was overwhelmed, which increased the gap left by the first discharge; enough men on the left survived to pin the German infantry down until 12:30 p.m. when a battalion arrived after advancing through the gas cloud and an artillery barrage. Constant counter-attacks forced some of the Germans back and regained some of the lost trenches. The Germans held on to the crest and released more gas at 7:00 p.m., which had little effect and an infantry attack which follwed was repulsed by rifle-fire. At 9:00 p.m. the 13th Brigade arrived with orders from Major-General Morland, the 5th Division commander to retake the hill. The brigade attacked at 10:00 p.m. after a twenty-minuite bombardment but found that the darkness, broken state of the ground and alert German infantry made it impossible to advance, except for one party which reached the top of the hill, only to be forced to withdraw at 1:00 a.m. by enfilade-fire from the Caterpillar and Zwarteleen. The hill was untenable unless the Caterpillar a considerable amount of ground on the flanks was also occupied; both sides were exhausted and spent the next day digging-in. At dawn on 7 May, the British attacked the hill with bombers and two companies of infantry, all of whom were killed or captured.[13]

Air operations

Avro 504, Hood Aerodrome, Masterton, New Zealand, 2009 - Flickr - PhillipC

1 Squadron began standing patrols on 17 April at 4:30 a.m. with Avro 504s and B.E.8s, to cover the front between Kemmel Hill and Ypres until 7:15 p.m. No German aircraft were able to interfere and surpise was ensured; British artillery began a counter-battery bombardment when the attack began and one pilot was able to identify camouflaged German guns by flash-spotting. By the morning of 18 April British troops had been pushed back to the near slope but a wireless and signal light station had been established at the headquarters of the 5th Division, to which air observers could report direct. British fighters drove away German aircraft which tried to operate over the battlefield and during the evening the crest was recaptured. 1 Squadron had eight aircraft over the hill at 6:00 p.m. to flash spot and discovered 33 guns and on 19 April British artillery bombarded the areas where the guns had been seen while aircraft patrolled the area and noted that the German guns were far less active.[14]

Next day 1 Squadron searched for a German battery firing on trenches on the hill and located the battery which ceased fire. On 21 April more German artillery was suppressed by artillery-fire directed from the air. German attacks diminished until 1 May, when an aircraft flying towards Hill 60 caused the German artillery to cease fire as soon as it arrived, until 7:15 a.m. when failing light forced the crew to return, at which the German artillery resumed the bombardment until a German infantry attack, which was repulsed. On 5 May the Germans attacked again and captured the crest, then held it against British counter-attacks. On 6 May 1 Squadron conducted a photographic reconnaissance before another attack and quickly delivered them to the commander of the battalion due to attack, which failed and operations were ended.[15]

Aftermath

Analysis

The German army had been waiting for favourable weather to use gas in an attack at Ypres and used the fighting at Hill 60, to lay blame on the British for being the first to use gas, after the British mistakenly accused the Germans.[16] Doubts among some of the British commanders, as to the tactical wisdom of converting a raid into an attack intended to retain the hill, were borne out by the cost of holdng the hill and its loss, as soon as the Germans had the opportunity to launch an organised counter-attack ([Gegenangriff] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).[5] Both sides alleged that their opponent had used gas; the Germans had emplaced gas cylinders along the XV Corps front, including Hill 60 and feared that some of the cylinders had fallen into British hands. The British noticed the presence of gas but attributed it to gas shells, which were not fired onto the hill by the Germans until 20 April.[17] The German Official History [Der Weltkrieg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), recorded that the British used new sapper detachments to prepare the attack on Hill 60 and that on 18 April Saxon troops had recaptured the hill except for the craters, where the attack failed because new chemical shells ([T-Geschosse] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) had been ineffective. The hill was re-captured by the Germans on 5 May and skirmishing continued until 7 May.[4][Note 2]

Casualties

In the attack on 7 April, the British lost only seven casualties.[18] On 1 May the 1st Dorsets lost over 90 men to gas poisoning; 207 were brought to dressing stations where 46 men died immediately and another twelve men died later; the battalion had only 72 survivors. The 1st Bedfords suffered similarly, having recently taken on many fresh and inexperienced replacements. Of 2,413 British casualties admtted to hospital 227 men died.[19] The 13th Brigade casualties from 17–19 April were 1,362 men and the 15th Brigade lost 1,586 casualties from 1–7 May, out of the 5th Division total of 3,100 losses.[20][21]

Subsequent operations

Battle of Messines 1917

Main article: Battle of Messines (1917)
Map Showing Progress in the Ypres Area

Deep mining under the German galleries beneath Hill 60 began in late August 1915 with the 175th Tunnelling Company R.E. which began a gallery 220 yards (200 m) behind the British front line and passed 90 feet (27 m) beneath. The 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company took over in April 1916 and completed the galleries, the Hill 60 mine being charged with 53,300 pounds (24,200 kg) of explosives in July 1916 and a branch gallery under the Caterpillar filled with a 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) charge in October. The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company took over in November 1916, led in part by Captain Oliver Woodward and maintained the the mines over the winter.[22][23] At 3:10 a.m. on 7 June 1917, 19 mines filled with 450,000 kilograms (990,000 lb) of explosives, were detonated under the German lines.[Note 3] Although two mines did not explode the blasts created one of the |largest explosions in history, reportedly heard in London and Dublin, demolishing a large part of the hill and killing c. 10,000 German soldiers.[27][Note 4]

The Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917) was conducted by the British Second Army, under the command of General Herbert Plumer, on the Western Front near the village of Messines. The offensive forced the German Army to move reserves to Flanders from the Arras and Aisne fronts, which relieved pressure on the French Army. The tactical objective of the attack at Messines was to capture the German defences on the ridge, which ran from Ploegsteert ("Plugstreet") Wood in the south through Messines and Wytschaete to Mt. Sorrel, to deprive the German Fourth Army of the high ground south of Ypres. The ridge commanded the British defences and back areas further north, from which the British intended to conduct the "Northern Operation" to advance to Passchendaele Ridge, then capture the Belgian coast up to the Dutch frontier.[29]

The 47th and 23rd Divisions formed the left defensive flank of the attack, advancing onto the ridge around the Ypres–Comines canal and railway, past the mines at Caterpillar and Hill 60. The cuttings of the canal and railway were a warren of German dug-outs but the 47th Division crossed the 300 yards (270 m) of the German front position in 15 minutes, close up to the creeping barrage, German infantry surrendering along the way. Soft ground in the valley south of Mt. Sorrel, led the two infantry brigades of the 23rd Division to advance on either side, up to the near crest of the ridge, arriving while the ground still shook from the mines at Hill 60.[30] North of the canal, the 47th Division had to capture a spoil heap 400 yards (370 m) long, where several German machine-gun nests had been dug in. The British attacks established a footing on the heap at great cost, due to machine-gun fire from the spoil heap and others in Battle Wood further north. The 23rd Division had many casualties caused by flanking machine-gun fire from the spoil heap while clearing Battle Wood, which took until the evening.[31]

27 May 1940

Hill 60 was the site of a battle between the Germans the 17th Brigade of the 5th Infantry Division of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Part of "A" company of the 2nd Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers (2 RSF) on 27 May 1940, during the Second World War.[32] Although the hill was the scene of a tremendous mortar and artillery barrage (Coy HQ being set up in and around the famous Anglo/German/Belgian pill-box), there was hand-to-hand fighting on the nearby Zwarteleen crossroads, when a fighting patrol from 2 RSF set-off to destroy German machine gun and mortar positions that had been established there. The actions of this patrol enabled the evacuation of the defences on the railway and allowed for a successful withdrawal to the canal line and a general withdrawal towards St.Eloi, Kemmel and Dikkebus. Other companies of 2 RSF held the railway line between Hill 60 and the canal bridge. The Inniskillings were to their right and rear, on the main road 2 RSF's D company was in reserve and the 6th Seaforths held "the Dump". Constant German attacks by three divisions were repulsed during 28 May, which reduced the two 5th Division brigades to c. 600 men each and exhausted the artillery amminution of I Corps.[33] The division held the "Dunkirk corridor" open for another day, which saved II Corps and the rest of the BEF. Thousands more troops were able to withdraw into the Dunkirk perimeter and the 5th Infantry Division then moved to the Yser with the 42nd Division, to fill the gap left when the Belgian army capitulated.[34][Note 5]

See also

Victoria Cross

Notes

  1. ^ The ground south of Zillebeke rises for 2,000 yards (1,800 m) to a ridge. Roads and a railway ran roughly parallel to the roads through a cutting 15–20 feet (4.6–6.1 m) deep, which extended beyond the crest of the ridge. Earth excavated when the railway was built, had been dumped on either side to form small hillocks. On the west side, a long irregular mound atop the ridge was called the "Caterpillar" and a smaller mound 300 yards (270 m) down the slope towards Zillebeke, known as the "Dump". "Hill 60" was on the east side of the cutting on on the highest point of the ridge; observers on Hill 60 had excellent observation of the ground around Zillebeke and Ypres.[1]
  2. ^ [T-Geschosse] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help): text has italic markup (help) were 150 mm high-explosive shells filled with xylyl bromide.[4]
  3. ^ Two mines were laid at Hill 60 on the northern flank, one at St. Eloi, three at Hollandscheschuur, two at Petit Bois, single mines at Maedelstede Farm, Peckham House and Spanbroekmolen, four at Kruisstraat, one at Ontario Farm and two each at Trenches 127 and 122 on the southern flank.[24] The largest of the mines was at Spanbroekmolen. "Lone Tree Crater" formed by the blast of 91,000 pounds (41,000 kg) of ammonal, in a chamber at the end of a gallery 1,710 feet (0.52 km) long, 88 feet (27 m) below ground, was 250 feet (76 m) in diameter and 40 feet (12 m) deep.[25] The evening before the attack, Harrington remarked to the press, "Gentlemen, we may not make history tomorrow, but we shall certainly change the geography."[26]
  4. ^ The 19 mines exploded over a period of 19 seconds, mimicking the effect of an earthquake. Fifteen miles away in Lille, German troops ran around "panic-stricken".[28] That the detonations were not simultaneous added to the effect on German troops, as the explosions moved along the front. Odd acoustic effects also added to the shock. Germans on Hill 60 thought that the Kruisstraat and Spanbroekmolen mines were under Messines village, well behind their front line and some British troops thought that they were German counter-mines, going off under British support trenches. A memorial to the Australian troops killed here during the course of the war was later placed at the site.[28]
  5. ^ The memorial plate to the Australian miners involved in the First World War possibly bears the scars of this battle.[35]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Hussey and Inman 1921, p. 60.
  2. ^ Edmonds 1925, p. 423.
  3. ^ a b Edmonds and Wynne 1927, p. 167.
  4. ^ a b c Reichsarchiv & 1931 & 1933, p. 72.
  5. ^ a b Edmonds and Wynne 1927, p. 166.
  6. ^ Jones 1928, p. 99.
  7. ^ Hussey and Inman 1921, p. 62.
  8. ^ Hussey and Inman 1921, pp. 63–64.
  9. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, pp. 167–170.
  10. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, pp. 288–289.
  11. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, p. 304.
  12. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, p. 305.
  13. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, p. 306.
  14. ^ Jones 1928, pp. 99–100.
  15. ^ Jones 1928, pp. 100–101.
  16. ^ Sheldon 2012, p. 82.
  17. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, pp. 169, 188.
  18. ^ a b c d e Edmonds and Wynne 1927, p. 170.
  19. ^ Fuller 2011, pp. 128–130.
  20. ^ Fuller 2011, pp. 132–138.
  21. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, pp. 289, 306.
  22. ^ Edmonds 1948, p. 60.
  23. ^ Bean 1941, pp. 949–959.
  24. ^ Edmonds 1948, pp. 52–53.
  25. ^ Edmonds 1948, p. 53.
  26. ^ Passingham 1998, p. 90.
  27. ^ Edmonds 1948, p. 88.
  28. ^ a b Edmonds 1948, p. 55.
  29. ^ Edmonds 1948, pp. 32–90.
  30. ^ Edmonds 1948, pp. 59–61.
  31. ^ Edmonds 1948, pp. 69–70.
  32. ^ Ellis 1953, p. 196.
  33. ^ Ellis 1953, p. 202.
  34. ^ Ellis 1953, p. 203.
  35. ^ Jennings 2010.
  36. ^ Edmonds and Wynne 1927, p. 289.

References

Books
  • Bean, C.E.W. (1941). The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918: Vol IV: The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917 (PDF) (1982 ed.). St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland in association with the Australian War Memorial. ISBN 0-702-21710-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Edmonds, J. E. (1925). Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914 Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres, October–November 1914 (1st ed.). London: Macmillan. OCLC 220044986.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1927). Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915 Winter 1914–1915: Battle of Neuve Chapell:Battles of Yprese (IWM and Battery Press 1995 ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-89839-218-7.
  • Edmonds, J. E. (1948). Military Operations France and Belgium 1917 Vol II 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele) (IWM & Battery Press 1991 ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-166-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Ellis, L. F. (1953). History of the Second World War: The War in France and Flanders (N & M Press 2004 ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 1-84574-056-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Fuller, S. (2011). 1st Bedfordshires. Part One; Mons to the Somme. Hitchin: Fighting High. ISBN 0-95626-965-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Jones, H. A. (1928). The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force: Vol II (N & M Press 2002 ed.). London: Clarendon Press. ISBN 1-84342-413-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Hussey, A. H.; Inman, D. S. (1921). "The Fifth Division in the Great War" (PDF) (N & M Press 2002 ed.). London: Nisbet. ISBN 1-84342-267-0. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  • Passingham, I. (1998). Pillars of Fire: The Battle of Messines Ridge, June 1917. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1704-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Reichsarchiv (1931 and 1933). Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Die Militärischen Operationen zu land (Exerpts from volumes VII, VIII and IX as Germany's Western Front, Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2010 ed.). Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. ISBN 978-1-55458-259-4. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  • Sheldon, J. (2012). The German Army on the Western Front 1915. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-466-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Websites
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