The Parti Melayu Semangat 46 or Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46) was a Malaysian political party. The party was formed in 1988, and dissolved in 1996. It was formed by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's "Team B" faction of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), as a challenge to prime minister Mahathir Mohamad and UMNO.[5]
Spirit of 46 Malay Party Parti Melayu Semangat 46 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | S46 |
| President | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah |
| Secretary-General | Suhaimi Kamaruddin |
| Deputy President | Rais Yatim |
| Youth Chief | Ibrahim Ali (1989-1991)[1] |
| Wanita Chief | Rahmah Osman[1] |
| Founded | 3 June 1989 |
| Dissolved | 8 October 1996[2] |
| Split from | United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) |
| Succeeded by | United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) |
| Headquarters | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia[3] |
| Youth wing | Pergerakan Pemuda S46[4] |
| Membership (1996) | 200,000 |
| Ideology | Malay nationalism Islamism Conservatism |
| Political position | Right-wing |
| National affiliation | Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (1990–1996) Gagasan Rakyat (1990–1996) |
| Colours | Yellow and green |
| Party flag | |
 | |
Establishment
editThe idea of Semangat 46 first came about in 1985 or 1986 when Malaysia was experiencing an economic recession. In 1987, Razaleigh's "Team B" faction challenged Mahathir's "Team A" faction for control of UMNO.[5] Mahathir won the party election with a slim 41 votes majority in the controversial 1987 UMNO leadership election,[6] and removed all Team B members from the cabinet. Team B leaders claimed many party delegates were improperly elected, and filed suit to overturn the election. This led to UMNO being declared illegal on technical grounds in 1988. Mahathir immediately reconstituted UMNO, with only Team A members.[7]
Razaleigh and Team B formed their own party.[5] They tried to register as "UMNO 46" (alluding to the party's founding in 1946. This was an attempt to invoke the nostalgic spirit of the old UMNO.[6] "UMNO 46" was rejected as a duplicate name, so Razaleigh chose the name "Semangat 46".[8] On 3 June 1989, Semangat 46 was officially registered with the electoral college.[9] The first party's general meeting was held on 12 October 1989, officiated by Malaysia's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj.[10] Among notable leaders that joined Semangat 46 were Marina Yusoff, Ilyani Ishak, Rais Yatim, Harun Idris, Suhaimi Kamaruddin, Ahmad Shabery Cheek, Othman Saat, Salleh Abas, Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad, Tengku Azlan Sultan Abu Bakar, and Ibrahim Ali.
General election
editIn 1990, Semangat 46 formed two coalitions with other opposition parties to contest the 1990 Malaysian general election. The Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalition was with the multi-racial Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM). The Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) coalition was with the Muslim parties Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA), Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) and the newly formed Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA).[11]
Despite these alliances, Semangat 46 did poorly in the 1990 federal election, winning only 8 of 180 seats. However, the Angkatan alliance swept the state election in Razaleigh's home state, Kelantan, winning all 39 seats. Semangat 46 won 15, PAS won 24.[12] For the first time in UMNO history, the party failed to win any seats in a state level.[13]
Over the next few years, Semangat 46 lost support; many of its members defected to UMNO, including the party's youth chief Ibrahim Ali. Others remained as members but withdrew from political activity.[1] In February 1994, Semangat 46 decided to challenge UMNO on Malay communal issues. The party was renamed Parti Melayu Semangat 46, and thus renounced its multi-ethnic stance.[7]
In the mid-1990s, Semangat 46's relationship with DAP deteriorated, which eventually led to the breakup of the Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalition, shortly before the 1995 Malaysian general election. At the same time, Semangat 46 had increasingly strained ties with PAS over power-sharing in Kelantan state, though they still managed to retain control of Kelantan and worked together in the 1995 election. By this time, the party's credibility was severely compromised by winning so few electoral victories and the loss of many key figures. The deputy president, Rais Yatim, lost his parliamentary seat in the 1995 election, though Tengku Razaleigh was re-elected. In the end, Semangat 46 won six parliamentary seats, with support coming mainly from Kelantan.[14]
Dissolution
editBy May 1996, Semangat 46 was greatly reduced in size and influence. Razeleigh was finally worn out after spending millions of ringgit to upkeep the party.[6] Razaleigh officially announced to the remaining 200,000 members that he would disband the party, which was done in October. Razaleigh rejoined UMNO with most of the party members.[15] Some were denied re-admission to UMNO; they either left politics altogether or joined PAS.[16][17]
General election results
edit| Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 8 / 180
|
55 | 826,398 | 14.77% |  8 seat; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)/(Gagasan Rakyat)
|
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah |
| 1995 | 6 / 192
|
67 | 616,589 | 10.35% |  2 seat; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)/(Gagasan Rakyat)
|
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah |
State election results
edit| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
2 / 3
|
|
| 1990 | 0 / 14
|
0 / 28
|
15 / 39
|
2 / 32
|
0 / 33
|
0 / 46
|
1 / 33
|
1 / 42
|
0 / 28
|
0 / 17
|
1 / 36
|
20 / 152
|
| 1995 | 0 / 15
|
0 / 36
|
12 / 43
|
0 / 32
|
0 / 33
|
0 / 52
|
0 / 38
|
0 / 48
|
0 / 32
|
0 / 25
|
0 / 40
|
12 / 130
|
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Hwang (2003), p. 224
- ^ "Sokongan orang Melayu terhadap UMNO semakin terserlah - Keadilan sudah tidak relevan lagi". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- ^ British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service (1996). Summary of World Broadcasts. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. The vote was taken during an extra ordinary general meeting of the party in Kuala Lumpur. Earlier in his speech, Semangat 46 president Tengku Razaleigh.
- ^ "Persaingan 3 penjuru -- Keputusan di Pengkalan Pasir bakal tentukan masa depan Kelantan". Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar.
- ^ a b c Yahaya(2003), p. 135
- ^ a b Rodan (1996), p. 138
- ^ Tan (1989), p. 38-40
- ^ Hwang (2003), p. 182
- ^ "The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Ditulis Oleh Moderator". 2008.
- ^ Hwang (2003), p. 184
- ^ Francis Kok et al. (2002), p. 95
- ^ Yahaya (2003), p. 5
- ^ Hwang (2003), p. 260-1
- ^ "The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Moderator". 1 May 2008.
- ^ Stewart (2003), p. 28
- ^ "S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6" (PDF). Bernama. 18 August 1996 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.
Bibliography
edit- Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.
- Hwang, In-Won (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-185-2.
- Stewart, Ian (2003). The Mahathir Legacy: A Nation Divided, A Region at Risk. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-977-X.
- Garry Rodan, Asia Research Centre (1996). Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14865-0.
- Tan Seng Giaw (1989). First 60 Days: The 27th October ISA Arrests. Democratic Action Party. pp. 38–40.
- Yahaya Ismail (2003). UMNO POLITICS - Abdullah Badawi's DILEMA. Usaha Teguh Sdn Bhd]. ISBN 983-2236-03-7.