Bootherium (Greek: "ox" (boos), "beast" (therion)[1]) is an extinct bovid genus from the Middle to Late Pleistocene of North America which contains a single species, Bootherium bombifrons.[2] Vernacular names for Bootherium include Harlan's muskox, woodox, woodland muskox,[3] helmeted muskox,[4] or bonnet-headed muskox.[5]
| Bootherium Temporal range: middle to late Pleistocene,
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|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Caprinae |
| Tribe: | Ovibovini |
| Genus: | †Bootherium Leidy, 1852 |
| Species: | †B. bombifrons
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| Binomial name | |
| †Bootherium bombifrons (Harlan, 1825)
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| Synonyms | |
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Symbos cavifrons | |
Taxonomy
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Symbos was formerly thought to be a separate genus, but is now known to be synonymous.[6] Its closest living relative is the muskox (Ovibos moschatus), from which it diverged around 3 million years ago.[7] It is also closely related to the contemporaneous extinct genus Euceratherium.[8][9]
Description
editUnlike today's Arctic and tundra-adapted muskoxen, with their long, shaggy coats, Bootherium was physically adapted to a range of less frigid climates, and appears to have been the only species of muskox to have evolved in and remain restricted to the North American continent (the Arctic muskox's range is circumpolar, and includes the northern reaches of Eurasia as well as North America).[3] Bootherium was significantly taller and leaner than muskoxen found today in Arctic regions. Bootherium were estimated to weigh around 423.5 kg (934 lb).[10] Other differences were a thicker skull and considerably longer snout. The horns of Bootherium were situated high on the skull, with a downward curve and were fused along the midline of the skull, unlike tundra muskoxen whose horns are separated by a medial groove.
Distribution
editBootherium was one of the most widely distributed muskox species in North America during the Pleistocene epoch. Fossils have been documented from as far north as Alaska[11] to Alberta,[12] Montana,[13] California, Utah,[14] Texas,[15] Missouri, Indiana,[16] Ohio,[17] Michigan,[18] Oklahoma, Virginia, North Carolina and New Jersey. The species went into decline, and eventual extinction, approximately 11,000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age.[3]
Notes
edit- ^ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
- ^ McKenna & Bell, 1997, p. 442.
- ^ a b c The Academy of Natural Sciences Archived April 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Helmeted Muskox (Bootherium bombifrons) from Near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta: Dating Evidence for Redeposition in Late Pleistocene Alluvium
- ^ Martin, Paul S. (1999). "War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 36–45. Bibcode:1999ConBi..13...36M. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97417.x. S2CID 8580899.
- ^ McDonald, Jerry N.; Ray, Ray, Clayton E. (1989). "Autochthonous North American Musk Oxen Bootherium, Symbos, and Gidleya (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology (66): 1–77. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.66.1. ISSN 0081-0266.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ West, Abagael Rosemary (January 2016). "Mitogenome of the extinct helmeted musk ox, Bootherium bombifrons". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 1 (1): 862–863. doi:10.1080/23802359.2016.1250136. ISSN 2380-2359. PMC 7799672. PMID 33473657.
- ^ Bover, Pere; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Pons, Joan; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J. (December 2018). "Molecular resolution to a morphological controversy: The case of North American fossil muskoxen Bootherium and Symbos". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 129: 70–76. Bibcode:2018MolPE.129...70B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.008. PMID 30121342. S2CID 52041464.
- ^ Campos, Paula F.; Sher, Andrei; Mead, Jim I.; Tikhonov, Alexei; Buckley, Michael; Collins, Matthew; Willerslev, Eske; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (1 August 2010). "Clarification of the taxonomic relationship of the extant and extinct ovibovids, Ovibos, Praeovibos, Euceratherium and Bootherium". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (17): 2123–2130. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2123C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.006. ISSN 0277-3791. Retrieved 25 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Paleobiology Database: Bootherium bombifrons
- ^ Guthrie, R. Dale (1991). "New paleoecological and paleoethological information on the extinct helmeted muskoxen from Alaska". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 28 (3/4): 175–186. ISSN 0003-455X. Retrieved 10 September 2024 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Jass, Christopher N.; Burns, James A.; Milot, Peter J. (2 May 2011). Sues, Hans-Dieter (ed.). "Description of fossil muskoxen and relative abundance of Pleistocene megafauna in central Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 48 (5): 793–800. doi:10.1139/e10-096. ISSN 0008-4077. Retrieved 30 September 2024 – via Canadian Science Publishing.
- ^ Hill, Christopher L. (January 2006). "Stratigraphic and geochronologic contexts of mammoth (Mammuthus) and other Pleistocene fauna, Upper Missouri Basin (northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains), U.S.A." Quaternary International. 142–143: 87–106. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.007. Retrieved 21 September 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Milligan, Mark; McDonald, H. Gregory (2017). "SHORELINES AND VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF PLEISTOCENE LAKE BONNEVILLE, UTAH, IDAHO, AND NEVADA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 4: 181–214. doi:10.31711/giw.v4.pp181-214. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
- ^ Peterson, Randolph L. (May 1946). "Recent and Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna of Brazos County, Texas". Journal of Mammalogy. 27 (2): 162. doi:10.2307/1375233. Retrieved 2 November 2024 – via Oxford Academic.
- ^ Richards, R. L.; McDonald, J. N. (1 January 1991). "NEW RECORDS OF HARLAN'S MUSKOX (Bootherium bombifrons) AND AN ASSOCIATED FAUNA FROM THE LATE PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 99 (2–4): 211–228. ISSN 2380-7717. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ McDonald, H. Gregory; Dyer, David L.; Shane, Linda C. K.; Haskell, Brian J.; Stafford, Jr., Thomas W. (18 October 2024). "The Woodland Muskox Bootherium bombifrons (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from Hebron, Licking County, Ohio, USA and its Paleoecology in the Great Lakes Region". The Ohio Journal of Science. 123 (2): 44–61. doi:10.18061/ojs.v123i2.9583. ISSN 2471-9390. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ Abraczinskas, L. M. "Pleistocene proboscidean sites in Michigan: New records and an update on published sites". Michigan Academician. 25 (4). Utah Geological Association: 443–490.
References
edit- McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
External links
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