A dry thunderstorm is a thunderstorm that produces thunder and lightning, but where all or most of its precipitation evaporates before reaching the ground.[1] Dry lightning refers to lightning strikes occurring in this situation. Both are so common in the American West that they are sometimes used interchangeably.[2]
Dry thunderstorms occur essentially in dry conditions, and their lightning is a major cause of wildfires.[3][4][5] Because of that, the United States National Weather Service, and other agencies around the world, issue forecasts for its likelihood over large areas.[4][6]
Where dry thunderstorms occur
editDry thunderstorms generally occur in deserts or places where the lower layers of the atmosphere usually contain little water vapor. Any precipitation that falls from elevated thunderstorms can be entirely evaporated as it falls through the lower dry layers. They are common during the summer months across much of western North America and other arid areas. The shaft of precipitation that can be seen falling from a cloud without reaching the ground is called "virga".[7]
A thunderstorm does not have to be completely dry to be considered dry; in many areas 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) is the threshold between a "wet" and "dry" thunderstorm.[1]
Hazards
editDry thunderstorms are notable for two reasons: they are the most common natural origin of wildland fires, and they can produce strong gusty surface winds that can fan flames.[citation needed]
Dust storms
editStrong winds often develop around dry thunderstorms as the evaporating precipitation causes excessive cooling of the air beneath the storm, which increases its density and thereby its weight relative to the surrounding air. This cool air then descends rapidly and fans out upon impacting the ground, an event often described as a dry microburst. As the gusty winds expand outward from the storm, dry soil and sand are often picked up by the strong winds, creating dust and sand storms known as haboobs.[8]
Fires
edit
In areas where trees or other vegetation are present, there is little to no rain that can prevent the lightning from causing them to catch fire. Storm winds also fan the fire and firestorm, causing it to spread more quickly.[9]
Pyrocumulonimbus are cumuliform clouds that can form over a large fire and that are particularly dry.[10] When the higher levels of the atmosphere are cooler, and the surface is thus warmed to extreme temperatures due to a wildfire, volcano, or other event, convection will occur, and produce clouds and lightning. They are similar to any cumulus cloud but ingest extra particulates from the fire. This increases the voltage difference between the base and the top of the cloud, helping to produce lightning.[citation needed]
Climate change
editClimate change is expected to alter patterns of lightning-ignited wildfires. A key factor in the ignition of these wildfires is the type of lightning, with long-continuing-current (LCC) lightning being particularly significant. The risk of lightning-ignited wildfires is influenced not only by the occurrence of LCC lightning but also by the availability of dry fuel, which is influenced by how much rain has fallen before. Scientists predict, some places will see more LCC lightning and less rain, making it easier for wildfires to start. Areas like Southeastern Asia, South America, Africa, and Australia, along with parts of North America and Europe, could be at higher risk for these lightning-caused wildfires.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Albuquerque Office. "Dry thunderstorms". Fire Weather Topics. National Weather Service. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ "What Is a Dry Thunderstorm?". weather.about.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ Hessilt, Thomas D.; Abatzoglou, J. T.; Chen, Y.; Randerson, J. T.; Scholten, R. C.; van der Werf, Guido; Veraverbeke, S. (April 19, 2022). "Future increases in lightning ignition efficiency and wildfire occurrence expected from drier fuels in boreal forest ecosystems of western North America". Environmental Research Letters. 17 (5): 054008. Bibcode:2022ERL....17e4008H. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac6311. S2CID 247869214.
- ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions About Lightning". Severe Weather 101. NSSL. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ "Dry Lightning". Wild Fire Assessment System. US Forest Service. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ Miriam Rorig; Sue Ferguson; Steven McKay (17 November 2003). Forecasting Dry Lightning in the Western United States (PDF). The 5th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology and the 2nd International Wildland Fire Ecology and Fire Management Congress. Orlando, FL. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ Ferguson, Sue A.; Steven, J. McKay; Miriam, L. Rorig; Werth, Paul (May 2007). "Model-Generated Predictions of Dry Thunderstorm Potential". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 46 (5): 605–614. Bibcode:2007JApMC..46..605R. doi:10.1175/JAM2482.1.
- ^ Idso, S. B.; Ingram, R. S.; Pritchard, J. M. (1972). "An American Haboob". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 53 (10): 930–935. Bibcode:1972BAMS...53..930I. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1972)053<0930:AAH>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ "Dry lightning and dry thunderstorms cause the majority of wildfires in the Western US - including California fires". www.californiagreensolutions.com. California Green Solutions. 2006. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ "Pyrocumulonimbus". AMS Glossary. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J.; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.; Huntrieser, Heidi; Jöckel, Patrick (2023-02-10). "Variation of lightning-ignited wildfire patterns under climate change". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 739. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14..739P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36500-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9918523. PMID 36765048.