Gabon
Kapon kapolongan-kitakit(加彭共和國; Fransu a sowal:République gabonaise ;Gabon）
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Takaray a sowal:Ititaay i saka’etipan sifo’ no Afrika a kitakit,isaka’etipan mi’ayaw to Cinoya-Kihaw(幾內亞灣; Ikiris a sowal:Gulf of Guinea; Fransu a sowal:Golfe de Guinée), isaka’amis no saka’etipan o Kunisan-nocikiw Cinoya, ika’amis o Komaylong, sakwalian ato katimol mataliyok no Konko Kapolongan-kitakit. O kakahad no sera ira ko 27 ’ofad km², o tamdaw ira ko 200 ’ofad, o Tatapangan niyaro’ ato sakakaay niyaro’ o Ceyo-Si(自由市 ; Fransu a sowal :Libreville).
Rikisi(歷史)
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To’asan rikisi(古代歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]I’ayaw no kataynian no Yoropa a tamdaw, caay ka hakowa ko kafana’an tona kitakit. I saka 14 sici, satapang ko somowalay to Panto-sowal a tamdaw tayni a maro’. Ikor to no saka 15sici, o misasolapay-tamdaw no Potawya ato mipaliwalay to dafong a tamdaw micomod to a tayni tona pala. Ilawac no riyar malapikali’acaan to koli no Holan, Inkolan ato Fransu. 1839 mihecaan ato 1841 mihecaan patireng to milikowatan a pala ko Fransu.
Isarakatay rikisi(早期歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Nani saka 14 sici satapang maforaw a tayni ko Panto-tamdaw.o sarakatay a tayni tona pala a Yoropa o tamdaw o Potawya tamdaw, pangangan han nangra to ” gabão” kona pala, o imi nona sowal i,matiya o “tataca’edongan no riko’ ’’. O Holan, Inkolan ato Fransu a paliwalay tamdaw itiraay to i saka 16 sici a tayni.
Ma’eco no Fransu(法國占領)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Itiya i 1839 miheca ato 1841 mihecaan, mapatireng no Fransu to ” papa’adingen a pala ” no Fransu. 1910 miheca malacecay no kalisepatay a malamikotoday Kunisan-Afrika(法屬赤道非洲 ; Fransu a sowal :Afrique Équatoriale Française，簡稱AEF ) ko Kapon. 1960 miheca saka 7 folad saka 15 romi’ad mihayi to ko Frensu to pisiiked no Kapon, tahira to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 17 romi’ad laheci sato ko pisiiked no Kapon kitakit.
Misiiked (獨立)
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Yo misiiked ko Kapon i 1960 miheca iraay ko tosa a sieci kasafelaw, cowa ka halafing malacecay ko kasasowal nona tosaay kasafelaw hatatosa sa a mipasadak to mamiliko to congtong a sinkiwa. 1968 miheca saka 3 folad, milakal ci Haci-Awmar-Pangko(哈吉·奧馬爾·邦戈;El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba) to dengan cecay ko sieci kasafelaw no Kapon kitakit.palasawaden ningra koya itiyaay ho a sieci kasafelaw BDG, misafa’eloh a patireng to Finawlan-kasafelaw no Kapon. I 1973 miheca saka tolofolad, 1979 miheca saka 12 folad ato 1986 miheca saka12 folad a patokitok a malacongtong.
1990 miheca tatiih ko pili’etan mapatongal heca no pilongoc no finawlan to paifaloco’ay a ‘otip. Orasaka, pasela’ sa a matayal ko finawlan ta marawraw. 1990 miheca saka 4 folad mihayi ko Kalomaocan no kitakit to sapisongila’aw a misalof to sieci. 2006 miheca saka12 folad saka 17 romi’ad, misatapang a misinkiw ko Kalomaocan no Finawlan.[1][1]pakaala to 81 a kiing ko Finawlan-kasafelaw no Kapon to polong 120 a kiing, Finawlan-Lekatep no Kapon fafalo ko kiing, ato roma a kasafelaw 4 ko kiing.[2] 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 25 romi’ad, tomireng ko Fa’elohay sifo,patokitok ho ci Lang-Ayie-Entong(Fransu a sowal:Jean Eyeghe Ndong) a malacongli.[3]
2022 miheca saka 6 folad saka 24 romi’ad mikapot to Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep.[4]
Kaitiraan(地理)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]i Kunis-nocikiw ingata no Sifo’an-Afrika, i lawac no Taysiyo ko Kapon kitakit, o kala’oraday ko kakarayan, mahaop ko 85% no kitakit matahepo no Fa’edtay-Kilakilangan.ira ko toloay a tada masasikeday a palapalaan : dafdaf i lawac no riyar(nani lilis no riyar miliyas to 20~300km), lotolotokan(isaka’amis no sakawalian a Cristal-lotok, isifo’ay a Chaillu-Massif lotolotkan, o pocok nona lotok lboundji ira ko 1575 laya’), ato ikawalyay a matakaray rengorengosan. Ilawac no riyar a dafdaf i o nikowanan no “Kiking-kay i hekal to mamipa’ading to ‘a’adopen” ko kahirahira no killing ato rengos, mahaop ko itiraay sifo’an-Afrika a kahrngangay-kilang(紅樹林; Ikiris a sowal:Mangrove), itiraay i cepo’ no Moni-‘Alo ko saadihayay a molengaw.
O satata’angay a ’alo no Kapon o Awkowi-’Alo, ira ko 1200 km. Itini i Kapon ira ko taolo a Kosto-Tataparan Pala(喀斯特地形或石灰石地形;karst topography), sasemoomo’ot ko kaadihay no dihif, adihay ko kahecalay a ’adicaw(白雲石)[1] ato ci’apolay a fakeloh(石灰岩)[2],o cinganganay i, o Lastoursvil le,Lebamba,Bongolo ato Kessipougou,iraay ho ko adihayay a dihif ko cacay ho ka laheci no tamdaw a misolap.misolapan no masacefangay no kitakit kona dihif sa ira aca ko nitilidan pakayni tona dihif.
O Kapon kitakit o cinganganay i hekal to kaci’icel a midipot to papapalaan. 2002 miheca o congtong no Kapon ci Awmaer-Panko-Awtipa mitketon to sowal aka ka isafaen no 11% ko malakonyin no kitakit, polong ira ko 13 a no kitakitan a konyin, o sakakahaday a konyin no palapalaan itini i hekal, to ikor to i,o kaka’olahan no tamtamdaw a pisalamaan.
Tamdaw(人口)
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O tamdaw no Kapon ira ko 150 ‘ofad, sahetoay o to’as no Panto-Finacadan, nikawrira, latek ira ko 40 a finacadan itini i Kapon, oninian a finacadan milekal to nika ira no niyah a sowal ato punka. Sakakaay a finacadan o Fang-tamdaw(芳人;Fang), nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan o Fanciyapi-Nipi finacadan ko ikakakaay ho ko k’'aloman no tamdaw. O roma ira ho ko Myene、Bakota、Eshira、Bapounou ato Okande a finacadan.toninan a kasasiromaroma a finacadan cowa ka hapinang ko kalala’ed no finacadan cowa kahatira to roam a kitakit itini i Afrika a mahapinang.
Ono sifoan a sowal o Fransu a sowal, o sakalacecay no polong a tamdaw no Kapon kona sowal.itini tona kitakit latek mahaop ko 80% a tamdaw mafana’ay to sowal no Fransu, cecay no kalitolo no Lipor-tamdaw o Fransu a sowal ko kalosowal nona finacadan.
Cisafaw ko cecay ’ofad ko maro’ay itini a Fransu a tamdaw, o kasasiroma a punka ato pinangan no Fransu talolongay ko pirecep itini i ’orip no tamdaw no Kapon. I 1900 miheca tahira i 1940 mihecaan malowan ko tamdaw no Kapon, saka saan o nani rikisi ato taliyokan, o sasafaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw itini i Afrika ko Kapon, ora saka tada manikaw to mamatayal a tamdaw, ira ko saka piala to tamdaw no roma a kitakit.
O tamdaw no Kapon sahetoay ko Misakristoay to mitooray to Tinsikiw, latek mahahop ko 55% ko tamdaw no polong no Kapon, o roma i, o pakaso’elinay to Ilisinay-Pitooran, Muslim ato To’asan-Pipakaso’elinan. O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw tahiraay aca ko kahaop i 63.2%.
Sapili’etan(經濟)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O tadamaanay dafong no pala ira ko kasolin-simal,Yiu-Tadafekeloh, Tada’ekim,Ni, lo,Sin. O losay ira ko Kiyasafa, pawli,tali no lotok, ‘alilay, tali, koko,kofi, deteng ato simal no nanges.
Ano pasasotili’en ato itiniay i Afrika roma a kitakit o idahiay ho ko sapili’etan a kinairaira no Kapon, o lalen a ‘eten no kalotamdaw sepatay ko kasatepian pasasotili’en ato i katimolay no Sahala Afrika.nawhani, ‘adihay ko ‘etan no kaso-simal no itiniay i riyar. Ira ko langiengieay tona kitakit to ‘etan no kalotamdaw cowa ka patelien i sakacomahad no aniniay a ’orip ato sakacidafong a kikay.
O nipasadakan a tadafokeloh a Mon,’eric ato kilang o sakakaay a sapili’etan a dafong ko nini. Caka ka pakafilo to kala’ised ato roma a kitakit,sawad hananay to koya Folangswir(弗朗斯維爾;Fransu a sowal :Franceville) a pikarkaran to Yiu-fokeloh i 2001 miheca. Nikawria, misahalaka ho to sapiliyawaw a mikarkar, o pikarkar to ’Eric-fokeloh misatapangay to i 2012 mihecaan i ka’amis no sakawalian no Makokou tokay.
I saka 90 mihecahecaan matefad ko ‘epoc no Falang-Payso i Afrika, ora saka maroray a patikol to kiyam i roma a kitakit, Fransu ato Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep(International Monetary Fund，IMF) mipadang a paini to halafinay-picaliw ato pipadang to sakacomahad no sapili’etan, nikawrira, oninian to a kitakit ato Lekatep ko midemakay to sakafalic no sapili’etan a tayal.
O sakakaay a pipasadakan to dafong a paliwal o Amirika, Conko ato Rosiya, o pipacomodan to dafong a kitakit o Fransu ko sakakaay.
I 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 5 romi’ad, Mokentatong(摩根大通集團; Ikiris asowal:JPMorgan Chase & Co) mipadang a paliwal Sapili’etan-Paya no Kapon mo’etep miheca mo’etep ko ok a Amirika Sapili’etan-Paya. Mikapotay ko Kapon to Malacecaay-Rikec no Paliwalay ato misanga’ay to dafong a lekatep no Afrika.
Pacefaday a tilid (註腳)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 新華網，2006年12月17日，加彭議會選舉投票秩序井然
- ↑ 新華網，2006年12月28日，執政的加彭民主黨在議會大選中獲勝
- ↑ 新華網，2007年1月26日，加彭組成新政府 Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期2012-07-12
- ↑ Gabon and Togo join the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. 2022-06-25 [2022-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-15） （英語）.