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- Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. The court ruled in an 8–0 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act (represented through David Kurtzman) from 1968 was unconstitutional and in an 8–1 decision that Rhode Island's 1969 Salary Supplement Act was unconstitutional, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The act allowed the Superintendent of Public Schools to reimburse private schools (mostly Catholic) for the salaries of teachers who taught in these private elementary schools from public textbooks and with public instructional materials. Lemon was a major precedent in federal and local courts until it was effectively overturned by Kennedy v. Bremerton School District in 2022. (en)
- 레몬 대 커츠맨 사건(Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971))은 국교금지조항에 대한 미국 연방 대법원의 유명 판례로 종교단체에서 운영하는 초등학교에 재정적 지원을 해주는 펜실베니아 주의 정책에 대한 위헌심판이다. 이 판결에서 유명한 레몬심사기준 (레몬 테스트)가 형성되었다. (ko)
- レモン対カーツマン事件（レモンたいカーツマン事件、英:Lemon v. Kurtzman）は、1971年にアメリカ合衆国最高裁判所で下された州の公共教育監督官が非公共学校（その大半はカトリック系）の教師の給与、教科書および教材を支給することを認めた1968年ペンシルベニア州「非公共小学校および中学校法」（通称：給与補助法 ）について、アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第1条の国教条項に違背しているとした判決である。この判決は連邦第一地区控訴裁判所の州予算で非公共小学校の給与を15%補充することを定めたロードアイランド州給与補充法を無効にした判決も支持した。この場合もペンシルベニア州と同様、州予算の大半はカトリック系学校で使われていた。 (ja)
- 莱蒙诉库兹曼案（Lemon v. Kurtzman ），判例编号：403 US 602 (1971)，美国最高法院审理的一起案件。法院以8比0的裁决裁定宾夕法尼亚州1968年的《非公立小学和中学教育法》（由大卫·库兹曼代表）违宪，并以8比1的裁决裁定罗德岛州1969年的《工资补充法》违宪，违反了第一修正案政教分离条款。该法案允许公立学校的学监根据公共教科书和公共教学材料向私立学校（主要是天主教）偿还在这些私立小学任教的教师的工资。莱蒙是联邦和地方法院的一个主要判例，直到它经2022年肯尼迪诉布雷默顿学区案被推翻。 (zh)
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- Alton J. Lemon, et al. v. David H. Kurtzman, Superintendent of Public Instruction of Pennsylvania, et al.; John R. Earley, et al. v. John DiCenso, et al.; William P. Robinson, Jr. v. John DiCenso, et al. (en)
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- For a law to be considered constitutional under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, the law must have a legitimate secular purpose, not have the primary effect of either advancing or inhibiting religion, and not result in an excessive entanglement of government and religion. (en)
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- Black, Brennan, Marshall (en)
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- Black, Douglas, Harlan, Stewart, Marshall, Blackmun (en)
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- U.S. Const. amend. I; R.I. Gen. Laws Ann. 16-51-1 et seq. ; Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 24, §§ 5601-5609 (en)
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- Lemon v. Kurtzman, 310 F. Supp. 35 ; probable jurisdiction noted, ; (en)
- DiCenso v. Robinson, 316 F. Supp. 112 ; probable jurisdiction noted, consolidated, . (en)
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- On remand to 348 F. Supp. 300 , aff'd, (en)
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- Kennedy v. Bremerton School District (en)
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- 레몬 대 커츠맨 사건(Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971))은 국교금지조항에 대한 미국 연방 대법원의 유명 판례로 종교단체에서 운영하는 초등학교에 재정적 지원을 해주는 펜실베니아 주의 정책에 대한 위헌심판이다. 이 판결에서 유명한 레몬심사기준 (레몬 테스트)가 형성되었다. (ko)
- レモン対カーツマン事件（レモンたいカーツマン事件、英:Lemon v. Kurtzman）は、1971年にアメリカ合衆国最高裁判所で下された州の公共教育監督官が非公共学校（その大半はカトリック系）の教師の給与、教科書および教材を支給することを認めた1968年ペンシルベニア州「非公共小学校および中学校法」（通称：給与補助法 ）について、アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第1条の国教条項に違背しているとした判決である。この判決は連邦第一地区控訴裁判所の州予算で非公共小学校の給与を15%補充することを定めたロードアイランド州給与補充法を無効にした判決も支持した。この場合もペンシルベニア州と同様、州予算の大半はカトリック系学校で使われていた。 (ja)
- 莱蒙诉库兹曼案（Lemon v. Kurtzman ），判例编号：403 US 602 (1971)，美国最高法院审理的一起案件。法院以8比0的裁决裁定宾夕法尼亚州1968年的《非公立小学和中学教育法》（由大卫·库兹曼代表）违宪，并以8比1的裁决裁定罗德岛州1969年的《工资补充法》违宪，违反了第一修正案政教分离条款。该法案允许公立学校的学监根据公共教科书和公共教学材料向私立学校（主要是天主教）偿还在这些私立小学任教的教师的工资。莱蒙是联邦和地方法院的一个主要判例，直到它经2022年肯尼迪诉布雷默顿学区案被推翻。 (zh)
- Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. The court ruled in an 8–0 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act (represented through David Kurtzman) from 1968 was unconstitutional and in an 8–1 decision that Rhode Island's 1969 Salary Supplement Act was unconstitutional, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The act allowed the Superintendent of Public Schools to reimburse private schools (mostly Catholic) for the salaries of teachers who taught in these private elementary schools from public textbooks and with public instructional materials. Lemon was a major precedent in federal and local courts until it was effectively overturned by Kennedy v. Bremerton School District i (en)
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- Lemon v. Kurtzman (en)
- 레몬 대 커츠먼 사건 (ko)
- レモン対カーツマン事件 (ja)
- 莱蒙诉库兹曼案 (zh)
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- Alton J. Lemon, et al. v. David H. Kurtzman, Superintendent of Public Instruction of Pennsylvania, et al.; John R. Earley, et al. v. John DiCenso, et al.; William P. Robinson, Jr. v. John DiCenso, et al. (en)
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