The historiography of the War of 1812 reflects multiple interpretations of the conflict and, especially, the war's outcome. As such, the historical record has interpreted both the British and Americans as victors in the conflict, with substantial academic and popular literature published to support these claims. The British, who were able to concurrently defeat Napoleon Bonaparte twice and end the Napoleonic Wars, viewed the War of 1812 as a minor theater that was overshadowed by key victories at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 and Waterloo in 1815 which led to the Pax Britannica. In the United States and Upper Canada, nationalistic mythology around the war took hold following its conclusion. Canadians emphasized their ability to remain separate from the United States, with the failure of
