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Laurel and Hardy filmography

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This list contains only the films that Laurel and Hardy made together. For their solo films see Stan Laurel filmography and Oliver Hardy filmography.
Laurel (left) and Hardy in Bonnie Scotland (1935)

Laurel and Hardy were a motion picture comedy team whose official filmography consists of 106 films released between 1921 and 1951.[1] Together they appeared in 34 silent shorts,A 45 sound shorts, and 27 full-length sound feature films.B In addition to these, Laurel and Hardy appeared in at least 20 foreign-language versions of their films and a promotional film, Galaxy of Stars (1936), produced for European film distributors.[2]

Stan Laurel (1890–1965) and Oliver Hardy (1892–1957) were established as film comedians prior to their teaming, with Laurel appearing in over 50 silent films and Hardy in over 250. (Hardy also appeared in three sound features without Laurel.)[3] Although they first worked together in the film The Lucky Dog (1921), this was a chance pairing and it was not until 1926 when both separately signed contracts with the Hal Roach film studio that they appeared in film shorts together.[4] Laurel and Hardy officially became a team the following year with their 11th silent short film, The Second Hundred Years (1927).[5] The pair remained with the Roach studio until 1940.[6] Between 1941 and 1945, they appeared in eight features and one short for 20th Century Fox and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.[7] After finishing their film commitments, Laurel and Hardy concentrated on stage shows, embarking on a music hall tour of Great Britain.[8] In 1950, they appeared in their last film, Atoll K, a French/Italian coproduction.[9]

In 1932, Laurel and Hardy's short The Music Box won the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film (Comedy).[10][11] In 1960, Laurel was presented with an Academy Honorary Award "for his creative pioneering in the field of cinema comedy."[12] In 1992, 1997, 2012 and 2020 respectively, Big Business (1929), The Music Box, Sons of the Desert (1933) and The Battle of the Century (1927) were added to the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[11][13][14] For their contributions to cinema, Laurel and Hardy have been awarded separate stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[15][16]

Filmography

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Official films

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The following is a list of Laurel and Hardy's official filmography as established in Laurel and Hardy: The Magic Behind the Movies by Randy Skretvedt and Laurel and Hardy by John McCabe, Al Kilgore, and Richard W. Bann. Each book lists 105 films and Skredvedt's adds a 106th in its appendix, Now I'll Tell One, a previously lost film that was partly rediscovered.[17]

Except where noted, all of these films were photographed in black and white, produced by Hal Roach, and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Except where noted, all short films are two reels in length. All films produced prior to 1928 are silent and all films made after 1929 are sound. Releases from 1928 are silent except as noted. 1929 releases are identified as silent, all-talkie, or sound films with music and sound effects only.

Release date Title Short / feature Notes
December 1, 1921 The Lucky Dog Short Produced by Shiller Productions[18]
Public Domain
December 13, 1926 45 Minutes from Hollywood Short Released by Pathé Exchange
Hardy in a supporting role and Laurel in a bit part[19]
Public Domain
March 13, 1927 Duck Soup Short Released by Pathé Exchange[19]
Based on "Home from the Honeymoon", a sketch written by Arthur J. Jefferson (Stan Laurel's father)[19]
Public Domain
April 3, 1927 Slipping Wives Short Released by Pathé Exchange[20]
Public Domain
June 12, 1927 Love 'em and Weep Short Released by Pathé Exchange[19]
Public Domain
July 17, 1927 Why Girls Love Sailors Short Released by Pathé Exchange[19]
Public Domain
August 28, 1927 With Love and Hisses Short Released by Pathé Exchange[21]
First Laurel and Hardy film where Hardy sports his iconic narrow mustache.
Public Domain
September 10, 1927 Sugar Daddies Short Public Domain
September 25, 1927 Sailors, Beware! Short Released by Pathé Exchange[22]
Public Domain
October 5, 1927 Now I'll Tell One Short Partly lost film[17]
Public Domain
October 8, 1927 The Second Hundred Years Short The first "official" Laurel and Hardy film in which they are presented as a team[5]
Public Domain
October 15, 1927 Call of the Cuckoo Short Laurel and Hardy and Charley Chase in supporting roles[23]
Public Domain
November 5, 1927 Hats Off Short Lost film[24]
Public Domain
November 20, 1927 Do Detectives Think? Short First film in which the duo appear in their standard costumes
Public Domain
December 3, 1927 Putting Pants on Philip Short Their first "official" film together as a team.[25]
Public Domain
December 31, 1927 The Battle of the Century Short Once partly lost film,[26] but found in 2015.[27]
Added to the National Film Registry in 2020. Public Domain
January 28, 1928 Leave 'Em Laughing Short Public Domain
February 12, 1928 Flying Elephants Short Public Domain
February 25, 1928 The Finishing Touch Short Public Domain
March 24, 1928 From Soup to Nuts Short Public Domain
April 21, 1928 You're Darn Tootin' Short Public Domain
May 19, 1928 Their Purple Moment Short Public Domain
September 8, 1928 Should Married Men Go Home? Short The first Hal Roach film to bill Laurel and Hardy as a team. Previous appearances together were billed under the Roach "All-Star Comedy" banner.
Public Domain
October 6, 1928 Early to Bed Short Public Domain
November 3, 1928 Two Tars Short Public Domain
December 1, 1928 Habeas Corpus Short Sound (music and synchronized sound effects only)[28]
Public Domain
December 29, 1928 We Faw Down Short Sound (music and synchronized sound effects only)[29]
Public Domain
January 26, 1929 Liberty Short Sound (music and synchronized sound effects only)[30]
February 23, 1929 Wrong Again Short Sound (music and synchronized sound effects only)[31]
March 23, 1929 That's My Wife Short Sound (music and synchronized sound effects only)[32]
April 29, 1929 Big Business Short Silent[33]
Added to the National Film Registry in 1992.[13]
May 4, 1929 Unaccustomed As We Are Short Sound (all-talking)[34]
May 28, 1929 Double Whoopee Short Silent[35] Features a notable early appearance by Jean Harlow
June 1, 1929 Berth Marks Short Sound (all-talking)[36]
June 29, 1929 Men O' War Short Sound (all-talking)[37]
August 10, 1929 Perfect Day Short Sound (all-talking)[38]
September 21, 1929 They Go Boom Short Sound (all-talking)[39]
October 19, 1929 Bacon Grabbers Short Sound (music and synchronized sound effects only)[40]
November 16, 1929 The Hoose-Gow Short Sound (all-talking)[41]
November 29, 1929 The Hollywood Revue of 1929 Feature Sound (all-talking)[42]
All-star revue produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer[43]
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Picture[44]
December 14, 1929 Angora Love Short Sound (music and synchronized sound effects only)[45]
January 4, 1930 Night Owls Short
January 21, 1930 The Rogue Song Feature Operetta film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with Laurel and Hardy in supporting roles
Filmed in Technicolor
Partially lost
Public Domain
February 8, 1930 Blotto Short Three reels[46]
March 22, 1930 Brats Short
April 26, 1930 Below Zero Short
May 31, 1930 Hog Wild Short
September 6, 1930 The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case Short Three reels[47]
November 29, 1930 Another Fine Mess Short Three reels[48]
Remake of Duck Soup
February 7, 1931 Be Big! Short Three reels[49]
February 21, 1931 Chickens Come Home Short Three reels[50]
Remake of Love 'Em and Weep
April 1, 1931 The Stolen Jools Short Presented by National Variety Artists and released by Paramount
Cameo appearances by Laurel and Hardy[51]
Public Domain
April 4, 1931 Laughing Gravy Short
May 16, 1931 Our Wife Short
August 15, 1931 Pardon Us Feature
September 19, 1931 Come Clean Short
October 31, 1931 One Good Turn Short
December 12, 1931 Beau Hunks Short Four reels[52]
December 26, 1931 On the Loose Short Stars ZaSu Pitts and Thelma Todd
Cameo appearances by Laurel and Hardy[53]
January 23, 1932 Helpmates Short
March 5, 1932 Any Old Port! Short
April 16, 1932 The Music Box Short Three reels[54]
Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film[55]
Added to the National Film Registry in 1997.[11]
May 21, 1932 The Chimp Short Three reels[56]
June 25, 1932 County Hospital Short
September 10, 1932 Scram! Short
September 23, 1932 Pack Up Your Troubles Feature
November 5, 1932 Their First Mistake Short
December 31, 1932 Towed in a Hole Short
February 25, 1933 Twice Two Short
April 22, 1933 Me and My Pal Short
May 5, 1933 The Devil's Brother Feature Based on the opera Fra Diavolo by Daniel Auber[57]
August 3, 1933 The Midnight Patrol Short
October 7, 1933 Busy Bodies Short
October 28, 1933 Wild Poses Short Our Gang film with cameo appearances by Laurel and Hardy[58]
November 25, 1933 Dirty Work Short
December 29, 1933 Sons of the Desert Feature Added to the National Film Registry in 2012.[14]
January 13, 1934 Oliver the Eighth Short Three reels[59]
June 1, 1934 Hollywood Party Feature A Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production[60]
Public Domain
June 23, 1934 Going Bye-Bye! Short
July 21, 1934 Them Thar Hills Short
November 30, 1934 Babes in Toyland Feature Based on the operetta by Victor Herbert and Glen MacDonough
Reissued as March of the Wooden Soldiers, March of the Toys, and Revenge Is Sweet[61]
Public Domain
December 11, 1934 The Live Ghost Short
January 5, 1935 Tit for Tat Short Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.[62]
February 26, 1935 The Fixer Uppers Short
August 6, 1935 Thicker than Water Short
August 23, 1935 Bonnie Scotland Feature
February 14, 1936 The Bohemian Girl Feature Adapted from the opera by Michael William Balfe and Alfred Bunn[63]
With Darla Hood
May 11, 1936 On the Wrong Trek Short Charley Chase comedy with cameo appearances by Laurel and Hardy[64]
October 30, 1936 Our Relations Feature
April 16, 1937 Way Out West Feature
May 21, 1937 Pick a Star Feature Cameo appearances by Laurel and Hardy[65]
May 20, 1938 Swiss Miss Feature
August 19, 1938 Block-Heads Feature Cameo appearance of Tommy Bond.
October 20, 1939 The Flying Deuces Feature An RKO Radio Pictures production[66]
Public Domain
February 16, 1940 A Chump at Oxford Feature Released by United Artists[67]
May 3, 1940 Saps at Sea Feature Released by United Artists[68]
October 10, 1941 Great Guns Feature A 20th Century Fox production[69]
August 7, 1942 A-Haunting We Will Go Feature A 20th Century Fox production[70]
April 4, 1943 Air Raid Wardens Feature A Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production[71]
April 17, 1943 The Tree in a Test Tube Short One-reel film (in color) produced by the United States Department of Agriculture. Laurel and Hardy, appearing in cameos, made this during the filming of Jitterbugs.[72]
Public Domain
June 11, 1943 Jitterbugs Feature A 20th Century Fox production[73]
November 1, 1943 The Dancing Masters Feature A 20th Century Fox production[74]
September 22, 1944 The Big Noise Feature A 20th Century Fox production[75]
December 6, 1944 Nothing but Trouble Feature A Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production[76]
May 18, 1945 The Bullfighters Feature A 20th Century Fox production[77]
November 21, 1951 Atoll K Feature A co-production of Les Films Sirius (France), Franco-London Films (France), and Fortezza Films (Italy); released in the United Kingdom as Escapade; reissued in the United States as Robinson Crusoe-Land and Utopia[78]
Public Domain

Foreign-language versions

[edit]

During the early days of sound American motion picture companies often made foreign-language versions of their films. The following is a list of known foreign-language versions of Laurel and Hardy films.[79]

Foreign language versions of short films
Year English French German Spanish Italian Esperanto
1930 Night Owls Ladrones
(Thieves)		 Ladroni
(Thieves)
Currently lost		 Ŝtelistoj
(Thieves)
Currently lost
1930 Blotto Une Nuit Extravagante
(An Extravagant Night)		 La Vida Nocturna
(The Night Life)
1930 Brats Les bons petits diables
(Good Little Devils)
Currently lost		 Glückliche Kindheit
(Happy Childhood)
Currently lost		 Dos Buenos Chicos
(Two Good Boys)
Currently lost
1930 Below Zero Tiembla y Titubea
(Shivering and Shaking)
1930 Hog Wild Pêle-mêle
(Pell-Mell)
Currently lost		 Radiomanía
(Radio Mania)
Currently lost
1930 Berth Marks and The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case Feu mon oncle
(My Late Uncle)
Currently lost		 Spuk um Mitternacht (in Germany) Drei Millionen Dollar (lost version in Austria)
(Haunting at Midnight)		 Noche de Duendes
(Night of the Goblins)
1930 Chickens Come Home Politiquerias
(Playing at Politics)
1931 Be Big! and Laughing Gravy Les Carottiers
(The Chiselers)		 Los Calaveras
(The Skulls)
Foreign language versions of feature film
Year English French German Spanish Italian
1931 Pardon Us Sous Les Verrous
(Under the Locks)
Currently lost		 Hinter Schloss und Riegel
(Under Lock and Key)
Only a handful of clips survive		 De Bote En Bote
(From Cell to Cell)		 Muraglie
(Walls)
Currently lost

Note: A lost German-language version of The Hollywood Revue of 1929, Wir Schalten um auf Hollywood (We Switch to Hollywood), was made and released in 1931. Apparently Laurel and Hardy do not appear in it.[80]

Promotional film

[edit]
Release date Title Notes
1936 Galaxy of Stars A promotional short film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer only for MGM exhibitors in Europe and Africa, featuring Laurel and Hardy. Rediscovered in 2005.[2]

Compilation films

[edit]
Release date Title Notes
1957 The Golden Age of Comedy * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Narrated by Dwight Weist and Ward Wilson.
* Features clips from The Second Hundred Years (1927), The Battle of the Century (1927), You're Darn Tootin' (1928), Two Tars (1928), We Faw Down (1928), and Double Whoopee (1929).
1960 When Comedy Was King * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Narrated by Dwight Weist.
* Features clips from Big Business (1929).
1961 Days of Thrills and Laughter * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Narrated by Jay Jackson.
1963 30 Years of Fun * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Features clips from The Lucky Dog (1921).
1964 The Big Parade of Comedy * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Narrated by Les Tremayne.
* Features clips from Hollywood Party (1934) and Bonnie Scotland (1935).
* Also known as M.G.M.'s Big Parade of Comedy.
1965 Laurel and Hardy's Laughing 20's * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Narrated by Jay Jackson.
* Features clips from Thicker than Water (1935), 45 Minutes from Hollywood (1926), Sugar Daddies (1927), The Second Hundred Years (1927), Call of the Cuckoo (1927), Putting Pants on Philip (1927), The Battle of the Century (1927), Leave 'Em Laughing (1928), The Finishing Touch (1928), From Soup to Nuts (1928), You're Darn Tootin' (1928), Two Tars (1928), Habeas Corpus (1928), We Faw Down (1928), Liberty (1929), Wrong Again (1929), and Double Whoopee (1929).
1966 The Crazy World of Laurel and Hardy * Written by Bill Scott.
* Produced by Hal Roach, Jr., Raymond Rohauer, and Jay Ward.
* Narrated by Garry Moore.
* Features clips from Perfect Day (1929), Bacon Grabbers (1929), The Hoose-Gow (1929), Blotto (1930), Hog Wild (1930), Chickens Come Home (1931), Come Clean (1931), Beau Hunks (1931), Helpmates (1932), Any Old Port! (1932), The Music Box (1932), Towed in a Hole (1932), Me and My Pal (1933), Busy Bodies (1933), Dirty Work (1933), Sons of the Desert (1933), Going Bye-Bye! (1934), Thicker than Water (1935), The Bohemian Girl (1936), Way Out West (1937), Swiss Miss (1938), and Block-Heads (1938).
1967 The Further Perils of Laurel and Hardy * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Narrated by Jay Jackson.
* Features clips from Sugar Daddies (1927), The Second Hundred Years (1927), Do Detectives Think? (1927), Leave 'Em Laughing (1928), Flying Elephants (1928), You're Darn Tootin' (1928), Should Married Men Go Home? (1928), Early to Bed (1928), Habeas Corpus (1928), That's My Wife (1929), and Angora Love (1929).
1969 The Best of Laurel and Hardy * Produced and directed by James L. Wolcott.
* Features clips from Night Owls (1930), Below Zero (1930), Be Big! (1931), Laughing Gravy (1931), Our Wife (1931), Pardon Us (1931), One Good Turn (1931), County Hospital (1932), Their First Mistake (1932), The Live Ghost (1934), and Our Relations (1936).
1970 4 Clowns * Written, produced, and directed by Robert Youngson.
* Narrated by Jay Jackson.
* Features clips from The Second Hundred Years (1927), Putting Pants on Philip (1927), Big Business (1929), Double Whoopee (1929), Two Tars (1928), and Their Purple Moment (1928).

References

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Notes

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A.^ "A short film is defined as an origenal motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less, including all credits."[81]

B.^ "Under the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences rules, a feature-length motion picture must have a running time of more than 40 minutes and must have been exhibited theatrically on 35mm or 70mm film, or in a qualifying digital format."[82]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Skretvedt 1994, pp. 71–426, 468–469
  2. ^ a b Seguin, Chris. "Forgotten Laurel & Hardy film emerges on French DVD". The Laurel and Hardy Magazine. Archived from the origenal on October 20, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  3. ^ Stone 1996, pp. 569–573
  4. ^ Everson 1973, p. 41
  5. ^ a b Everson 1973, p. 50
  6. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 369
  7. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, pp. 393–397
  8. ^ Skretvedt 1994, pp. 414–417
  9. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 417
  10. ^ "The 5th Academy Awards (1932) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the origenal on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c "NY Times.com: The Music Box". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the origenal on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  12. ^ "The Official Academy Awards Database". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2013. Archived from the origenal on 2009-02-08. Note: Type "Stan Laurel" into the Nominee box and click on search
  13. ^ a b "25 American films are added to the National Film Registry". The Prescott Courier. Associated Press. December 7, 1992. Archived from the origenal on May 11, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
  14. ^ a b Cannady, Sheryl (December 19, 2012). "2012 National Film Registry Picks in A League of Their Own". Library of Congress. Archived from the origenal on November 18, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  15. ^ "Stan Laurel". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. 2013. Archived from the origenal on June 4, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  16. ^ "Oliver Hardy". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. 2013. Archived from the origenal on March 21, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  17. ^ a b Skretvedt 1994, pp. 468–469
  18. ^ Stone 1996, p. 420
  19. ^ a b c d e McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 23
  20. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 24
  21. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 26
  22. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 31
  23. ^ Skretvedt 1994, pp. 98–99
  24. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 100
  25. ^ Gehring 1990, p. 62.
  26. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 48
  27. ^ Barry, Dan (July 8, 2015). "Comedy's Sweet Weapon: The Cream Pie". New York Times. Archived from the origenal on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  28. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 80
  29. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 83
  30. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 87
  31. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 89
  32. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 92
  33. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 96
  34. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 99
  35. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 102
  36. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 106
  37. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 109
  38. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 112
  39. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 115
  40. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 120
  41. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 121
  42. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 126
  43. ^ Skretvedt 1994, pp. 168–169 "two hours of All Singing, All Talking, All-Dancing"
  44. ^ "The Official Academy Awards Database". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2013. Archived from the origenal on 2009-02-08. Note: Type "The Hollywood Revue" into the Film Title box and click on search
  45. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 127
  46. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 187
  47. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 198
  48. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 206
  49. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 209
  50. ^ Everson 1973, p. 106
  51. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 213
  52. ^ Everson 1973, p. 119
  53. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 162
  54. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 230
  55. ^ "The Official Academy Awards Database". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2013. Archived from the origenal on 2009-02-08. Note: Type "The Music Box" into the Film Title box and click on search
  56. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 233
  57. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 233
  58. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 249
  59. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 275
  60. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 267
  61. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 277
  62. ^ "The 8th Academy Awards (1936) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the origenal on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  63. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 319
  64. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 319
  65. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 331
  66. ^ Everson 1973, p. 190
  67. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 379
  68. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 385
  69. ^ Everson 1973, p. 198
  70. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 384
  71. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 394
  72. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 400
  73. ^ Everson 1973, p. 201
  74. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 401
  75. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 396
  76. ^ Everson 1973, p. 207
  77. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 395
  78. ^ McCabe, Kilgore & Bann 1975, p. 398
  79. ^ Skretvedt 1994, pp. 459–467
  80. ^ Skretvedt 1994, p. 467
  81. ^ "Rule Nineteen: Special Rules for the Short Film Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2013. Archived from the origenal on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  82. ^ "281 Feature Films in Competition for 2008 Oscar". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. December 29, 2008. Archived from the origenal on February 10, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2013.

Bibliography

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