西班牙语动词变位:修订间差异
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{{NoteTA
|T=zh-cn:西班牙语动词变位; zh-hk:西班牙語動詞變化; zh-tw:西班牙語動詞變化;
|1=zh-cn:动词变位; zh-hk:動詞變化; zh-tw:動詞變化;
|2=zh-hans:语法;zh-hant:文法;
}}
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{{西班牙語導覽框}}
'''西班牙语动词变位'''(西班牙语:''la conjugación en español''),是指[[西班牙语]]动词为了表达不同的语式、时态、体、人称或数而改变动词词尾的后缀与辅助动词的形式。西班牙语动词可分为三组,以动词的不定式后缀分类:分别结尾于-ar,-er,-ir。
===不定式结尾为-ar===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|非限定 (''Formas no personales'')||colspan="7" bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|形式
|- align = "center"
|不定式 (''Infinitivo'') ||colspan="7"| ''amar''
|- align = "center"
|动名词 (''Gerundio'') ||colspan="7"| ''amando''
|- align = "center"
|过去分词 (''Participio'') ||colspan="7"|''amado'' (''amado'', ''amada'', ''amados'', ''amadas'' —<br>分别为:阳性单数,阴性单数,阳性复数,阴性复数)
|- align = "center"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|陳述式 (''Indicativo'')||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''yo''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''tú'' ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ''vos''<ref name="voseo"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''él / ella / usted''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''nosotros / nosotras''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''vosotros / vosotras''<ref name="vosotros"/> ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''ellos / ellas /<br>ustedes''
|- align = "center"
|现在时 (''Presente'')||''amo''||''amas''||''amás''||''ama''||''amamos''||''amáis''||''aman''
|- align = "center"
|未完成时 (''Pretérito imperfecto'' 或 ''copretérito)''||''amaba''||colspan="2"|''amabas''|| ''amaba''||''amábamos''||''amabais''||''amaban''
|- align = "center"
|过去时 (''Pretérito perfecto simple'' 或 ''Pretérito'')||''amé''||''amaste''<ref name="tu_amastes">All of the [[Linguistic prescription|''normative'']] preterite forms for use with ''tú'' end with ''-ste''. Colloquially, speakers frequently add a final ''-s'' to this form, thus ''(tú) amastes'', ''temistes'', ''partistes'', etc.</ref>||''amastes'' / ''amaste''<ref name="vos_amastes">The preterite endings ''-stes'' and ''-ste'' are both in widespread use with ''vos'' — thus ''(vos) amastes'' and ''(vos) amaste'', ''(vos) temistes'' and ''(vos) temiste'', etc. The ending ''-stes'' is historically the original form used with ''vos''. Normatively only the ''-ste'' forms are accepted. See [http://lema.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=f9iYgCeetVcRjQ1FAuZq amar] {{Wayback|url=http://lema.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=f9iYgCeetVcRjQ1FAuZq|date=20191128104202}} in the [[Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española|Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy]].</ref>|| ''amó''||''amamos''||''amasteis''||''amaron''
|- align = "center"
|将来时 (''Futuro simple'' 或 ''Futuro'')||''amaré''||colspan="2"|''amarás''||''amará''||''amaremos''||''amaréis''||''amarán''
|- align = "center"
|条件语气 (''Condicional simple'' 或 ''Pospretérito'')||''amaría''||colspan="2"|''amarías''||''amaría''||''amaríamos''||''amaríais''||''amarían''
|- align = "center"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|虚拟式 (''Subjuntivo'')||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''yo''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''tú'' ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ''vos ''<ref name="voseo"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''él / ella /<br> usted''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''nosotros /<br>nosotras''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''vosotros /<br>vosotras''<ref name="vosotros"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''ellos / ellas /<br>ustedes''
|- align = "center"
|现在时 (''Presente'')||''ame''||''ames''||''amés'' / ''ames''<ref name="vos_ames">The original present subjunctive form for ''vos'' has final stress, with an accent mark: ''amés'', ''temás'', ''partás'', etc. In [[Rioplatense]] Spanish, these forms exist side by side with forms identical to the normative forms for ''tú'' (stress on the second-to-last syllable, no accent mark: ''ames'', ''temas'', ''partas'', etc.). The normative form for ''vos'' is the one used in Rioplatense Spanish: see [http://lema.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=f9iYgCeetVcRjQ1FAuZq amar] {{Wayback|url=http://lema.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=f9iYgCeetVcRjQ1FAuZq|date=20191128104202}} in the [[Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española|Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy]].</ref>||''ame''||''amemos''||''améis''||''amen''
|- align = "center"
|第一未完成时 (''Pretérito imperfecto'' 或 ''Pretérito'')||''amara''||colspan="2"|''amaras''||''amara''||''amáramos''||''amarais''||''amaran''
|- align = "center"
|第二未完成时 <ref name="imperf_subj_se">In Modern Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive in ''-ra'' is much more frequent than the form in ''-se'', and the form in ''-se'' is virtually obsolete in the Americas. (In Mark Davies's [http://www.corpusdelespanol.org/ Corpus del Español] {{Wayback|url=http://www.corpusdelespanol.org/ |date=20210422044448 }}, the ratio of ''-ra'' to ''-se'' is about 7:1 for 20th-century Spanish.)</ref>||''amase''||colspan="2"|''amases''<ref name="amases">Given the respective geographical distributions of the imperfect subjunctive in ''-se'' (mostly Spain) and the use of ''[[voseo]]'' (only in the Americas), it is extremely unlikely that forms such as ''(vos) amases'', ''(vos) tuvieses'', etc. would occur.</ref>||''amase''||''amásemos''||''amaseis''||''amasen''
|- align = "center"
|将来时 (''Futuro simple'' or ''Futuro'')<ref name="fut_subj">The future subjunctive is obsolete in Spanish, except for legal language, highly literary language, or [[Fossilization (linguistics)|fossilized]] expressions like ''sea lo que '''fuere''''' 'be what it may, whatever it may be'.</ref>||''amare''||colspan="2"|''amares''<ref name="amares">Given the "high" [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of the future subjunctive in contrast to the informality of ''tú'' and ''vos'', it is extremely unlikely that forms such as ''amares'', ''tuvieres'', etc. would occur in Modern Spanish prose or conversation.</ref>||''amare''||''amáremos''||''amareis''||''amaren''
|- align = "center"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|祈使式 (''Imperativo'')||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''tú'' ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ''vos ''<ref name="voseo"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''usted''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''nosotros'' /<br> ''nosotras''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''vosotros'' /<br> ''vosotras''<ref name="vosotros"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''ustedes''
|- align = "center"
|肯定|| ||''ama''||''amá''||''ame''||''amemos''||''amad'' <ref name="amad_amar">For every verb, the normative command form for ''vosotros'' ends with ''-d'' (''amad'', ''temed'', ''partid'', etc.), but the colloquial form ends with ''-r'', making it identical to the infinitive (''amar'', ''temer'', ''partir'', etc.). When the object pronoun ''os'' is attached to make the
corresponding [[Reflexive verb|reflexive]] forms (also called a "pronominal" verb), the ''-d'' is dropped, but the ''-r'' is not. Thus ''amad'' > ''amaos'' (normative) and ''amar'' > ''amaros'' (non-normative), etc.</ref>||''amen''
|- align = "center"
|否定|| ||''no ames''||''no amés'' /<br>''no ames''<ref name="vos_ames" />||''no ame''||''no amemos''||''no améis''||''no amen''
|}
===不定式结尾为-er===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|非限定 (''Formas no personales'')||colspan="7" bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|形式
|- align = "center"
|不定式 (''Infinitivo'') ||colspan="7"| ''beber''
|- align = "center"
|动名词 (''Gerundio'') ||colspan="7"| ''bebiendo''
|- align = "center"
|过去分词 (''Participio'') ||colspan="7"|''bebido'' (''bebido'', ''bebida'', ''bebidos'', ''bebidas'' —<br>分别为:阳性单数,阴性单数,阳性复数,阴性复数)
|- align = "center"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|陳述式 (''Indicativo'')||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''yo''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''tú'' ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ''vos''<ref name="voseo"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''él / ella / usted''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''nosotros / nosotras''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''vosotros / vosotras''<ref name="vosotros"/> ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''ellos / ellas /<br>ustedes''
|- align = "center"
|现在时 (''Presente'')||''bebo''||''bebes''||''bebés''||''bebe''||''bebemos''||''bebéis''||''beben''
|- align = "center"
|未完成时 (''Pretérito imperfecto'' 或 ''copretérito)''||''bebía''||colspan="2"|''bebías''|| ''bebía''||''bebíamos''||''bebíais''||''bebían''
|- align = "center"
|过去时 (''Pretérito perfecto simple'' 或 ''Pretérito'')||''bebí''||''bebíste''<ref name="tu_amastes">All of the [[Linguistic prescription|''normative'']] preterite forms for use with ''tú'' end with ''-ste''. Colloquially, speakers frequently add a final ''-s'' to this form, thus ''(tú) amastes'', ''temistes'', ''partistes'', etc.</ref>||''bebístes'' / ''bebíste''<ref name="vos_amastes">The preterite endings ''-stes'' and ''-ste'' are both in widespread use with ''vos'' — thus ''(vos) amastes'' and ''(vos) amaste'', ''(vos) temistes'' and ''(vos) temiste'', etc. The ending ''-stes'' is historically the original form used with ''vos''. Normatively only the ''-ste'' forms are accepted. See [http://lema.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=f9iYgCeetVcRjQ1FAuZq amar] in the [[Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española|Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy]].</ref>|| ''bebió''||''bebimos''||''bebisteis''||''bebieron''
|- align = "center"
|将来时 (''Futuro simple'' 或 ''Futuro'')||''beberé''||colspan="2"|''beberás''||''beberá''||''beberemos''||''beberéis''||''beberán''
|- align = "center"
|条件语气 (''Condicional simple'' 或 ''Pospretérito'')||''bebería''||colspan="2"|''beberías''||''bebería''||''beberíamos''||''beberíais''||''beberían''
|- align = "center"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|虚拟式 (''Subjuntivo'')||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''yo''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''tú'' ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ''vos ''<ref name="voseo"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''él / ella /<br> usted''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''nosotros /<br>nosotras''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''vosotros /<br>vosotras''<ref name="vosotros"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''ellos / ellas /<br>ustedes''
|- align = "center"
|现在时 (''Presente'')||''beba''||''bebas''||''bebás'' / ''bebas''<ref name="vos_ames">The original present subjunctive form for ''vos'' has final stress, with an accent mark: ''amés'', ''temás'', ''partás'', etc. In [[Rioplatense]] Spanish, these forms exist side by side with forms identical to the normative forms for ''tú'' (stress on the second-to-last syllable, no accent mark: ''ames'', ''temas'', ''partas'', etc.). The normative form for ''vos'' is the one used in Rioplatense Spanish: see [http://lema.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=f9iYgCeetVcRjQ1FAuZq amar] in the [[Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española|Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy]].</ref>||''beba''||''bebamos''||''bebáis''||''beban''
|- align = "center"
|第一未完成时 (''Pretérito imperfecto'' 或 ''Pretérito'')||''bebiera''||colspan="2"|''bebieras''||''bebiera''||''bebiéramos''||''bebierais''||''bebieran''
|- align = "center"
|第二未完成时 <ref name="imperf_subj_se">In Modern Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive in ''-ra'' is much more frequent than the form in ''-se'', and the form in ''-se'' is virtually obsolete in the Americas. (In Mark Davies's [http://www.corpusdelespanol.org/ Corpus del Español], the ratio of ''-ra'' to ''-se'' is about 7:1 for 20th-century Spanish.)</ref>||''bebiese''||colspan="2"|''bebieses''<ref name="amases">Given the respective geographical distributions of the imperfect subjunctive in ''-se'' (mostly Spain) and the use of ''[[voseo]]'' (only in the Americas), it is extremely unlikely that forms such as ''(vos) amases'', ''(vos) tuvieses'', etc. would occur.</ref>||''bebiese''||''bebiésemos''||''bebieseis''||''bebiesen''
|- align = "center"
|将来时 (''Futuro simple'' or ''Futuro'')<ref name="fut_subj">The future subjunctive is obsolete in Spanish, except for legal language, highly literary language, or [[Fossilization (linguistics)|fossilized]] expressions like ''sea lo que '''fuere''''' 'be what it may, whatever it may be'.</ref>||''bebiere''||colspan="2"|''bebieres''<ref name="amares">Given the "high" [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of the future subjunctive in contrast to the informality of ''tú'' and ''vos'', it is extremely unlikely that forms such as ''amares'', ''tuvieres'', etc. would occur in Modern Spanish prose or conversation.</ref>||''bebiere''||''bebiéremos''||''bebiereis''||''bebieren''
|- align = "center"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|祈使式 (''Imperativo'')||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''tú'' ||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"| ''vos ''<ref name="voseo"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''usted''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''nosotros'' /<br> ''nosotras''||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''vosotros'' /<br> ''vosotras''<ref name="vosotros"/>||bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|''ustedes''
|- align = "center"
|肯定|| ||''bebe''||''bebé''||''beba''||''bebamos''||''bebed'' <ref name="amad_amar">For every verb, the normative command form for ''vosotros'' ends with ''-d'' (''amad'', ''temed'', ''partid'', etc.), but the colloquial form ends with ''-r'', making it identical to the infinitive (''amar'', ''temer'', ''partir'', etc.). When the object pronoun ''os'' is attached to make the
corresponding [[Reflexive verb|reflexive]] forms (also called a "pronominal" verb), the ''-d'' is dropped, but the ''-r'' is not. Thus ''amad'' > ''amaos'' (normative) and ''amar'' > ''amaros'' (non-normative), etc.</ref>||''beban''
|- align = "center"
|否定|| ||''no bebas''||''no bebás'' /<br>''no bebas''<ref name="vos_ames" />||''no beba''||''no bebamos''||''no bebáis''||''no beban''
|}
===不定式结尾为-ir===
*非人称动词(''el verbo impersonal'')
**分词式(''el participio'')
***过去分词(''el participio pasado''): -
***现在分词(''el participio presente''): -
**不定式(''el infinitivo'')
***现在不定式(''el infinitivo presente''): -
*人称动词(''el verbo personal'')
**
***簡單过去
***过去未完成
***现在
***将来
**条件式(''el condicional'')
***现在条件式(''el presente de condicional''): -
**虚拟式(''el subjuntivo'')
***过去虚拟一式(''el imperfecto de subjuntivo''): -
***
***现在虚拟式(''el presente de subjuntivo''): -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
**
***现在命令式(''el presente de imperativo''): 无, -e, -a, -amos, -id, -an
==不规则动词==
西班牙语拥有四个辅助动词,ser(是)、estar(在)、tener(擁有)与haber(有),它们都是不规则动词,动词变体如下:
==
*非人称动词(''
**分词式(''
***过去分词(''
***现在分词(''
**不定式(''
***现在不定式(''
*人称动词(''
**
***簡單过去
***过去未完成
***现在
***将来
**条件式(''
***现在条件式(''
**虚拟式(''
***过去虚拟一式(''
***
***现在虚拟式(''el presente de subjuntivo''): sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean
**
***现在命令式(''el presente de imperativo''): 无, sé, sea, seamos, sed, sean
===estar 在===
*非人称动词(''el verbo impersonal'')
**分词式(''el participio'')
***过去分词(''el participio pasado''): estado
***现在分词(''el participio presente''): estando
**不定式(''el infinitivo'')
***现在不定式(''el infinitivo presente''): estar
*人称动词(''el verbo personal'')
**陳述式(''el indicativo'')
***簡單过去陳述式(''el preterito de indicativo''): estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron
***过去未完成陳述式(''el preterito imperfecto de indicativo''): estaba, estabas, estaba, estábamos, estabais, estaban
***现在陳述式(''el presente de indicativo''): estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están
***将来陳述式(''el futuro de indicativo''): estaré, estarás, estará, estaremos, estaréis, estarán
**条件式(''el condicional'')
***现在条件式(''el presente de condicional''): estaría, estarías, estaría, estaríamos, estaríais, estarían
**虚拟式(''el subjuntivo'')
***过去虚拟一式(''el imperfecto de subjuntivo''): estuviera, estuvieras, estuviera, estuviéramos, estuvierais, estuvieran
***过去虚拟二式(''el imperfecto de subjuntivo''): estuviese, estuvieses, estuviese, estuviésemos, estuvieseis, estuviesen
***现在虚拟式(''el presente de subjuntivo''): esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
**命令式(''el imperativo'')
***现在命令式(''el presente de imperativo''): 无, está, esté, estemos, estad, estén
==
*非人称动词(''
**分词式(''
***过去分词(''
***现在分词(''
**不定式(''
***现在不定式(''
*人称动词(''
**
***簡單过去
***过去未完成
***现在
***将来
**条件式(''
***现在条件式(''
**虚拟式(''
***过去虚拟一式(''
***
***现在虚拟式(''el presente de subjuntivo''): tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan
**命令式(''el imperativo'')
***现在命令式(''el presente de imperativo''): 无, ten, tenga, tengamos, tened, tengan
===haber 有===
*非人称动词(''el verbo impersonal'')
**分词式(''el participio'')
***过去分词(''el participio pasado''): habido
***现在分词(''el participio presente''): habiendo
**不定式(''el infinitivo'')
***现在不定式(''el infinitivo presente''): haber
*人称动词(''el verbo personal'')
**陳述式(''el indicativo'')
***簡單过去陳述式(''el preterito de indicativo''): hube, hubiste, hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, hubieron
***过去未完成陳述式(''el preterito imperfecto de indicativo''): había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían
***现在陳述式(''el presente de indicativo''): he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han
***将来陳述式(''el futuro de indicativo''): habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán
**条件式(''el condicional'')
***现在条件式(''el presente de condicional''): habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían
**虚拟式(''el subjuntivo'')
***过去虚拟一式(''el imperfecto de subjuntivo''): hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubiéramos, hubierais, hubieran
***过去虚拟二式(''el imperfecto de subjuntivo''): hubiese, hubieses, hubiese, hubiesémos, hubieseis, hubiesen
***现在虚拟式(''el presente de subjuntivo''): haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan
**命令式(''el imperativo'')
***现在命令式(''el presente de imperativo''): 无, hé, haya, hayamos, habed, hayan
== 参见 ==
{{Portal box|语言学}}
* [[西班牙语]]
** [[西班牙语语法]]
* [[葡萄牙语动词]]
==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:西班牙语语法]]
[[Category:各語言動詞]]
[[Category:變位]]
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