Consumers should pay directly for many services furnished by the public sector, particularly such congestible services as roads or water and sewerage provided to easily identifiable users.

The foundation of academic critiques is that trademarks operate in an information commons that is not congestible. (238) This may be true of most conventional trademarks, but as we have shown, it is manifesdy not true of green trademarks.

Stated another way, trademark law, in contrast to copyright and patent law, protects subject matter that is congestible to some extent.

This account captures the congestible but renewable nature of

Jan Brueckner argues that fire protection has the properties of a congestible public good (that is, consumption of the public good by one person reduces the amount available to others, making it nonrival, only when there are few consumers) and that public provision becomes more efficient as a city grows (1981, 45, 57).

This type of goods refers to the ones which are both congestible and excludable under certain conditions, but which also remain uncongested and/or non-excludable under other conditions.

In the terms of economics, most uses of environmental resources thus are jointly usable but congestible. They are jointly usable in that they can, at some relatively low levels of use, be utilized by many users at the same time without interference among uses.

Although patches of common forest may be parceled out to a limited number of new immigrants (until all available land is claimed, after which people wishing to immigrate must borrow, or in rare cases buy, fallowed land rather than clear their own), (22) mobile fish populations are a nonspatial, or "congestible" resource--that is, one that can be shared up to a point with little noticeable impact on regeneration and catch until a threshold is reached, after which the resource population declines rapidly until it "crashes" (Rose 1991).

In addition, the percentages of revenues from Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance may provide another indicator of a health department's orientation toward clinical rather than population-based services, which are more costly to produce because of their highly congestible nature.

* the degree to which it is purely nonrival (ideas) or partially nonrival (congestible);

While government output loosely is often referred to as a public good, if government output is congestible, that may reduce the level of publicness, and therefore the degree to which economies of scale are present, as noted by Rubinfeld (1985) and Ladd and Yinger (1991).

Elsewhere, it was shown that congestible public goods can generate indeterminacy in a two-sector, constant-return human capital--enhanced growth model (Chen and Lee 2007).