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Lec6 Storage Devices Updated

Uploaded by

r11f22faheem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Introduction to Information

and Communication
Technology
By
Imtiaz Ahmad

1
Classification of Memory
Storage Devices

• Those devices which are used to store data, information and

programs permanently.

• Computer Storage contains many computer components that are

used to store data.

• It is traditionally divided into primary storage, secondary

storage. 3
Primary Storage

• Also known as main memory.

• Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to


the central processing unit via a memory bus.
• The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there
and executes them as required.
• Example:
 RAM
 ROM
 Cache

4
Primary Storage
RAM

• RAM is random access memory.

• It is volatile i.e. the data in RAM is lost when the power is

switched off.

• RAM is the major form of primary memory as it is quite fast.

However, it is also quite expensive.

5
Primary Storage
RAM
• RAM is of two types:
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
• SRAM stands for static RAM.
• Characterized by high speed and high cost.
• Use six transistors to store data.
• Access time 60 – 70 nanoseconds
• Can accept one command and transfer one word of data per
clock cycle.
6
Primary Storage
RAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

• DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM.

• Relatively slower and low-cost memory.

• Used for main memory.

• Contents are constantly refreshed 1000 times per second.

• Access time 60 – 70 nanoseconds

7
Primary Storage
RAM

8
Primary Storage
ROM

• ROM is read only memory.


• This memory is used as the computer begins to boot up.
• Small programs called firmware are often stored in ROM
chips on hardware devices (line BIOS chip), and they
contain the instructions the computer can use in
performing some of the most basic operation required to
operate hardware devices.
• ROM memory cannot be easily or quickly overwritten or
modified.
9
Types of ROM
• Programmable Read only Memory (PROM)
• A programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a form of digital
memory where the contents can be changed once after manufacture
of the device. The data is then permanent and cannot be changed. It
is one type of read-only memory (ROM).
• An example of a PROM is a computer BIOS in early computers
Types of ROM
• Erasable programmable Read only Memory(EPROM)
• EPROM is an erasable PROM the stored data is EPROM Can be erased
by Exposing it to Ultra Violet (Uv) light for about 20 minutes
• When it is exposed to UV light the entire data is Erased
Types Of ROM
• Electrically Erasable PROM(EEPROM) is a chip that can be erased and
reprogrammed on the board
• It can erased within a few milliseconds
• There is a limit on the number of times the EEPROM can be
reprogrammed
• E.g flash drive
Primary Storage
Cache

• Cache is a high speed access area that can be either a

reserved section of main memory or a storage device.

• Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2

cache, while older computers included only L cache.

13
Secondary Storage

• It is not directly accessible by the CPU.


• Computer usually uses its input/output channels to access
secondary storage and transfers the desired data using
intermediate area in primary storage.

14
Secondary Storage

Hard Disk
• Hard disks are the most famously used secondary storage
devices. They are round, flat pieces of metal covered with
magnetic oxide. They are available in many sizes ranging from 1
to 14 inch diameter.

15
Optical Disk
• An optical disk is any computer disk that uses optical storage
techniques and technology to read and write data.
• It is a computer storage disk that stores data digitally and uses laser
beams (transmitted from a laser head mounted on an optical disk
drive) to read and write data.
Optical Disk

• CD-ROM

 This is short for compact disk - read only memory. A CD is a

shiny metal disk of silver color. It is already pre recorded and

the data on it cannot be altered. It usually has a storage

capacity of 700 MB.

17
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
• DvD is an optical disk technology with a 4 to 16 Giganyte store for
video, audio , and other information
• DvD require special drives to read/write data
• Dvd does not provide enough data storage compared to other latest
storage devices used today
Blu-Ray Disk (BD)
• Blu-ray is the successor to DVD and use blue laser to read/write data
• Its main advantage over CD and DVD is that is has storage capacity of
50GB to 100GB
• It is also faster than CDs and DVDs
Secondary Storage

FLOPPY DISK
• These are small removable disks that are plastic coated with
magnetic recording material.
• Floppy disks are typically 3.5 in size (diameter) and can hold 1.44 MB
of data.

20
Secondary Storage

USB DRIVE
• A USB flash drive, usually portable and rewritable, is a type of flash
memory storage device that plugs into a computer's USB port.
• Flash drives are more expensive than hard drives with the same
storage capacity.

21
Flash Memory Cards
• A Flash memory card is an electronic flash memory data storage
device used for storing data such as text, audio and video
• They are commonly use in many electronic devices , including digital
cameras, mobile phones , laptops , MP3 players and video games
• They come in various sizes and with different storage capacity
Secondary Storage

SSD
• Stands for" solid state drive“.
• An SSD is a type of mass storage device similar to hard disk drive.
• It supports reading and writing data and maintains stored data in a
permanent state even without power.
• SSDs connect to a computer like a hard drive.

23
How data is stored on a
computer?
• All data in a computer is stored as a number.
• For example, letters become numbers; the Complete Works of
Shakespeare is around 1250 pages in print, contains 40 million bits,
with one byte per letter, totaling five megabytes (5MB). Photographs
are converted to a set of numbers that indicate the location, color
and brightness of each pixel. Whereas convention numbers use ten
digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), binary numbers use two digits to
represent all possible values. The conventions numbers 0-8 translate
into binary numbers as: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111 and 1000.
With binary numbers, any value can be stored as a series of items
24
which are either true (1) or false (0).
Memory Unit

• Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage
unit.
• This storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.

25
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