Data

Handling
Introduction
Most of the computer programming language
support data type, variables,operator and expression
like fundamentals.Python also support these.

Data Types
Data Type specifies which type of value a
variable can store. type() function is used to determine
a variable's type in Python.
Data type continue

Data Types In Python

1. Number
2. String
3. Boolean
4. List
5. Tuple
6. Set
7. Dictionary
Data type continue

1. Number In Python
It is used to store numeric values

Python has three numeric types:

1. Integers
2. Floating point numbers
3. Complex numbers.
 Data type continue
1. Integers
Integers or int are positive or negative
numbers with no decimal point. Integers in
Python 3 are of unlimited size.
e.g.

a= 100
b= -100
c
= 1*20
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

O
utput :-
1
00
Data type continue
Type Conversion of Integer
int() function converts any data type to integer.
e.g.

a = "101" # string
b=int(a) # converts string data type to integer.
c=int(122.4) # converts float data type to
integer.
print(b)
print(c)Run Code
Output :-
101
122
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Data type continue
2. Floating point numbers
It is a positive or negative real numbers
with a decimal point.
e.g.
a = 101.2
b = -101.4
c = 111.23
d = 2.3*3
print(a)

print(b)

print(c)
print(d)
Run
Code

Outpu
t :-
101.2
-101.4
Data type continue
3. Complex numbers
Complex numbers are combination of a
real and imaginary part.Complex numbers are in
the form of X+Yj, where X is a real part and Y is
imaginary part.
e.g.
a = complex(5) # convert 5 to a real part val and zero imaginary
part
print(a)
b=complex(101,23) #convert 101 with real part and 23 as
imaginary part
print(b)Run Code

O
utput :-
(5+0j)
(101+23j)
Data type continue
2. String In Python
Strings:
A string can hold any type of known characters it means letters numbers
and special characters of any known scripted language. In python 3.x, each
character stored in a string is a Unicode character.
Unicode is a system designed to represent every character from every
language.
Following are all legal strings in Python:
“abcd”, “1234”, “$%^&”, ‘????’
 String as a sequence of Characters

A Python String is a sequence of characters and each character can be individually accessed using its
index.
Name[0]=’P’=name[-6]
Forward Indexing
Name[1]=’P’=name[-5]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Name[2]=’P’=name[-4]
P Y T H O N Name[3]=’P’=name[-3]

Name[4]=’P’=name[-2]
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Name[5]=’P’=name[-1]
 

 Strings in Python are stored by storing each character separately in

contiguous locations
 The Characters of the string are given in two-way indices:
 0 , 1 , 2 , …… in the forward direction
 -1 , -2 , -3 ,…… in the backward direction.
 PRINT ( “Hello World”) Output => Hello World
 PRINT ( ‘“Hello World this is
Multi line String ”’) Output => Hello World this is

Multi line String

If we print two print Statement Output will be come in two lines
PRINT ( “Hello World”)
PRINT ( “This is me ”) Output => Hello World
This is
me
If we want to print in one line we will use
PRINT ( “Hello World”, end=“”)
PRINT ( “This is me ”) Output => Hello WorldThis is me
Or
PRINT ( “Hello World”, end=“ , ”)
PRINT ( “This is me ”) Output => Hello World , This is me
 Message = “ Hello Navneet”
 Print(Message) Output => Hello Navneet
 Print(Message[0]) Output => H
 Print(Message[0:5]) Output => Hello
 Print(Message[ :5]) Output => Hello
 Print(Message[6:]) Output => Navneet
 Print(Message . count(‘hello’)) Output => 1
 Print(Message . count(‘l’) ) Output => 3
 Print(Message.find(‘Navneet’) ) Output => 6
 Print(Message.find(‘World’) Output => -1
 Message =Message .replace(“Navneet”, “ Sunit”))
 Print(Message) Output => Hello Sunit
 Print(Message*5 )
 Output => Hello Sunit Hello Sunit Hello Sunit Hello Sunit Hello Sunit
Data type continue
3. Boolean In Python
Booleans: - these represent the truth values false and true. The Boolean
type is subtype of plain integer, and Boolean values false and true
behave like 0 and 1, respectively.to get the Boolean equivalent of 0 and
1, you can type bool(0) or bool(1), python will return false or true
respectively .
List In Python

The lists and tuples are Python’s compound data types.

Lists can be changed /modified (it means mutable)
but tuples cannot change or modified (it means immutable).
A list in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any datatype
between square brackets
College= [‘IIT’, ’NIT’, ’College of Engg.’]
Print(College[0]) Output => IIT
Print(College[2]) Output => College of Engg.
College[2]=‘COE’
Print(College[2]) Output => COE
Print(College[1:3]) Output => NIT , COE
College. append(‘Graphic Era’)
Print(College) Output => IIT,NIT,COE , Graphic Era
College. Insert(2, ‘RIE’)
Print(College) Output => IIT,NIT,RIE, COE , Graphic Era
Data type continue
5. Tuple In Python
Tuples are those lists which cannot be changed (it means are not
modifiable). Tuples are represented as a list of comma-separated values
any data type within parentheses..

 e.g. of tuple
 tup=(66,99)
 Tup[0]=3 # error message will be displayed
print(tup[0])
 print(tup[1])
Data type continue
6. Set In Python
It is an unordered collection of unique and
immutable (which cannot be modified)items.
e.g.
set1={11,22,33,22}
print(set1)

Output
{33, 11, 22}
Data type continue
7. Dictionary In Python
The dictionary is an unordered set of comma-separated key: value pairs,
within { } ,with the requirement that within a dictionary no two keys can be
the same
e.g.
name = {'Navneet': 35, 'Gaurav': '42',
‘Sunit’: 36, ‘Vikas’:40}
print(name)
print ("Navneet: ") Output=>> 35
Names[“vikas”]=44
print (“Vikas: ") Output=>>
44

To print only Values

Print(names.values()) Output=>>
35,42,36,40

Print(names.keys()) Output=>>
Navneet,,36,40
Input From Keyboard
variable = input(< Prompt to display>)
e.g. name= input(‘What is your name:’)
The input () function always returns a value of string type .
If you enter integer value it will be treated as string .
So we have to convert to desired type int,float.
age= int(input(‘What is your age:’))
type(age) =>> int
Operator
Operators are special symbols in Python that carry out arithmetic or
logical computation. The value that the operator operates on is called
the operand.
Arithmetic operators
Used for mathematical operation
Operator Meaning Example
x+y
+ Add two operands or unary plus
+2
x-y
- Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus
-2
* Multiply two operands x*y
Divide left operand by the right one (always results
/ x/y
into float)

Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by

% x % y (remainder of x/y)
the right

Floor division - division that results into whole

// x // y
number adjusted to the left in the number line

** Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right x**y (x to the power y)
Operator continue
Arithmatic operator continue
e.g.
x=5
y=4
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)

OUTPUT
('x + y =', 9)
('x - y =', 1)
('x * y =', 20) • Write a program in python to calculate the
('x / y =', 1) simple interest based on entered amount ,rate
('x // y =', 1) and time
('x ** y =', 625)
Operator continue
Comparison operators
used to compare values
Exampl
Operator Meaning
e

> Greater that - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

< Less that - True if left operand is less than the right x<y

== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x == y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than

>= x >= y
or equal to the right

Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or

<= x <= y
equal to the right
Operator continue
Comparison operators continue
e.g.
x = 101
y = 121
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y
is',x<=y)

Output
('x > y is', False)
('x < y is', True)
('x == y is', False)
('x != y is', True)
('x >= y is', False)
('x <= y is', True)
Operator continue
Logical operators
Operator Meaning Example

and True if both the operands are true x and y

or True if either of the operands is true x or y

not True if operand is false (complements the operand) not x

e.g.
x = True
y = False
print('x and y is',x and y)
print('x or y is',x or y)
print('not x is',not x)

Outpur
('x and y is', False)
('x or y is', True)
('not x is', False)
Operator continue
Bitwise operators
Used to manipulate bit values.

Operator Meaning Example

& Bitwise AND x& y

| Bitwise OR x|y
~ Bitwise NOT ~x
^ Bitwise XOR x^y
>> Bitwise right shift x>> 2
<< Bitwise left shift x<< 2
 Operator continue
Bitwise operators continue Output
a =6
('a=', 6, ':', '0b110', 'b=', 3, ':', '0b11')
b = 3 ('result of AND is ', 2, ':', '0b10')
print ('a=',a,':',bin(a),'b=',b,':',bin(b)) c = 0 ('result of OR is ', 7, ':', '0b111')
c = a & b; ('result of EXOR is ', 5, ':', '0b101')
print ("result of AND is ", c,':',bin(c)) c = a | b;
print ("result of OR is ", c,':',bin(c)) c = a ^ b;
print ("result of EXOR is ", c,':',bin(c)) c = ~a;
print ("result of COMPLEMENT is ", c,':',bin(c)) ('result of COMPLEMENT is ', -7, ':', '-0b111
c = a << 2;
print ("result of LEFT SHIFT is ", c,':',bin(c)) c = a >> 2;

('result of LEFT SHIFT is ', 24, ':', '0b11000')

('result of RIGHT SHIFT is ', 1, ':', '0b1')

print ("result of RIGHT SHIFT is ", c,':',bin(c))

 Operator continue
Python Membership Operators
Test for membership in a sequence
Operator Description
in Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.
not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.

e.g.
a=5
b = 10
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
if ( a in list ):
print ("Line 1 - a is available in the given list")
else:
print ("Line 1 - a is not available in the given list")
if ( b not in list ):
print ("Line 2 - b is not available in the given list")
else:
print ("Line 2 - b is available in the given list")
output
Line 1 - a is available in the given list
Line 2 - b is not available in the given
list
Operator continue
Python Identity Operators
Opera Description
tor
Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the
is same object and false otherwise.
Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the
is not same object and true otherwise.

e.g.
a = 10
b = 10
print ('Line 1','a=',a,':',id(a), 'b=',b,':',id(b))
if ( a is b ):
print ("Line 2 - a and b have same identity")
else:
print ("Line 2 - a and b do not have same
identity")
OUTPUT
('Line 1', 'a=', 10, ':', 20839436, 'b=', 10,
':', 20839436)
Line 2 - a and b have same identity
 Operator continue
Operators Precedence :highest precedence to lowest precedence table
Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+- Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and
-@)

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'td>
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= Assignment operators
+= *= **=
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
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 Expression
It is a valid combination of operators,literals and variable.
1. Arithmatic expression :- e.g. c=a+b
2. Relational expression :- e.g. x>y
3. Logical expression :- a or b
4. String expression :- c=“comp”+”sc”

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 Type conversion
The process of converting the value of one data type (integer, string, float, etc.) to
another data type is called type conversion.
Python has two types of type conversion.
Implicit Type Conversion
Explicit Type
Conversion

Implicit Type Conversion:

In Implicit type conversion, Python automatically converts one data type to another
data type. This process doesn't need any user involvement.
e.g.
num_int = 12 OUTPUT
num_new
num_flo = =10.23
num_int + num_flo
('datatype of num_int:', <type 'int'>)
print("datatype of num_int:",type(num_int)) ('datatype of num_flo:', <type 'float'>)
print("datatype of num_flo:",type(num_flo)) ('Value of num_new:', 22.23)
print("Value of num_new:",num_new) ('datatype of num_new:', <type
print("datatype of num_new:",type(num_new)) 'float'>)

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 Type conversion
Explicit Type Conversion:
In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data type of an object to
required data type. We use the predefined functions like int(),float(),str() etc.
e.g.
num_int = 12
num_str = "45"
print("Data type of num_int:",type(num_int))
print("Data type of num_str before Type Casting:",type(num_str))
num_str = int(num_str)
print("Data type of num_str after Type Casting:",type(num_str))
num_sum = num_int + num_str
print("Sum of num_int and num_str:",num_sum)
print("Data type of the sum:",type(num_sum))

OUTPUT
('Data type of num_int:', <type 'int'>)
('Data type of num_str before Type Casting:', <type 'str'>)
('Data type of num_str after Type Casting:', <type 'int'>)
('Sum of num_int and num_str:', 57)
('Data type of the sum:', <type 'int'>)

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 math module
It is a standard module in Python. To use mathematical functions of this
module,we have to import the module using import math.
Function Description Example
ceil(n) It returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to n. math.ceil(4.2) returns 5

factorial(n) It returns the factorial of value n math.factorial(4) returns 24

floor(n) It returns the largest integer less than or equal to n math.floor(4.2) returns 4

fmod(x, y) It returns the remainder when n is divided by y math.fmod(10.5,2) returns 0.5

exp(n) It returns e**n math.exp(1) return 2.718281828459045

log2(n) It returns the base-2 logarithm of n math.log2(4) return 2.0

log10(n) It returns the base-10 logarithm of n math.log10(4) returns 0.6020599913279624

pow(n, y) It returns n raised to the power y math.pow(2,3) returns 8.0

sqrt(n) It returns the square root of n math.sqrt(100) returns 10.0

cos(n) It returns the cosine of n math.cos(100) returns 0.8623188722876839

sin(n) It returns the sine of n math.sin(100) returns -0.5063656411097588

tan(n) It returns the tangent of n math.tan(100) returns -0.5872139151569291

pi It is pi value (3.14159...) It is (3.14159...)

e It is mathematical
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for regular updates e (2.71828...) It is (2.71828...)