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Chapter 1

Trigonometric leveling is used to determine elevation differences between stations using vertical angles and distances. There are two main methods - direct and reciprocal. The direct method takes measurements from a single known station, while the reciprocal method takes measurements between stations in both directions. Elevations are calculated using trigonometric formulas and corrections for earth curvature and refraction. There are three cases for determining elevations of inaccessible points using a theodolite based on instrument placement and accessibility of the base point.

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Suraj
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44 views

Chapter 1

Trigonometric leveling is used to determine elevation differences between stations using vertical angles and distances. There are two main methods - direct and reciprocal. The direct method takes measurements from a single known station, while the reciprocal method takes measurements between stations in both directions. Elevations are calculated using trigonometric formulas and corrections for earth curvature and refraction. There are three cases for determining elevations of inaccessible points using a theodolite based on instrument placement and accessibility of the base point.

Uploaded by

Suraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-1

Trigonometric Leveling

Subject:Surveying III Department of Civil Engineering Lecture by: Suraj Rayamajhi


Trigonometric Leveling
• Trigonometric leveling is the process of
determining the different elevation of station from
observed vertical angle and known distance.
• The vertical angle are measured by means of
theodolite.
• The horizontal distance may either measured or
computed.
• Relative heights are calculated using
trigonometric formula.
• If the distance between the instrument
station and object is small, correction of
earth curvature and reflection is not
required.
• If the distance between the instrument station
and object is large the combined correction =
0.0673 D2, for earth’s curvature and
reflection is required, were D = distance in
Km.
• If the vertical angle is +ve, the correction
is taken as +ve.
• If the vertical angle is –ve, the correction
is taken as –ve.
Methods of Observation
• There are two method of observation
in trigonometric leveling.

1 • Direct method

2 • Reciprocal
method
1. Direct Method
• This method is useful where it is not possible to
set the instrument over the station, whose
elevation is to be determine.
• Ex: To determine the height of the tower.
• In this method the instrument is set on the station
on the ground whose elevation is known.
• If the distance between two point is so large,
combined correction = 0.0673 D2 for earth
curvature and refraction is required. (D in Km)
2. Reciprocal Method
• In this method the instrument is set on each
of the two station alternatively and
observation are taken.
• Difference in elevation between two station
A and B is to be determine.
• First set the instrument on A and take
observation of B then set the instrument on
B and take the observation of A.
Method of determining the elevation of
a point by theodolite
• There are main three cases to determine the
R.L of any point.
• Case : 1 :- Base of Object accessible.
• Case : 2 :- Base of object inaccessible,
instrument station in the vertical plane as
the elevated object.
• Case : 3 :- Base of the object inaccessible ,
instrument stations not in the same
vertical plane as the elevated object.
Case : 1 :- Base of Object accessible.
• Here
• A = Instrument station
• B = Point to be observed
• h = Elevation of B from the instrument axis
• D = horizontal distance between A and the base
of object
• h1 = height of the instrument
• Bs = Reading of staff kept on BM
• α = Angle of elevation
Case : 2 :- Base of object inaccessible,
instrument station in the vertical plane as the
elevated object.
• When it is not possible to measure the
horizontal distance between the instrument
station and the base of the object, this
method is employed to determine the R.L
of the object.
• There may be two case
A. Instrument axis at the same level
B. Instrument axis at the different level
A. Instrument axis at the same level
B. Instrument axis at dif erent level
• In the field it is difficult to keep the height of
the instrument at the same level.
• The instrument is set at the different station and
height of the instrument axis in both the cases
is taken by back sight on B.M.
• There are main two cases
1. Height of the instrument axis nearer to
the object is lower.
2. Height of the instrument axis near to the
object is higher.
1. Height of the instrument axis
nearer to the object is lower.
2. Height of the instrument axis near
to the object is higher.
Case : 3 :- Base of the object inaccessible , instrument
stations not in the same vertical plane as the elevated object.

• Let A and B be the two instrument station


not in tha same vertical plane as that of P.
• Select a two station A and B on leveled
ground and measure b as horizontal distance
between them.
• Set the instrument at A and level it.
• Set the vertical vernier 00.
• Bring the altitude bubble at the center and take a
back sight hs on the staff and kept at B.M.
• Measure the angle of elevation α1 to P.
• Measure the horizontal angle at A,
• Shift the instrument to B and measure the angle of
elevation α2 to P.
• Measure the horizontal angle at B as α.
• α1 = angle of elevation from A to P
• α2 = angle of elevation from A to P
• θ = Horizontal angle BAC at station A
• α = Horizontal angle CBA at station B
• h1 = PP1 = height of the object P from instrument axis of A.
• h2 = PP2 = height of the object P from instrument axis of B.
• Now,
• h1 = AC tanα1
• h2 = BC tanα2
• Values of Ac and BC are obtained from equation (1) and
(2) as above
• R.L of P = height of the instrument axis at A + h1
or
• R.L of P = height of the instrument axis at B + h2
• Height of the instrument axis at A = R.L of B.M + B.S
• Height of the instrument axis at B = R.L of B.M + B.S

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