Lecture 01

CSC 101 – Introduction to

Computing
Course Information
Books
Assessment Plan for the Course:
Major Topics Covered in the Course
Course Learning Outcomes
Plagiarism Policy

 Any assignment found 20% or more copied

from the internet will be marked 0 (ZERO).
 Any assignment copied from the class mate
will also be marked 0 (ZERO).
 Both for the source and the copied one.
 No consideration will be made regarding
plagiarized assignments.
Attendance Policy

 Any student late in class by 15 min shall be

marked absent.
Contact

 Office
 G35, Ground Floor, CS Dept, Academic Block II

 Email
 hufsa.mohsin@comsats.edu.pk
Lecture 01
Outline
 Definition of IT
 Computer Technology
 Communication Technology
 Role of IT in Society
 Models:
 Turing Model,
 Von Neumann Model;
 Input Devices:
 Keyboard,
 Pointing & Touch Devices,
 Game Controllers,
 Optical Input Devices, Audio Visual Devices;
 Output Devices:
 Monitors,
 Audio Output,
 Printers & Plotters.
What is Information Technology

 Fusion of computer and communication technology

 Computer Technology
 programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data and

processes it into usable information

▪ summaries, totals, or reports

 used to speed up problem solving and increase

productivity.
What is Information Technology

 Communication Technology
 consists of electromagnetic/optical devices and systems for

communicating over long distances

 InfoTech or IT is any technology that helps to produce,
manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate
information
 merges computing with high-speed communications links
carrying data, sound, and video
Exercise

 How have you been using communication

Technology in your life?

Some examples of IT

 Image Morphing
 changing (or morphing) one image into another through a seamless
transition

Image Courtesy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphing

Some examples of IT

 Video Conferencing
Some examples of IT

 GPS Tracking
 Track your vehicles, wherever they go, using GPS.
What is a Computer and What Does it
Do?
• Computer
– A programmable, electronic device that accepts data,
performs operations on that data, and stores the data
– Follows instructions, called programs, which determine the
tasks the computer will perform
• Basic Operations
– Input: Entering data into the computer
– Processing: Performing operations on the data
– Output: Presenting the results
– Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use
– Communications: Sending or receiving data
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 Communication Defined
 Communication: To transfer data/information from one point to another
▪ Using Wires
▪ Electrical Signals

▪ Optical Signals (Light)

▪ Wirelessly
▪ ElectroMagnetic Waves

▪ Acoustic Waves (Sound) ….?

▪ Using Analog Signals

▪ Using Digital Signals
Related IT terms

 What is a Network?

 communications system connecting two or more

computers with/without wires

 What does being online mean?

 using a computer or other information device, connected

through a voice or data network, to access information and

services from another computer or information device
Related IT terms
Cyberspace

encompasses the whole wired and wireless world of communications

The Internet
the “network of all networks”
Multimedia

technology that presents information in more than one medium, such

as text, still images, moving images, and sound
World Wide Web

“graphical side of the Internet”

global network of linked documents on the Internet
Related IT terms

The E-word ; E Stands for Electronic

E-mail

E-learning

E-business

E-commerce

E-government
Exercise

 Generate a list of ways the computer/IT has

impacted the world.
 Include both positive changes and negative
changes.
 think creatively.
Who Uses Computers?
Musicians
Military
Filmmakers
Doctors
Attorneys
Educators
Bankers
Engineers
Architects
Computers In Society

 Computers at home
▪ Business
▪ Entertainment
▪ Communication
▪ Education

1A-26
Computers In Society

 Computers in education
 Computer literacy required at all levels
 Computers in small business
 Makes businesses more profitable
 Allows owners to manage
 Computers in industry
 Computers are used to design products
 Assembly lines are automated

1A-27
Computers In Society

 Computers in government
 Necessary to track data for population
▪ Police officers
▪ Tax calculation and collection
 Governments were the first computer users

1A-28
Computers in the Home
• Computers used for a variety of tasks:
– Looking up information and news
– Exchanging e-mail
– Shopping and paying bills
– Watching TV and videos
– Downloading music and movies
– Organizing digital photographs
– Playing games
– Making vacation plans

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Computers in the Home
• Used for reference, productivity, and entertainment
• Wireless networking
– Computers can be used in nearly any location
• Smart appliances
– Traditional appliances with built-in computer or
communication technology
• Smart homes
– Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main
computer in the house

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Computers in Education
• Youth today: the computing generation
• Computer labs and classrooms
– Most students today have access to computers at school
– Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum
• Wireless hotspots
– Colleges and universities are even more integrated
– Some have computer requirements for enrollment
• Supplied or Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• Distance learning
– Students participate from locations other than the traditional
classroom setting using computers and Internet access

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Computers in Education

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Computers on the Job
• Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for
decision-making, productivity, and communication
– By all types of employees
– For access control and other security measures
– For service professional use
– Extensively by the military
– Requires continually refreshing computer skills
– Common uses:
– Decision making, productivity, off-site communications,
and authentication

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Computers on the Job

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Computers on the Go
• Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life
– Consumer kiosks
– ATM transactions
– POS systems at retail stores
– Self-checkout systems
– Consumer authentication systems
– Portable computers or mobile devices
– GPS systems

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Technology and You
Restaurant iPad Ordering Systems
– Used in conjunction with e-menus
– Customers can place and pay for orders
– Can provide more resources to customers

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Computers In Health Care

 Computers in health care

 Revolutionized health care
 New treatments possible
 Scheduling of patients has improved
 Delivery of medicine is safer

1A-37
 Allen Turing (1912-1954)

The Turing Machine Aka The Universal Machine (1936)

includes
A conceptual Tape that extends infinitely to both directions
 Holds the input to the turing machine
 Serves as memory
 The tape is divided in cells
A unit that reads one cell of the tape and writes a symbol in
that cell
 John von Neumann
 A processing unit with both
an arithmetic logic
unit and processor registers
 A control unit that includes
an instruction register and
a program counter
 Memory that
stores data and instructions
 External mass storage
 Input and
output mechanisms
 Input Devices
 Hardware used to enter data and instructions

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Two Common Input Devices

 Keyboard

 Mouse

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The Keyboard
 First peripheral to be used with computers
 The most common input device for
inputting text and numbers
 About 100 keys
 Must be proficient with keyboard
 Skill is called keyboarding

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43
The Mouse
 All modern computers have a variant
 Allows users to select objects
 Pointer moved by the mouse
 Mechanical mouse
 Rubber ball determines direction and speed
 The ball often requires cleaning
 Optical mouse
 Light shown onto mouse pad
 Reflection determines speed and direction
 Requires little maintenance
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The Mouse
mouse buttons
wheel
button

ball

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Optical Mouse

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Benefits of Using Mouse

 Pointer positioning is fast

 Menu interaction is easy

 Users can draw electronically

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Touch Screens
 accept input by allowing
the user to place a
fingertip directly on the
computer screen
 Use sensors to detect
touch
 Well suited for simple
applications
 ATM
 Public information kiosk

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Touch Screens
 work well in environments where dirt or
weather would render keyboards and
pointing devices useless, and
 where a simple, intuitive interface is
important.
 Touch screens have become common in
 fast-food restaurants,
 department stores,
 drugstores, and supermarkets,
 where they are used for all kinds of purposes, from
creating personalized greeting cards to selling
lottery tickets.
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Game Controllers

 Enhances gaming experience

 Provide custom input to the game
 Modern controllers offer feedback
 Two broad Categories
 Joystick
 Game pad

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Joystick
 Around for long time
 Can be used other than games
 enable the user to “ fly” or “ drive”
through a game, directing a vehicle or
character
 popular in racing and flying games
 One variant is the racing game controller,
which includes an actual steering wheel
 some racing game controllers even
include foot pedals and gearshifts
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 Game Pad
 is a small, flat device that usually provides
two sets of controls— one for each hand.
 extremely flexible and are used to control
many kinds of games
 If you do not have a joystick, you can use a
game pad to control most racing and
flying games.
 Many computer games still provide
support for a mouse or keyboard, so a
dedicated game controller is not always
required 52
Optical Input Devices
 Allows the computer to see
input
 Bar code readers
 Converts bar codes to numbers
▪ UPC Universal Product Code
 Computer find number in a
database
 Works by reflecting light
▪ Amount of reflected light indicates
number

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Bar Code Reading Process

 reader emits a beam of that is reflected by the

bar code image
 light-sensitive detector identifies the bar code
image by recognizing special bars at both ends
of the image
 special bars are different, so the reader can tell
whether the bar code has been read right-side
up or upside down
 After detector has identified the bar code, it
converts the individual bar patterns into numeric
digits code the computer can understand
 reader then feeds the data into the computer

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 Image Scanners

 Converts printed media into electronic

 Reflects light on the image
 Sensors read the intensity
 Filters determine color depths

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 How an Image is Scanned
 A light source is moved across a printed
page
 The light bounces off the page and is
passed through a lens
 And onto the light sensitive diodes
which converts light to electricity. There
are usually 300-600 diodes per inch.
 A circuit board converts the electricity
to numbers and send the information to
the computers
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Audiovisual Input Devices

 Microphones
 Used to record speech
 Speech recognition
▪ “Understands” human speech
▪ Allows dictation or control of computer
▪ Matches spoken sound to known phonemes
▪ Enters best match into document

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Speech Recognition
  demand for translating spoken words
into text
 Translating voice to text is a capability
known as speech recognition (or voice
recognition).
 With it, you can dictate to the computer
instead of typing, and you can control
the computer with simple commands
 translates Phonemes into text or
commands
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Other type of Audio Input
 Computers can accept many kinds of
audio input
 Sound card with the appropriate plugs
 a compact disc
 a tape player
 a radio or
 even a record player
 If the audio source outputs sounds in the
form of analog, sound card must convert
the analog signals into digital code so the
computer can store and use it.
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Video Input
 With growth of multimedia and the
Internet, computer users are adding
video input capabilities to their
systems in great numbers
 Applications such as video
conferencing enable people to use full-
motion video images
 Videos are commonly used in
presentations and on Web pages

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Video Camera and Webcam
 video cameras used with computers
digitize images by breaking them into
individual pixels
 pixel is one or more dots that express a
portion of an image
 Each pixel’s color and other
characteristics are stored as digital code
 With Webcam the user can “capture”
images of himself or herself while
working at the computer
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Digital Cameras
 portable, handheld devices that
capture still images
 digitizes the image
 compresses it, and
 stores it on a special memory card.
 user can then copy the information to
a PC, where the image can be edited,
copied, printed, embedded in a
document, or transmitted to another
user
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Digital Cameras
 Digital cameras have become standard equipment
for designers of all kinds.
 In Web page design, digital cameras enable
designers to shoot a subject and quickly load the
images onto their computers.
 This process saves the step of acquiring existing
photographs or developing and printing film-based
photos—which must be scanned into the computer.
 Designers can update a Web site’s illustrations
quickly and regularly using digital cameras.
 Graphic designers can edit and enhance digital
photographs in innumerable ways, using photo-
editing software
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Monitors
 Most common output device
 Connects to the video card or controller
 Two types
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 Flat-panel
 Categorized by color output
 Monochrome
▪ One color with black background
 Grayscale
▪ Varying degrees of gray
 Color
▪ Display 4 to 16 million colors
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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

 Most common type of monitor

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
 Commonly found on laptops
 Desktop versions exist
 Solve the problems of CRT
 Fluorescent lights provide illumination

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Plasma Display Panel (PDP)
 Utilizes small cells containing
electrically charged ionized gases called
fluorescent lamps
 Advantages
 Better picture quality
 Wider viewing angles
 Less visible motion blur
 Disadvantages
 Screen burn-in
 Uses more electricity than LCDs
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 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
 uses light-emitting diodes as a video
display
 produce images with greater dynamic
contrast;
 can be extremely slim, some screens less
than half an inch (0.92 cm) thick;[6]
 produce less environmental pollution on
disposal;
 are more expensive;
 have typically 20 to 30% lower power
consumption 68
Sound Systems

 Integral part of the computer experience

 Capable of recording and playback

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Sound Cards
 Device between the CPU and speakers
 Converts digital sounds to analog
 Can be connected to several devices
 Modern cards support Dolby Surround
Sound

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Headphones and Headsets
 Replacement for speakers and microphones
 Offer privacy
 Does not annoy other people
 Outside noise is not a factor
 Headsets have speakers and a microphone

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 Commonly Used Printers
 Impact printers
 Generate output by striking the paper
 Uses an inked ribbon
 Most common
▪ Dot Matrix
▪ Line Printer and Band Printers
 Non-impact printers
 Use methods other than force
 Tend to be quiet and fast
 Most Common
▪ Ink jet and Laser
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Dot Matrix Printer

 Can produce sheets of plain text very quickly

 Used to print to multi-sheet pages
 Printing on wide-sheet paper
 Print head strikes inked ribbon
 Speed measured in characters per second
(CPS)

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Dot Matrix Printer Parts

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Dot Matrix Printhead Mechanism

 Print head Mechanism

 which contains a cluster (or matrix) of short pins
arranged in one or more columns.
 Printer can push any of the pins out in any
combination.
 By pushing out pins in various combinations, the
print head can create alphanumeric characters
 Forms a character by creating a series of dots.

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How Image is created?
 When pushed out from the duster, the
protruding pins’ ends strike a ribbon
 which is held in place between the print head
and the paper.
 When the pins strike the ribbon, they press
ink from the ribbon onto the paper.
 More pins that a print head contains, the
higher the printer’s resolution
 Slowest dot matrix printers create 50 to 70
cps
 Fastest more than 500 cps
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Laser Printer

 Non-impact printer
 Works on a similar process as photocopier
 Laser is at the heart of these printers.
 Produces high quality documents
 Color or black and white
 Speed measured in pages per minute
 Quality expressed as dots per inch

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How Laser Creates an Image

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Laser Printer Technology

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Plotters

 Large high quality blueprints

 Older models draw with pens
 Operational costs are low
 Output is very slow

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Summary
 Definition of IT
 Computer Technology
 Communication Technology
 Role of IT in Society
 Models:
 Turing Model,
 Von Neumann Model;
 Input Devices:
 Keyboard,
 Pointing & Touch Devices,
 Game Controllers,
 Optical Input Devices, Audio Visual Devices;
 Output Devices:
 Monitors,
 Audio Output,
 Printers & Plotters.