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Mathematics in Islam

This document provides an overview of the history and development of mathematics in Islam. It discusses how Arabic numerals and the decimal number system were adopted from India and advanced. Key figures mentioned include Muhammad al-Khwarizmi who introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and algebra to Europe, al-Uqlidisi who wrote one of the earliest books on the positional use of Arabic numerals, and al-Samaw'al who understood decimal fractions in the context of approximation. The document also outlines the establishment of libraries and academic institutions in cities like Baghdad that helped spread mathematical knowledge.

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Rose M
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59 views

Mathematics in Islam

This document provides an overview of the history and development of mathematics in Islam. It discusses how Arabic numerals and the decimal number system were adopted from India and advanced. Key figures mentioned include Muhammad al-Khwarizmi who introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and algebra to Europe, al-Uqlidisi who wrote one of the earliest books on the positional use of Arabic numerals, and al-Samaw'al who understood decimal fractions in the context of approximation. The document also outlines the establishment of libraries and academic institutions in cities like Baghdad that helped spread mathematical knowledge.

Uploaded by

Rose M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics of

ISLAM
TABLE OF
Introduction

CONTENTS
Decimal Aritmethic

ALGEBRA: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS, POWER


OF UNKNOWN

ALGEBRA: ARITHMETIC TRIANGLE, CUBIC


EQUATIONS

COMBINATIONS

GEOMETRY: PARALLEL POSTULATES


TRIGONOMETRY
INTRODUCTION IN
MATHEMATICS OF
ISLAM
Early Civilization in Arabia

New monotheistic religion of Islam quickly attracted


In the first half of the seventeenth century,
the allegiance of the inhabitants of the Arabian
a new civilization came out of Arabia.
Peninsula under the inspiration of the Prophet
Muhammad.
Syria and then Egypt were wrested
In 630, less than a century after
from the Byzantine empire. Persia
Muhammad’s capture of
was conquered by 642, and soon
Mecca, the Islamic armies
the victorious armies had reached
conquered an immense
as far as India and parts of central
territory as they propagated
Asia.
the new religion.
Damascus
Muhammad’s successors, the caliphs, originally set up their capital in
Damascus, but after about a hundred years of wars, including great
victories but also some substantial defeats, the caliphate split up into
several parts.

In the eastern segment, under the Abbasid caliphs, the growth of


luxury and the cessation of wars of conquest created favorable
conditions for the development of a new culture.
Baghdad
A new capital of Baghdad was founded by caliph al- Mansur in 766, a
city that soon became a flourishing commercial and intellectual
center.

The initial impulses of Islamic orthodoxy were soon replaced by a more


tolerant atmosphere

The intellectual accomplishments of all residents of the caliphate were


welcomed.
Library in
Baghdad
The caliph Harun al-
Rashid, who ruled from
786 to 809, established
a library in Baghdad.

Manuscripts were
collected from various
academies in the Near
East that had been
established by scholars
fleeing from the
persecutions of the
ancient academies in
Athens and Alexandria.
House of
Wisdom
By the end of the ninth century, many
Caliph al-Ma’mun (813– The this institute
of the principal works of Euclid,
833), Harun’s successor were invited scholars
from all parts of the Archimedes, Apollonius, Diophantus,
established a research Ptolemy, and other Greek
institute called the Bayt caliphate to translate
al-Hikma (House of Greek and Indian works mathematicians had been translated
Wisdom), which was as well as to conduct into Arabic and were available for study
lasted over 200. original research. to the scholars gathered in Baghdad.
trivia
Arabic name not only includes the given
name of the person, but also may include his
lineage to one or more generations (“ibn"
means “son of”), the place of his or his
ancestors’ birth, the name of his son (“abu”
means “father of”), and one or more
appellations indicating some particular
characteristic.
DECIMAL
ARITHMETIC
Finger Reckoning - a system derived from counting on the fingers with
the numerals written entirely in words. This was also the system used
for by the business community. It is derived from counting on the
fingers with the numerals written entirely in words.
Ciphered System – was used when numbers had to be
written; through letters of the Arabic alphabet denoted
numbers

The system was known as huruf al jumal which meant


"letters for calculating" and also sometimes as abjad which is
just the first four numbers (1 = a, 2 = b, j = 3, d = 4).
Indian Numeral System - The third system was the
arithmetic of the Indian numerals and fractions with the
decimal place-value system.

The numerals used were taken over from India, but there
was not a standard set of symbols. Different parts of the
Arabic world used slightly different forms of the
numerals. 
dust
board
The numerals used were taken
over from India, but there was not
a standard set of symbols. Different
parts of the Arabic world used
slightly different forms of the
numerals. 
MUHAMMAD AL-

KHWARIZMI
• Muslim mathematician
and astronomer whose
major works
introduced Hindu-
Arabic numerals and
the concepts
of algebra into
European mathematics

• Latinized versions
of his name and of his
most famous book title
live on in the terms
algorithm and algebra.
Book on Addition and Subtraction
after the Method of the Indian

He as well wrote that deals


with the Hindu numbers is the
“kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-
ḥisāb al-hindī
AL-UQLIDISI
• A Muslim Arab mathematician,
who was active in Damascus and
Baghdad.

• Wrote the earliest surviving book


on the positional use of the Arabic
Numerals, Kitab al-Fusi fi al-Hisab
al-Hindi (The Arithmetic of Al-
Uqlidisi) around 952.

• It is especially notable for its


treatment of decimal fractions, and
that it showed how to carry out
calculations without deletions.
AL- SAMAW’AL
In his Treatise on Arithmetic of 1172, showed that he
fully understood decimal fractions in the context of
approximation.

He began by describing the basic idea: “Given


that proportional places, starting with the place
of the units, follow one another indefinitely
according to the tenth proportion, we therefore
suppose that on the other side [of the units] the
place of the parts [of ten follow one another]
according to the same proportion, and the place
of units lies half-way between the place of the
integers whose units are transferred in the same
way indefinitely, and the place of indefinitely
divisible parts.”
THANK
YOU

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